AU2007201182A1 - Hydraulic fracturing of ground formations - Google Patents
Hydraulic fracturing of ground formations Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU2007201182A1 AU2007201182A1 AU2007201182A AU2007201182A AU2007201182A1 AU 2007201182 A1 AU2007201182 A1 AU 2007201182A1 AU 2007201182 A AU2007201182 A AU 2007201182A AU 2007201182 A AU2007201182 A AU 2007201182A AU 2007201182 A1 AU2007201182 A1 AU 2007201182A1
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- proppant
- vessel
- fluid
- storage vessel
- added
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title claims description 15
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 66
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 27
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003034 coal gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
- E21B43/267—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures reinforcing fractures by propping
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
- E21B21/06—Arrangements for treating drilling fluids outside the borehole
- E21B21/062—Arrangements for treating drilling fluids outside the borehole by mixing components
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
Description
AUSTRALIA
Patents Act 1990 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Standard Patent Applicant(s): COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
ORGANISATION
Invention Title: HYDRAULIC FRACTURING OF GROUND FORMATIONS The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method for performing it known to me/us: 2 SHYDRAULIC FRACTURING OF GROUND FORMATIONS ct STECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to hydraulic fracturing of ground formations and is a modification or improvement to the invention disclosed in our Australian Patent C Application No. 2004210598. Such formations may be 00 natural rock, earth or mineral formations and may be located on land or under a sea bed.
Hydraulic fracturing is carried out in the oil and gas industry to stimulate the rate that hydrocarbons can be produced from a reservoir. The stimulation effect is achieved by placing proppant (often a round and sorted sand) into a fracture created by hydraulic fracturing. A fracture is created by pumping water containing the proppant into a bore hole extended into the ground formation. After pumping stops, the fracture is propped by the sand or other particulate material used as the proppant, causing it to remain as a permeable zone in the reservoir. The propped permeable fracture acts to connect the well bore to a large surface area of the reservoir and to act as a drain through which the reservoir fluids can flow back to the well and then to the surface.
In conventional hydraulic fracturing equipment, the proppant is added to the pumped water or other fracturing fluid on the low-pressure side of a triplex fracturing pump. This is accomplished by adding the sand or other proppant to the fracturing fluid at a blender that produces a continuously stirred slurry which is fed to the triplex pump. Large amounts of proppant can be added during a treatment using such a system, but the high pressure triplex pump must be a slurry pump. This is an expensive item of equipment and requires constant and expensive maintenance.
We have applied the hydraulic fracturing technique to stimulate gas drainage from commercial coal mine formations so as to improve operational safety in H:\Luiaal\Keep\Speci\CSIRO Complete Hydraulic Fracturing.doc 19/03/07 3 Smining. In that implementation we have found that very significant stimulation effect can be achieved with the Splacement of relatively small amounts of proppant in each fracture and we have developed equipment which allows proppant to be added as a solids feed on the high pressure side of a fracturing pump, so enabling use of a standard OC fluid pump rather than a much more expensive slurry pump.
_Although this equipment has been developed in a program for stimulating gas drainage from coal mines, it may also find application in the oil and gas industry in stimulating extraction of hydrocarbons from a ground formation and in stimulating water wells for domestic, agricultural or industrial use or for other purposes when it is desirable to inject a particulate material with the fracturing fluid.
The method and apparatus disclosed in our aforementioned Australian application utilizes a storage vessel which is arranged substantially vertically. Whilst the method and apparatus of the aforesaid application operates extremely well, refilling the vessel can be slowed by the clean fluid escaping the vessel through the inlet as the sand displaces it while filling the vessel.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The invention generally provides a method of refilling a proppant storage vessel used for hydraulic fracturing a ground formation by passing a fracturing fluid through a fluid pump to generate a flow of pressurised fracturing fluid in a pumping line, holding saturated particulate proppant in a proppant storage vessel disposed above the pumping line, feeding saturated proppant from the storage vessel downwardly into the flow of pressure fluid downstream from the pump, and passing the pressurised fracturing fluid with added proppant into the ground formations, the method comprising: arranging the storage vessel at an angle inclined to the horizontal and vertical so at least a portion of a H \Luisal\Keep\Speci\CSIRO Complete Hydraulic Fracturing.doc 19/03/07
L
4 wall of the storage vessel is therefore inclined with respect to the horizontal and vertical; and Sadding proppant to a top portion of the vessel, maintaining the vessel full of fracturing fluid, the added proppant descending downwardly into the vessel adjacent the said wall portion with the proppant slurry 0 forming a density current and forcing or displacing fracturing fluid from the vessel so that the proppant becomes saturated upon entering the top of the vessel but no substantial mixing of the added proppant slurry and the displaced fracturing fluid occurs.
c Thus, the proppant remains substantially as a saturated solid within the vessel and can be gravity fed to the flow of pressurized fluid downstream from the pump for passing with the fracturing fluid into the ground formation.
Preferably the vessel is a cylindrical vessel which has a longitudinal axis and the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical vessel is inclined at an angle between 300 and 800 with respect to the horizontal.
Most preferably the longitudinal axis is arranged at an angle of 450 with respect to the horizontal.
Preferably the proppant is added to the top of the storage vessel by an auger.
The fracturing fluid may comprise water or a water based gel. More specifically, it may comprise water containing viscosity enhancing organic polymer material, although it may be any of a wide range of fluids available for use in hydraulic fracturing. Before the addition of proppant, the fracturing fluid is generally referred to as clean fluid.
The invention further provides apparatus for producing a supply of fracturing fluid containing a particulate proppant for use in hydraulic fracturing of ground formations, said apparatus comprising: a clean fluid pump; H,\Luisal\Keep\Speci\CSIRO Complete Hydraulic Fracturing.doc 19/03/07 5 an output line from the pump for flow of -pressurised clean fluid from the pump; Sa proppant storage vessel to contain particulate proppant disposed above the output line from the pump and connectable to the output line to feed proppant from the vessel downwardly into the output line, the storage vessel having an upper inlet for supply of proppant to the vessel and an upper clean fluid outlet; and a support structure for supporting the proppant storage vessel so that at least part of a wall of the Sproppant storage vessel is arranged at an angle inclined to the horizontal and vertical so that during refilling of the vessel with proppant, added proppant supplied through the inlet is able to flow adjacent to at least one wall, and clean fluid within the vessel is able to leave the vessel through the outlet so that the added saturated proppant flows down the vessel as a density current with fluid but no substantial mixing of the proppant and clean fluid displaced from the vessel.
By the formation of a density current of proppant slurry and by venting the returning clean fluid at the top of the inclined vessel, filling of the vessel is made considerably faster. Once placed into the vessel by this means, the proppant is stored as a saturated settled sand volume that can be fed into the output line.
Preferably the storage vessel is cylindrical and has a longitudinal axis, the longitudinal axis being inclined to the horizontal by an angle between 30 and 800.
Preferably the angle is 450.
Preferably a pressure equalization line extends between the output line and an upper part of the storage vessel for replacing proppant fed into the output line with clean fluid, and wherein a pressure equalization top port comprises the outlet for the clean fluid when proppant is added to the storage vessel.
H.\Luisal\Keep\Speci\CSIRO Complete Hydraulic Practuring.doc 19/03/07 6 Preferably the proppant is added to the inlet of -the storage vessel by an auger.
SPreferably a top fill valve is provided for controlling supply of proppant into the storage vessel.
Preferably a bottom feed valve is provided for controlling discharge of proppant into the output line.
c Preferably a fluid vent valve is provided at the vessel top for enabling venting of the clean fluid when 0 proppant is added to the storage vessel.
The pressure vessel may be one of a series of such vessels to contain proppant and each connectable to c the pump output line. In that case, the apparatus may be operated so that proppant is admitted to the pump output line from the pressure vessels simultaneously or sequentially. If proppant is admitted from the pressure vessels sequentially, one vessel may be filled while another is feeding proppant to enable continuous feeding of proppant into the pump output line.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING A preferred embodiment of the invention will be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a view of an apparatus as disclosed in our aforesaid application; Figure 2 is a side view of an apparatus according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention; and Figure 3 is a view of a storage vessel used in the embodiment of Figure 2.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The illustrated apparatus comprises a proppant feed unit 1 connected to the output line of a conventional high pressure water or clean fluid pump 2 and is operable to feed proppant into a flow of pressurised fluid delivered from the pump. The pump may be a high pressure pump capable of delivering clean fluid at a pressure of H.\Luisal\Keep\Speci\CSIRO Complete Hydraulic Practuring.doc 19/03/07 7 up to 70 MPa at a fluid rate of up to 1500 litres per ;minute or more. The proppant will normally be sand and Sthe ensuing description will assume that sand is to be used.
The proppant feed unit 1 apparatus comprises a high pressure line pipe 11 connected into the outlet C line 3 from the pump 2 and an elongated cylindrical 00 pressure vessel 12 which is supported in a vertical disposition by a free standing support frame 13 and is connected at its lower end to the high pressure line 11 through a T-connector 14.
c During operation of the apparatus, pressure vessel 12 contains fluid-saturated sand to be fed into the flow of fluid in the high pressure injection line 11 as a solids feed through the T-connector 14. A top valve allows the top of the vessel to be opened to allow it to be refilled with sand through a hopper 16 and a bottom valve 17 is operable to isolate the interior of the vessel 12 from the high pressure injection line 11 during filling. A sand metering device 18 is fitted to the bottom of the vessel below the isolation valve 17 to meter sand at a regular and controlled rate into the injection line 11.
A clean fluid equalisation line 19 is connected between the top of the vessel 12 and the high pressure injection line 11 at a location 21 upstream from the connection with the pressure vessel 12. This allows clean fluid to be tapped from the high pressure injection line into the upper part of the vessel 12 so as to admit clean fluid into the upper part of the vessel to replace the volume of discharged sand thereby to ensure substantially equalised pressure within the vessel. The sand is held in the vessel as close packed particulate material that is placed in the vessel saturated with the fracturing fluid, allowing it to flow freely under gravity as a solids feed from the pressure vessel through the metering device.
H:\Luial\Keep\Speci\CSIRO Complete Hydraulic Fracturing.doc 19/03/07 8 Top valve 15 is actuable through a crank 22 by ;operation of a hydraulic cylinder unit 23 and bottom Svalve 17 is actuable via a crank 24 by operation of a hydraulic cylinder unit 25. Top valve 15 could alternatively be direct coupled to a hydraulic rotary actuator or other device that delivers the required 0 torque. An equalisation line valve 28 is actuable via a crank 29 by operation of a hydraulic cylinder unit Cylinder units 23, 25 and 30 and the sand meter 18 are controlled from a remote control panel 26 through an extended control lead 27. The controls for hydraulic cylinder units 23, 25 and 30 may be linked so that when top valve 15 is opened to enable pressure vessel 12 to be filled, the bottom valve 17 and the equalisation line valve 28 are closed to isolate the pressure vessel from the high pressure injection line 11.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in Figures 2 and 3, in which like reference numerals indicate like parts to those described with reference to Figure i.
As shown in Figure 2, the storage vessel 12 is supported in a support frame 100 which is schematically shown so that the vessel 12 is inclined to the horizontal by an angle between 30 and 800 and most preferably by an angle of about 450. Figure 2 shows auger 101 for lifting sand to the hopper 16 so the cylinder 12 can be refilled as required.
In order to refill the storage vessel 12, the bottom feed valve 17 is closed and the valve 15 is opened.
The pressure equalization line 19 also has a top valve 103 which may also be opened. Refilling of the vessel 12 generally occurs with the high pressure pump 2 operating so that the bottom valve 28 on the pressure equalization line must, in this case, be closed. Valve 28 can be located at the bottom or top of the pressure equalization line, depending on operational details.
H\Lueaa\Keep\Speci\CSIRO Complete Hydraulic FracLuring.doc 19/03/07 9 As proppant such as sand is added to the hopper
(N
;16, the sand flows as a density current down the lower Swall portion 12a of the cylindrical storage vessel 12, as shown by arrows A in Figure 2. Clean fracturing fluid such as water in the vessel 12 is therefore displaced upwardly, as shown by arrow B in Figure 3 through the valve 103. If desired, valve 103 may be connected to a line 105 that allows this return fluid to flow to the ground or back to a fluid storage tank. The return flow is monitored at its output point to detect the first appearance of sand contained in it. When sand appears in this line during filling of vessel 12, the vessel is full of sand and filling operations are halted.
Thus, the sand flows through the fluid filled hopper 16 and is saturated at this point. This saturated sand or slurry then flows downwardly along the lower portion 12a of the cylindrical wall of the storage vessel 12 as a density current, but the clean fluid in the vessel is displaced upward as indicated by arrows B and the fluid is able to leave the vessel 12 via the valve 103 and any connected line. The saturated sand therefore remains substantially as a settled sand volume for gravity feed through the valve 17 into the line 11 when the valve 17 is opened.
When the pump 2 is restarted, clean fluid flows along the line 3 and along the line 11 and with the valve 17 open, proppant is able to flow under the influence of gravity into the line 11 whilst clean fluid flows through the line 19 and valve 28 into the cylinder 12 to replace the proppant which has left the storage vessel 12. Valves and 103 are closed during the emptying process.
The illustrated apparatus will have particular application in implementing sand propped fractures to stimulate gas drainage from in-seam holes in coal mines.
Trials undertaken at Dartbrook Coal Mine in New South Wales have shown that sand propped fractures in horizontal in-seam holes in longwall mining operations have increased H;\Lisal\Keep\Speci\CSIRO Complete Hydraulic Fracturing.doc 19/03/07
I
10 gas drainage rates between factors ranging from 5 to more ;than 10 and that relatively small amounts of sand S(20-200kg per fracture) are needed to produce the desired stimulation effect in in-seam coal gas drainage holes.
This can be achieved quite readily with apparatus of the kind illustrated. However, this apparatus has been advanced by way of example only and it could be modified considerably. For example, one or more further pressure vessels with appropriate valves and metering equipment could be connected to the high pressure line 11 so as to be operable simultaneously or sequentially to admit sand into the high pressure line. In relatively high capacity operations, it will generally be more economic to provide a series of small pressure vessels than a single large capacity pressure vessel which would need to be of relatively massive construction. The provision of multiple pressure vessels would also enable sequential operation so that one could be filled while another was feeding sand into the injection line, allowing continuous addition of sand. It is to be understood that such modifications fall within the scope of the appended claims.
H:\Luisa1\Keep\Speci\CS1RO Co.plete Hydraulic Fracturing.doc 19/03/07
Claims (12)
1. A method of refilling a proppant storage vessel used for hydraulic fracturing a ground formation by passing a fracturing fluid through a fluid pump to generate a flow of pressurised fracturing fluid in a C pumping line, holding saturated particulate proppant in a proppant storage vessel disposed above the pumping line, Sfeeding saturated proppant from the storage vessel 10 downwardly into the flow of pressure fluid downstream from the pump, and passing the pressurised fracturing fluid with added proppant into the ground formations, the method comprising: arranging the storage vessel at an angle inclined to the horizontal and vertical so at least a portion of a wall of the storage vessel is therefore inclined with respect to the horizontal and vertical; and adding proppant to a top portion of the vessel, maintaining the vessel full of fracturing fluid, the added proppant descending downwardly into the vessel adjacent the said wall portion with the proppant slurry forming a density current and forcing or displacing fracturing fluid from the vessel so that the proppant becomes saturated upon entering the top of the vessel but no substantial mixing of the added proppant slurry and the displaced fracturing fluid occurs.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the vessel is a cylindrical vessel which has a longitudinal axis and the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical vessel is inclined at an angle between 300 and 800 with respect to the horizontal.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the longitudinal axis is arranged at an angle of 450 with respect to the horizontal. H,\Luiaal\Keep\Speci\CSIRO Complete Hydraulic Fracturing.doc 19/03/07 12
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the proppant is added to the top of the storage vessel by an auger.
Apparatus for producing a supply of fracturing fluid containing a particulate proppant for use in hydraulic fracturing of ground formations, said apparatus OC comprising: Sa clean fluid pump; 0 an output line from the pump for flow of pressurised clean fluid from the pump; a proppant storage vessel to contain particulate proppant disposed above the output line from the pump and connectable to the output line to feed proppant from the vessel downwardly into the output line, the proppant storage vessel having an upper inlet for supply of proppant and an upper clean fluid outlet; and a support structure for supporting the proppant storage vessel so that at least part of a wall of the proppant storage vessel is arranged at an angle inclined to the horizontal and vertical so that during refilling of the vessel with proppant, added proppant supplied through the inlet is able to flow adjacent to at least one wall, and clean fluid within the vessel is able to leave the vessel through the outlet so that the added saturated proppant flows down the vessel as a density current with no substantial mixing of the proppant and the clean fluid displaced from the vessel.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the storage vessel is cylindrical and has a longitudinal axis, the longitudinal axis being inclined to the horizontal by an angle between 30 and 800.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the angle is 450 H,\Luisal\Keep\Speci\CSIRO Complete Hydraulic Fracturing.doc 19/03/07 13
8. The apparatus of any one of claims 5 to 7 wherein -a pressure equalization line extends between the output Sline and an upper part of the storage vessel for replacing proppant volume fed into the output line with clean fluid.
9. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the proppant is added to an upper portion of the storage vessel by an auger.
10. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein a top fill valve is provided for controlling supply of proppant through the Cl inlet into the storage vessel.
11. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein a bottom feed valve is provided for controlling discharge of proppant into the output line.
12. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein a fluid vent valve is provided at the top of the vessel for enabling venting of the clean fluid when proppant is added to the storage vessel. H:\LisaI\Keep\Speci\CSIRO Coplete Hydraulic Fracturing.doc 19/03/07
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2007201182A AU2007201182A1 (en) | 2004-09-10 | 2007-03-19 | Hydraulic fracturing of ground formations |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2004210598A AU2004210598B2 (en) | 2003-09-11 | 2004-09-10 | Hydraulic fracturing of ground formations |
| AU2007201182A AU2007201182A1 (en) | 2004-09-10 | 2007-03-19 | Hydraulic fracturing of ground formations |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2004210598A Addition AU2004210598B2 (en) | 2003-09-11 | 2004-09-10 | Hydraulic fracturing of ground formations |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU2007201182A1 true AU2007201182A1 (en) | 2008-10-09 |
Family
ID=39865766
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2007201182A Abandoned AU2007201182A1 (en) | 2004-09-10 | 2007-03-19 | Hydraulic fracturing of ground formations |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU2007201182A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2010113057A3 (en) * | 2009-03-31 | 2011-06-09 | Schlumberger Canada Limited | Apparatus and method for high pressure slurry pumping |
| US9133701B2 (en) | 2009-03-31 | 2015-09-15 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Apparatus and method for oilfield material delivery |
-
2007
- 2007-03-19 AU AU2007201182A patent/AU2007201182A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2010113057A3 (en) * | 2009-03-31 | 2011-06-09 | Schlumberger Canada Limited | Apparatus and method for high pressure slurry pumping |
| US8127844B2 (en) | 2009-03-31 | 2012-03-06 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Method for oilfield material delivery |
| US9133701B2 (en) | 2009-03-31 | 2015-09-15 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Apparatus and method for oilfield material delivery |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MK1 | Application lapsed section 142(2)(a) - no request for examination in relevant period |