AU2005215685B2

AU2005215685B2 - Voter registration and election management

Info

Publication number: AU2005215685B2
Application number: AU2005215685A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Tracy N. Lewin
Original assignee: Accenture Global Services Ltd
Current assignee: Accenture Global Services Ltd
Priority date: 2004-02-13
Filing date: 2005-02-14
Publication date: 2011-10-27
Anticipated expiration: 2025-02-14
Also published as: CA2555471A1; AU2005215685A1; US20050216332A1; WO2005081146A2

Description

WO 2005/081146 PCT/EP2005/001472 VOTER REGISTRATION AND ELECTION MANAGEMENT CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority based on United States Provisional Patent Application No. 60/544,869 for "Voter Registration and Election Management" filed 5 February 13, 2004, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND This description relates to voter registration and election management. Currently, state and federal elections in many states are conducted in a. manner 10 that can be thought of as a partnership between the state and the municipalities. For example, elections in a United States (U.S.) state are conducted in accordance with applicable U.S. federal and state laws, as well as the state constitution. However, individual counties, municipalities and precincts are responsible for the actual collection of registration data and maintenance of official voter registration lists. These lists are 15 often maintained separately in a variety of disparate formats, including handwritten, typed, and computerized lists. The U.S. Help America Vote Act of 2002 (HAVA) is election reform legislation that seeks to enhance the integrity of the elections process by establishing certain minimum standards for the conduct of federal elections. HAVA mandates changes to 20 numerous parts of the voting process, including a requirement that each state develop, implement and manage a computerized statewide voter registration list as described in HAVA §303(a). 1 Elections in other countries also require various aspects of coordination between different levels of government. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In a general aspect, the invention provides a method and apparatus, 5 including a computer program product, implementing techniques for developing and managing a statewide voter registration and election management system that is configurable to each state's laws, regulations and/or policies, as well as to those of individual constituent county, municipal, and/or precinct units. The system may include a configurable user 10 interface, intelligent workflow management, enhanced navigation, dynamic reporting capabilities, and instant data view and easy data manipulation. The system provides statewide standardization of election data with local flexibility. In one aspect, the invention features a method including maintaining a 15 centralized voter database for a first level of government which includes multiple voting jurisdictions, the centralized voter database storing election related information, the election-related information stored for each registered voter in the first level of government including a single voter record which identifies the registered voter, and which specifies a voting jurisdiction 20 and past voter activity information associated with the registered voter; receiving, at the centralized voter database, information submitted by a user associated with a first voting jurisdiction, the information identifying a new voter to be added to the centralized voter database; comparing, using one or more processors, the information identifying the new voter to the voter 25 records stored in the centralized voter database; determining that the centralized voter database is already storing a single voter record for the new voter, and that, in the single voter record, the new voter is associated with a second voting jurisdiction; modifying the single voter record in the centralized voter database to reflect a change in the voting jurisdiction for the new voter, 30 from the second voting jurisdiction to the first voting jurisdiction; generating an alert based on modifying the single voter record; and providing a plurality of interfaces to the election-related information, each interface associated 2 with a different one of the voting jurisdictions, one or more of the interfaces displaying the alert. Implementations may include one or more of the following. The method of the above aspect wherein based on determining that the new 5 voter is associated with the second voting jurisdiction, the single voter record stored in the centralized voter database may be modified to reflect a change in the voting jurisdiction for the new voter, from the second voting jurisdiction to the first voting jurisdiction, while preserving the past voter activity information stored for the new voter in the single voter record; and 10 generating an alert further includes alerting a user associated with the second voting jurisdiction that the voting jurisdiction associated with the new voter has changed, from the second voting jurisdiction to the first voting jurisdiction. The first level of government may include a state government. 15 The voting jurisdictions may comprise counties, municipalities or precincts. The past voter activity information may include information identifying petitions signed by the new voter, and voter-related documents sent to and received from the new voter. 20 In another aspect, the invention features a system including one or more computers; and a computer-readable medium coupled to the one or more computers having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by the one or more computers, cause the one or more computers to perform operations including: maintaining a centralized voter database for a first level 25 of government which includes multiple voting jurisdictions, the centralized voter database storing election-related information, the election-related information stored for each registered voter in the first level of government including: a single voter record which identifies the registered voter, and which specifies a voting jurisdiction and past voter activity information 30 associated with the registered voter; receiving at the centralized voter database, information submitted by a user associated with a first voting jurisdiction, the information identifying a new voter to be added to the centralized voter database; comparing, using one or more processors, the 3 information identifying the new voter records stored in the centralized voter database; determining that the centralized voter database is already storing a single voter record for the new voter, and that, in the single voter record, the new voter is associated with a second voting jurisdiction; modifying the 5 single voter record in the centralized voter database based on determining that the new voter is associated with the second jurisdiction; generating an alert based on modifying the single voter record; and providing a plurality of interfaces to the election-related information, each interface associated with a different one of the voting jurisdiction, one or more of the interfaces 10 displaying the alert. Implementations may include one or more of the following. The method wherein based on determining that the new voter is associated with the second voting jurisdiction, the single voter record stored in the centralized voter database may be modified to reflect a change in the voting jurisdiction 15 for the new voter, from the second voting jurisdiction to the first voting jurisdiction, while preserving the past voter activity information stored for the new voter in the single voter record; and generating an alert further includes alerting a user associated with the second voting jurisdiction that the voting jurisdiction associated with the new voter has changed, from the second 20 voting jurisdiction to the first voter jurisdiction. The system wherein the first level of government may include a state government. The system wherein the voting jurisdictions may include counties, municipalities, or precincts. 25 The system wherein the past voter activity information may include information identifying petitions signed by the new voter, and voter-related documents sent to and received from the new voter. In another aspect, the invention features a computer storage medium encoded with a computer program including instructions that when executed 30 by data processing apparatus cause the data processing apparatus to perform operations including: maintaining a centralized voter database for a first level of government which includes multiple voting jurisdictions, the centralized voter database storing, for each registered voter in the first level 4 of government, a single voter record which identifies the registered voter, and which specifies a voting jurisdiction and past voter activity information associated with the registered voter; receiving, at the centralized voter database, information submitted by a user associated with a first voting 5 jurisdiction, the information identifying a new voter to be added to the centralized voter database; comparing the information identifying the new voter to the voter records stored in the centralized voter database; determining that the centralized voter database is already storing a single voter record for the new voter, and that, in the single voter record, the new 10 voter is associated with a second voting jurisdiction; modifying the single voter record in the centralized voter database based on determining that the new voter is associated with the second jurisdiction; and generating an alert based on modifying the single voter record. Implementations may include one or more of the following. The 15 computer storage medium wherein based on determining that the new voter is associated with the second voting jurisdiction, the single voter record stored in the centralized voter database may be modified to reflect a change in the voting jurisdiction for the new voter, from the second voting jurisdiction to the first voting jurisdiction, while preserving the past voter activity 20 information stored for the new voter in the single voter record; and generating an alert further includes alerting a user associated with the second voting jurisdiction that the voting jurisdiction associated with the new voter has changed, from the second voting jurisdiction to the first voting jurisdiction. 25 The computer storage medium wherein the first level of government may include a state government. The computer storage medium wherein, the voting jurisdictions may include counties, municipalities, or precincts. The computer storage medium wherein, the past voter activity 30 information may include information identifying petitions signed by the new voter, and voter-related documents sent to and received from the new voter. 5 Aspects of the invention have one or more of the following advantages. The system provides statewide functionality through the use of a centralized database of voter records. In this manner, voter records may be searched across multiple jurisdictions using a single system. This eliminates 5 duplicate records and may combat voter fraud. The system provides integrated state and county election management functionality. In this manner, contests, candidate, petitions and election calendars may be entered once at a state-level. This eliminates the need for statewide entries to be entered by individual counties, municipalities 10 or precincts, thus reducing duplicate efforts and minimizing the likelihood of errors. The system provides a database paging technique for retrieving large datasets without maintaining an expensive, continuous database connection. This further minimizes the likelihood the network or database may be overloaded. 15 The invention is not limited to those jurisdiction-specific terms used to describe the invention. For example, terms such as state, county, municipality and precinct are illustrative only and can be substituted with similar terms such as, "federal", "state" and "local council". Likewise, the term "felon" is also illustrative only and can be substituted with "disqualified from 20 voting in an election". BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a communication system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring to FIG. 1, a system 100 is used by multiple users 102, 25 including respective first, second and third users 102a, 102b and 102c, at client workstations 104, including corresponding first, second and third workstations 104a, 104b and 104c. Each user 102 can access a collection of data 106 through an application server 108 across a network 110 using communication links 112a, 112b, 112c and/or 112d. Furthermore, each of 30 the users 102 can modify some or all of the data included in the collection of data 106. 5a WO 2005/081146 PCT/EP2005/001472 In one implementation, the system 100 includes a three-tier voter registration and election management application for administering election-related information. The application includes multiple distinct logical components that interact with one another. Examples of such logical components include a data storage component for storing 5 election-related information and one or more interface components for providing access to the election-related information. In the example illustrated in FIG. 1, the data storage component and the interface component(s) are physically and/or software architecturally distributed over the three tiers of the application, namely a user tier, a business tier, and a data tier. The user tier 10 presents, on the workstations 104, a user interface 114 for the application, displays data and collects user input. The user tier also sends requests for data to the business tier, which resides at the application server 108. The business tier has business objects 116 and a rule engine 118 that implement the business rules 120 (e.g., election-related configuration data) for the application. As the business objects 116 and the business 15 rules 120 are separate components within the business tier of the application, modifications and/or additions to the business rules 120 may be made without any need to modify the business objects 116 that invoke the business rules 120 or recompile the application logic within the business objects 116. This middle tier receives requests for data from the user tier, uses the business objects 116 to evaluate the data against the 20 business rules 120, and passes them on to the data tier, which includes the collection of data 106. The business tier then receives data from the data tier and passes this back to the user tier. The data tier communicates directly with the collection of data 106 and passes data between the data store and the business tier. 6 WO 2005/081146 PCT/EP2005/001472 Although the tiers of the application are depicted as residing on different machines, other implementations may be used, e.g., the data storage component including the business rules 120 (data tier) and the collection of data 106 (business tier) physically reside on one machine, while an interface component including the user interface 114 5 (user tier) and business objects 116 (business tier) physically resides on another machine. One example of the type of data included in the collection of data 106 is a voter database for a state. The voter database includes data for all the registered voters in the state, for example, by including a voter record for each registered voter in the state. Each voter record includes the name of a registered voter, and generally includes further 10 information, such as personal (e.g., place of birth and social security number) and demographic (e.g., age, sex and race) information for the registered voter, voter status (e.g., party affiliation) and voter activity (e.g., date registered and date last voted). The collection of data 106 can be structured in a number of alternative ways, such as using a database system that may include a database management system, a relational database, a 15 distributed database, or other similar structure. Generally, when a user 102 performs a task (e.g., adding a voter record, modifying a voter record, creating a voter report), a request for data first goes to a web server 122 residing on the user tier. The web server 122 directs the request to the application server 108 on the business tier to be processed. In processing the request, the 20 application server 108 may query data from the collection of data 106 in the data tier. Suppose, for example, that the user 102a wants to create a voter report that provides a list of all of the registered voters in a county having 1 million registered voters, as well as their residential address. The application may be configured to launch a 7 WO 2005/081146 PCT/EP2005/001472 "Report Generator" wizard that displays a wizard page on the user interface 114 at the workstation 104a in response to a user request to create a voter report. The user 102a enters the relevant information in the wizard page (e.g., the user 102a selects data fields "Name" and "Residential Address") and clicks on an "OK" button displayed on the 5 wizard page. The wizard generates a request for 1 million voter records. Rather-than sending the wizard request for 1 million voter records directly to the web server 122, a page reader component 124 in the user tier of the application may be configured to process the wizard request to form multiple page requests (e.g., for 1000 voter records per page request), and sending each page request to the application server 108 (through 10 the web server 122). In this manner, in processing each request received from the user tier, the application server 108 queries the collection of data 106 in the data tier for segments of the voter records, e.g., 1000 voter records rather than 1 million voter records at a time. This minimizes the likelihood that the network 110 or the application server 108 may become overloaded when processing requests from the user tier. 15 For ease of description, the term "current page" refers to the page of voter records that are being consumed by the user tier of the application at a particular time, and the term "next page" refers to the page of voter records including voter records directly following the voter records of the current page. In one implementation, the page reader component 124 retrieves pages of voter 20 records on an as-needed basis by monitoring the consumption of the current page of voter records by the wizard, and generating a new page request (i.e., for the next page of voter records) when the current page is consumed beyond a predetermined threshold level. The results of the new page request that are returned from the collection of data 106 (via the 8 WO 2005/081146 PCT/EP2005/001472 application server 108) are stored in a buffer maintained by the page reader component 124. From the perspective of the wizard, the requested data is provided on a continuous basis by the page reader component 124 as though all of the wizard requested voter records were returned in response to the single wizard request. 5 The application provides a user 102 access to the collection of data 106 based on election-related configuration data, which includes business rules 120 for handling voter records with different attributes and preferences for particular users based on the user's role 124. Such business rules 120 are also referred to in this description as "election related rules". In general, the system 100 supports a hierarchy of governmental units, for 10 example with a single state at the top level, a number of counties at the next level, and a number of municipalities at the next level. Other types of governmental units can also be supported, such as federal election districts, municipal precincts, etc. The data representing the inter-relationship of these constituent governmental units (also referred. to as "sites") can be arranged in a tree structure site hierarchy. 15 A user's role may be determined by the level of or the particular governmental unit with which that user is associated. The site hierarchy represents the different levels of government within a state, for example, state-level, county-level, municipality-level, and precinct-level. In one implementation, the ordering of the sites in the site hierarchy goes from most general (i.e., state-level) to least general (i.e., precinct-level). A 20 predefined set of election-related rules can be applied to the most general site, which in this case is the state-level site. The rule engine 114 in the business tier of the application can be configured such that each site inherits the rules from its parent (e.g., county-level site inherits rules that apply to the state-level site). Each site can further include one or 9 WO 2005/081146 PCT/EP2005/001472 more local election-related rules that are only called by another rule at that same site. Such local election-related rules are typically non-inheritable. The application also allows for multiple levels of security and permissions depending on the role of the user. For example, the application can be configured to 5 authorize a user associated with a state-level site to change a county's districts, while a user associated with a county-level site is not authorized to change a state-level site function (e.g., changing a state-wide contest). The security and permissions per role can be varied to provide great flexibility, for example, a user associated with county A can process.a mailed-in absentee application for a voter registered in county B. The 10 application can also be configured to allow a user associated with county A to automatically forward an absentee (or voter registration) application to a person residing in county B. Depending on the role of a user, the user can modify and/or add a voter record to the collection of data 106. Suppose, the user 102a (who is associated with county A) 15 submits a voter record for "John Andrew Smith" for addition to the collection of data 106. The business tier of the application can be configured to compare the submitted voter record with the voter records currently in the collection of data 106 to identify conflicts, e.g., by determining whether the newly-submitted voter record is a duplicate of an existing voter record (i.e., a voter record already exists for "John Andrew Smith" in 20 county B). If so, the application can be configured to automatically modify the voter record to reflect the change in county and take some action, such as alert the user 102b (who is associated with county B) of the change. 10 WO 2005/081146 PCT/EP2005/001472 Depending on the role of a user, the user 102c (who is associated with the state) can set up statewide elections by submitting the appropriate information (e.g., name of candidate, office, party affiliation) to the application server 108 which then propagates the information to the other sites in the site hierarchy. In this manner, the information for 5 a statewide election need only be entered once at the state-level rather than multiple times at the county/municipal/precinct-level by each user 102a and 102b associated with a county. The techniques described herein can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them. The 10 techniques can be implemented as a computer program product, i.e., a computer program tangibly embodied in an information carrier, e.g., in a machine-readable storage device or in a propagated signal, for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus, e.g., a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple computers. A computer program can be written in any form of programming language, including 15 compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network. 20 Method steps of the techniques described herein can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing a computer program to perform functions of the invention by operating on input data and generating output. Method steps can also be performed by, and apparatus of the invention can be implemented as, special purpose 11 WO 2005/081146 PCT/EP2005/001472 logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit). Modules can refer to portions of the computer program and/or the processor/special circuitry that implements that functionality. Propessors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of 5 example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for executing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also 10 include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. Information carriers suitable for embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; 15 magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in special purpose logic circuitry. To provide for interaction with a user, the techniques described herein can be implemented on a computer having a display device, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or 20 LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to the computer (e.g., interact with a user interface element, for example, by clicking a button on such a pointing device). Other kinds of devices can be used to 12 WO 2005/081146 PCT/EP2005/001472 provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input. 5 The techniques described herein can be implemented in a distributed three-tiered computing system that includes a back-end component, e.g., as a data server, and/or a middleware component, e.g., an application server, and/or a front-end component, e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface and/or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the invention, or any combination of such 10 back-end, middleware, or front-end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network ("LAN") and a wide area network ("WAN"), e.g., the Internet, and include both wired and wireless networks. 15 The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact over a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. The following 20 are examples for illustration only and not to limit the alternatives in any way. The techniques described herein can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. For example, although the system 100 has been described with reference to a governmental hierarchy that includes a state, counties, municipalities, and 13 WO 2005/081146 PCT/EP2005/001472 precincts, the system 100 may also be used as a voter registration and election management system for governmental hierarchies that include fewer or other governmental units. Although described in the context of a voter registration and election management application, both the rules engine 118 and the page reader component 124 5 can stand alone as separate components for any software application implemented using an architectural model similar to that shown in FIG. 1. What is claimed is: 14

Claims

1. A method including: maintaining a centralized voter database for a first level of government which includes multiple voting jurisdictions, the centralized voter database 5 storing election-related information, the election-related information stored for each registered voter in the first level of government including: a single voter record which identifies the registered voter, and which specifies a voting jurisdiction and past voter activity information associated with the registered voter; 10 receiving, at the centralized voter database, information submitted by a user associated with a first voting jurisdiction, the information identifying a new voter to be added to the centralized voter database; comparing, using one or more processors, the information 15 identifying the new voter to the voter records stored in the centralized voter database; determining that the centralized voter database is already storing a single voter record for the new voter, and that, in the single voter record, the new voter is associated with a second 20 voting jurisdiction; modifying the single voter record in the centralized voter database to reflect a change in the voting jurisdiction for the new voter, from the second voting jurisdiction to the first voting jurisdiction; 15 generating an alert based on modifying the single voter record; and providing a plurality of interfaces to the election-related information, each interface associated with a different one of 5 the voting jurisdictions, one or more of the interfaces displaying the alert.

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein: the past voter activity information stored for the new voter in the single voter record is preserved; and 10 generating an alert further includes alerting a user associated with the second voting jurisdiction that the voting jurisdiction associated with the new voter has changed, from the second voting jurisdiction to the first voting jurisdiction.

3. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the first level of 15 government includes a state government.

4. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the voting jurisdictions comprise, counties, municipalities or precincts.

5. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the past voter activity information includes information identifying petitions signed 20 by the new voter, and voter-related documents sent to and received from the new voter.

6. A system including: one or more computers; and a computer-readable medium coupled to the one or more computers 25 having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by the one or more computers, cause the one or more computers to perform operations 16 including: maintaining a centralized voter database for a first level of government which includes multiple voting jurisdictions, the centralized voter database storing election-related information, the election-related information 5 stored for each registered voter in the first level of government including: a single voter record which identifies the registered voter, and which specifies a voting jurisdiction and past voter activity information associated with the registered voter; receiving at the centralized voter database, information 10 submitted by a user associated with a first voting jurisdiction, the information identifying a new voter to be added to the centralized voter database; comparing, using one or more processors, the information identifying the new voter records stored in the centralized voter database; 15 determining that the centralized voter database is already storing a single voter record for the new voter, and that, in the single voter record, the new voter is associated with a second voting jurisdiction; modifying the single voter record in the centralized voter database based on determining that the new voter is associated with the 20 second jurisdiction; generating an alert based on modifying the single voter record; and providing a plurality of interfaces to the election-related information, each interface associated with a different one of the voting 25 jurisdiction, one or more of the interfaces displaying the alert.

7. A system according to claim 6, wherein: the single voter record stored in the centralized voter database is 17 modified to reflect a change in the voting jurisdiction for the new voter, from the second voting jurisdiction to the first voting jurisdiction, while preserving the past voter activity information stored for the new voter in the single voter record; and 5 generating an alert further includes alerting a user associated with the second voting jurisdiction that the voting jurisdiction associated with the new voter has changed, from the second voting jurisdiction to the first voter jurisdiction.

8. A system according to either claim 6 or claim 7, wherein the first level 10 of government includes a state government.

9. A system according to any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein the voting jurisdictions include counties, municipalities, or precincts.

10. A system according to any one of claims 6 to 9, wherein the past voter activity information includes information identifying petitions signed by the 15 new voter, and voter-related documents sent to and received from the new voter.

11. A computer storage medium encoded with a computer program including instructions that when executed by data processing apparatus cause the data processing apparatus to perform operations including: 20 maintaining a centralized voter database for a first level of government which includes multiple voting jurisdictions, the centralized voter database storing, for each registered voter in the first level of government, a single voter record which identifies the registered voter, and which specifies a voting jurisdiction and past voter activity information associated with the 25 registered voter; receiving, at the centralized voter database, information submitted by a user associated with a first voting jurisdiction, the information identifying a new voter to be added to the centralized voter database; 18 comparing the information identifying the new voter to the voter records stored in the centralized voter database; determining that the centralized voter database is already storing a single voter record for the new voter, and that, in the single voter record, the 5 new voter is associated with a second voting jurisdiction; modifying the single voter record in the centralized voter database based on determining that the new voter is associated with the second jurisdiction; and generating an alert based on modifying the single voter record. 10

12. A computer storage medium according to claim 11, wherein: the single voter record stored in the centralized voter database is modified to reflect a change in the voting jurisdiction for the new voter, from the second voting jurisdiction to the first voting jurisdiction, while preserving the past voter activity information stored for the new voter in the single voter 15 record; and generating an alert further includes alerting a user associated with the second voting jurisdiction that the voting jurisdiction associated with the new voter has changed, from the second voting jurisdiction to the first voting jurisdiction. 20

13. A computer storage medium according to claim'11 or claim 12 wherein, the first level of government includes a state government.

14. A computer storage medium according to any one of claims 11 to 13 wherein, the voting jurisdictions include counties, municipalities, or precincts.

15. A computer storage medium according to any one of claims 11 to 14 25 wherein, the past voter activity information includes information identifying petitions signed by the new voter, and voter-related documents sent to and received from the new voter. 19