AU2002247793B2

AU2002247793B2 - Coated fibrous web and process for the production thereof

Info

Publication number: AU2002247793B2
Application number: AU2002247793A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Markku Leskela; Jari Meuronen; Petri Silenius
Original assignee: M Real Oyj
Current assignee: Metsa Board Oyj
Priority date: 2001-04-24
Filing date: 2002-04-24
Publication date: 2008-05-01
Anticipated expiration: 2022-04-24
Also published as: CN1520484A; EP1392920B1; FI20010846A0; CA2444085A1; ATE550485T1; CN100519936C; FI117870B; FI20010846A; EP1392920A1; NZ529161A; JP2004525281A; CA2444085C; US20040173329A1; WO2002092909A1

Abstract

The present invention relates to a coated fibrous web and a method for producing it. According to the present invention, a coated fibrous web comprises a filler-containing base web that has a pigment-containing coating layer on at least one surface. The filler of the base web consists at least partially of cellulose or lignocellulose fibrils, on the surface of which light scattering material particles have been deposited. The filler comprises cellulose or lignocellulose fibrils having an average thickness less than 5 mum produced from plant fibres by refining and screening. Considerable advantages are achieved with the present invention. With the help of the composite filler, the formation of the fibrous web can be improved significantly without impairing the retention, which makes is possible to achieve an extremely smooth substrate for the coating. The smoothness of the surface can also be improved. Furthermore, the fines-based carrier fraction of the filler compresses the surface of the base paper so that the coating does not penetrate too much into the fibre network. Due to these reasons even a small amount of coating produces good coverage and quality improving cost-efficiency.

Description

10/04 2008 THU 11.421 FAX 612 8231 1099 VERiag Co *0001/014 0 Coated fibrous wveb and process for the production thereof <1 The present invention relates to a coated fibrous web according to the preamble of claim 1.

This kind of a fibrous web generally comprises a base web with a filter, having a pigment- Mf containing coating layer on at least one surface.

The present invention relates also to the method according to the preamble of claim 8 for producing a coated fibrous web.

01 The printability of paper and board properties of the printing surface and the printing process are improved by coating the paper with different mineral coatings. The purpose of the coating is to cover the fibres and the fibre flocks of the paper and board and, by these measures, to decrease the roughness of the surface and the size of the pores of the surface. The coatings usually consist of pigments and binders, as well as of various additives.

The coatability of paper, in other words the capability of the base paper to be covered with a coating, has become even more important with the increased demand for lightweight paper grades, Although the coverage can be affected by the properties of the coating mix and the coating manner, the qualities of the base paper are also important. Good formation and smoothness as well as suitable air resistance and porosity are properties of the base paper that are the most important factors affecting the coatability, especially when good quality is aspired with a small amount of coating. The fibre web to be coated usually contains filler.

The filler improves the formation of the paper web by filling the spaces between the fibres.

Also the opacity of the web can be improved with the help of the filler.

Finnish Patent Specification No. 100729 discloses a papermnaking filler comprising porous aggregates formed by precipitated calcium carbonate particles on the surface of fines.

What characterises this new kind of filler is that, according to the patent specification, the calcium carbonate is precipitated on fine fibrils produced by refining cellulose fibres and/or mechanical pulp fibres. The size distribution of the fines fraction corresponds mainly to the wire screen fraction P 100.

COMS ID No: ARCS-186391 Received by IP Australia: Time 16:48 Date 2008-04-10 10/04 2008 THU 16:'43 FAX +61 2 8231 1099 FBRice &Co 00O07/014 00 2 Based on said patent specification it is possible to increase the content of calcium carbonate in Paper, whereby the grammage of the paper can be lowered without changing "other <1 important" properties of paper. The results of the publication are based on the data meas- 0 ured on laboratory sheets by the standards of SCAN-C 26:76 and SCAN-M 5:76, respectively. No mention about the coatability of the paper is made in the publication.

According to the present invention it has now been found, quite surprisingly, that by filling the paper or board web or a corresponding fibre web with the above-described filler, not only the other important properties of paper remain intact but also the coatability of fibre web is considerably improved.

Furthermore, within the scope of the present invention it has been found that also other fillers consisting at least partly of cellulose or lignocellulose fibrils, over which light scattering material particles has been precipitated, can be used as fillers. These particles are typically inorganic salts precipitating in an aqueous phase, such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, barium sulphate and calcium oxalate.

More specifically, the method according to the present invention is mainly ebaracterised by what is stated in the characterising part of claim 1.

The method according to the present invention is characterised by what is stated in the characterising part of the claim 8.

The present invention provides considerable advantages. Thus, a composite filler consisting of fibrils and mineral pigments has been found to provide the base paper with properties that are, as far as coatability is concerned, better than what can be achieved with fillers that are at the present commercially available. Since the composite filler used in the present invention surprisingly can improve considerably the formation of the fibre web without impairing retention, a very smooth coating substrate can be obtained by means of the present invention. The smoothness of the surface can also be improved. Furthermore, the fines-based carrier fraction makes the surface of the base paper denser so that the coating does not penetrate too much into the fibre network. Due to these reasons, even a small amount of coating provides good coverage and a high quality of the coating, improving the cost efficiency.

COMS ID No: ARCS-i 86391 Received by IP Australia: Time 16:48 Date 2008-04-10 WO 02/092909 PCT/FI02/00341 3 In the following, the present invention will be examined more closely with the help of a detailed description and some working examples.

In the examples below, the filler used in the present invention is based on fibrils obtained from chemical pulp. In this context, chemical pulp refers to a pulp, which has been treated with cooking chemicals for delignification of the cellulose fibres. According to a preferred embodiment, fibrils have been obtained by refining a pulp produced by the sulphate process or by another alkaline pulping process. The present invention can also be applied to modification of fibrils obtained from chemimechanical and mechanical pulp, in addition to chemical pulps.

Typically, the average thickness of cellulose or lignocellulose fibrils is smaller than 5 im, conventionally smaller than 1 gm. The fibrils are characterized by at least one of the following criteria: a. they correspond to a fraction which passes a 50-mesh (or preferably a 1 00-mesh) screen; and b. their average thickness is 0.01 10 gm (preferably at maximum 5 pm and in particular at maximum 1 ptm) and their average length is 10 1500 pim.

The source material for the fibrils, i.e. the fines based on cellulose or other fibers, is fibrillated by beating it in a pulp refiner. The desired fraction may, when necessary, be separated by using a screen, but fines need not always be screened. Suitable fibril fractions include wire screen fractions P50 P400. Preferably refiners with grooved blades are used.

The light-scattering material particles in the filler are inorganic or organic salts that can be formed from their source materials by precipitation in an aqueous medium. Such compounds include calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate, calcium sulphate, barium sulphate, and mixtures thereof. The material particles are deposited on the fibrils. The amount of an inorganic salt compound in proportion to the fibril amount is approx. 0.0001 95 by weight, preferably approx. 0.1 90 by weight, most suitably approx. 60 80 by weight, calculated from the amount of filler, and approx. 0.1 80 by weight, preferably approx. 0.5 50 by weight, of the paper.

WO 02/092909 PCT/FI02/00341 4 In the following, the present invention is examined with particular reference to a product according to FI Patent Specification No. 100729, but it is clear that the present invention can be adapted for other products mentioned hereinbefore by changing appropriately the source materials of the light scattering pigment.

The filler is produced by precipitating a mineral pigment on the surface of fine fibrils prepared from cellulose fibres and/or mechanical pulp fibres. For example, the precipitation of calcium carbonate can be carried out by feeding into an aqueous slush of fibrils an aqueous calcium hydroxide solution which possibly contains a solid calcium hydroxide, and a compound which contains carbonate ions and is at least partly dissolved in water sodium carbonate or ammonium carbonate). It is also possible to introduce into the aqueous phase carbon dioxide gas that, in the presence of calcium hydroxide, produces calcium carbonate. There are formed string-of-pearls-like calcium carbonate crystal aggregates, which are held together by fibrils, i.e. fine strands, and in which the calcium carbonate particles are deposited onto the fine fibrils and attached to them. The fine fibrils together with calcium carbonate form string-of-pearls-like strands, and the calcium carbonate aggregates primarily resemble strings of pearls in a pile. In water (slush) the ratio of the effective volume of the aggregates to the pulp is very high compared with the corresponding ratio of conventional calcium carbonate used as filler. By "effective volume" is meant, in this case, the volume required by the pigment.

The diameter of the calcium carbonate particles in the aggregates is about 0.1 to 5 ptm, typically about 0.2 to 3 pm. In particular, the fibrils correspond to wire screen fractions (or P100) to P400. In the filler at least 80 preferably up to 90 of the light scattering pigments are attached to the fibrils.

The paper pulp is slushed by a process known per se (typically to solids content of about 0.1 to 1 and it is spread on the wire. The above-mentioned filler is added to the fibre slush most suitably in the headbox of a paper or board machine, usually in an amount of about 1 to 100 by weight of fibres of pulp. In other words, the amount of the filler can be up to equal to or greater than the amount of the actual pulp. In principle, it is also possible to produce a base web, the fibre material of which consists totally of fibrils of the filler, which implies that the present filler can form from 1 to 100 by weight of the fibre material of the base web.

WO 02/092909 PCT/FI02/00341 The pulp is webbed in a paper or board machine to form a paper or board web. The fibre web is dried and coated and possibly processed further, for example, by calendering.

Coating can be carried out as single-coating or double-coating, whereupon the coating colour can be used as single-coat mixes and as so called precoating and surface-coat mixes.

Also triple coatings are possible. In general, the coating colour according to the present invention contains from 10 to 100 parts by weight of at least one pigment or mixture of pigments, from 0.1 to 30 parts by weight of at least one binder and from 1 to 10 parts by weight of other additives known per se.

The typical composition of a precoating mixture is as follows: Coating pigment (for example, coarse calcium carbonate) 100 parts by weight Binder 1 20 of the weight of the pigments Additives and auxiliary agents 0.1 10 of the weight of the pigments Water the rest Water is added to the precoating mix so that the solids content is generally from 40 to According to the present invention, the composition of the surface-coat mixture or singlecoat mixture is as follows: Coating pigment I (for example, fine carbonate) Coating pigment II (for example fine kaolin) Pigment total Binder Additives and auxiliary agents Water 10 90 parts by weight 10 90 parts by weight 100 parts by weight 1 20 parts by weight 0.1 10 parts by weight the rest WO 02/092909 PCT/FI02/00341 6 Water is added to this kind of a coating colour so that the dry solids content is typically from 50 to 75 According to the present invention, in the coating colours presented above it is possible to use pigments that have a steep particle size distribution, so that the case at maximum 35 of the pigment particles are smaller than 0.5 pm, preferably at maximum 15 are smaller than 0.2 [tm.

The present invention is applicable to any pigment. Precipitated calcium carbonate, ground calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, calcium oxalate, aluminium silicate, kaolin (hydrous aluminium silicate), aluminium hydroxide, magnesium silicate, talc (hydrous magnesium silicate), titanium dioxide and barium sulphate, and mixtures thereof can be mentioned as examples of the pigments. Synthetic pigments can also be used. Of the pigments mentioned above, the main pigments are kaolin, calcium carbonate, precipitated calcium carbonate and gypsum, which in general constitute over 50 of the dry solids in the coating mix. Calcined kaolin, titanium dioxide, satin white, aluminium hydroxide, sodium silicoaluminate and plastics pigments are additional pigments, and their amounts are in general less than 25 of the dry solids in the mix. Of the special pigments, special-quality kaolins and calcium carbonates, as well as barium sulphate and zinc oxide, should be mentioned.

The present invention is applied especially preferably to calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, aluminium silicate and aluminium hydroxide, magnesium silicate, titanium dioxide and/or barium sulphate, as well as mixtures thereof, in which case, especially preferably, the principal pigment in the pre-coat mixes is calcium carbonate or gypsum and in surface-coat mixes and single-coat mixes the principal pigment consists of mixtures of calcium carbonate or gypsum and kaolin.

It is possible to use any known binders generally employed in paper production as binders in the coating colours. Besides the individual binders, it is also possible to use mixtures of binders. Examples of typical binders include synthetic latexes made up of polymers or copolymers of ethylenically unsaturated compounds, e.g. copolymers of the butadienestyrene type, which possibly also have a comonomer containing a carboxyl group, such as acrylic acid, itaconic acid or maleic acid, and polyvinyl acetate having comonomers that WO 02/092909 PCT/FI02/00341 7 contain carboxyl groups. Together with the materials cited above, it is also possible to use, for example, the water-soluble polymers, starch, CMC, hydroxyethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol as binders.

Furthermore, it is possible to use conventional additives and auxiliary agents, such as dispersants g. sodium salt of polyacrylic acid), agents affecting the viscosity and water retention of the mix g. CMC, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyacrylates, alginates, benzoate), so-called lubricants, hardeners used for improving water-resistance, optical auxiliary agents, anti-foaming agents, pH control agents, and preservatives in the coating composition. Examples of lubricants include sulpfonate oils, esters, amines, calcium or ammonium stearates; of agents improving water resistance, glyoxal; of optical auxiliary agents, diaminostilbene disulfonic acid derivatives; of anti-foaming agents, phosphate esters, silicones, alcohols, ethers, vegetable oils; ofpH control agents, sodium hydroxide, ammonia; and finally of preservatives, formaldehyde, phenol, quaternary ammonium salts.

The coating mix can be applied to the material web in a manner known per se. The method according to the present invention for coating paper and/or board can be carried out with a conventional coating apparatus, i.e. by blade coating, or by film coating or JET application.

During coating, a coating layer having a grammage of 5-30 g/m 2 is formed at least on one surface, preferably on both surfaces. An uncoated side can be treated, for example, by web sizing.

With the aid of the present invention, coated and optionally calendared cellulosecontaining material webs having excellent printing properties, good smoothness and high opacity and brightness, can be produced. By "cellulose-containing material" we refer to the paper or board or a corresponding cellulosic material derived from a lignocellulosecontaining raw material, in particular from wood or from annual or perennial plants. The said material can be wood-containing or wood-free, and it can be produced from mechanical, semi-mechanical (chemimechanical) or chemical pulp. Chemical pulp or mechanical pulp may be bleached or unbleached. The material may also contain recycled fibers, in particular recycled paper or recycled board. The material may also contain recycled fibers, in particular recycled paper or recycled board. The grammage of the material web ranges typically from 35 to 500 g/m 2 typically it is about 50 to 450 g/m 2 WO 02/092909 PCT/FI02/00341 8 In general the grammage of the base paper is 20-250 g/m 2 preferably 30-80 g/m 2 By coating a base paper of this type, the grammage of which is approx. 50-70 g/m 2 with g of coating/m 2 /side and by calendering the paper a product that has a grammage of 110 g/m 2 a brightness of at least 90 an opacity of at least 90 is obtained. An especially preferred product is a coated offset paper in which high gloss and high opacity and bulk are combined. The present invention is suitable also for production of coated fine paper, possibly also for those that contain mechanical pulp.

The following non-limiting examples illustrate the present invention. The measurement results indicated for the paper properties in the examples have been determined by the following standard methods: Surface roughness: SCAN-P76:95 Porosity: Resistance of air permeability: SCAN-M8,P19 Example 1 Production of filler Refining of chemical pulp Birch sulphate pulp was refined with a Valmet JC-01 refiner to produce pulp that is suitable for production of the filler. The consistency of refining was about 4 and the total energy consumption was 343 kWh/t and the specific edge load was 0,5 J/m.

Properties of the product are presented in Table 1.

WO 02/092909 9 Table 1. Fibre properties before and after refining PCT/FI02/00341 Fibre length (length), mm Fibre length (weight), mm

SR

o Before refining 0.86 1.00 16 After refining 0.58 0.77 86 Carbonating of pulp Carbonating was performed in tap water according to the FI Patent Specification No.

100729. The water slurry was obtained, the dry matter content of which was 2.22 and total amount 248 m 3 The final product had CaCO 3 content of 69.7 and a specific surface area 10.6 m 2 /kg.

Example 2 Production of base paper The product produced in Example 1 was used as a filler in coated fine papers. The following table presents the results that were obtained in the test where fine paper was produced on the pilot machine (FEX) of STFI in Stockholm: Table 2. Properties of the surface of fine paper Filler Filler Formation, Porosity Resistance of air Roughness content, MI/min permeability, s ml/min (Bcndtscn) (Gurley) (Bendtscn) PCC 18.0 10.6 761 17.6 814 PCC 21.0 11.1 799 16.1 862 SuperFill 17.8 10.4 543 26.5 771 Superfill 22.4 9.5 439 32.3 611 It appears from the results of the table that a fines-based filler described in this invention improves formation and smoothness of the base paper in comparison to a commercial PCC filler to the degree that the effect on the coatability of paper is surprisingly good. The effect grows in direct relation to the amount of the filler. Moreover, the impermeability or density of the surface is greater with the filler in question (SuperFill), a property, which WO 02/092909 PCT/FI02/00341 can be taken advantage of, especially in the context of the lightweight papers, as the coatability of the mix is better.

Example 3.

Mill trial Al. Production of filler-containing paper A base paper that has a grammage of 56 g/m 2 was produced in factory conditions for coating. The slush consisted of a mixture of birch pulp (74 and pine pulp (24 After refining, the SR value of the pine was 32 to 340 and that of birch was 22 to 25 The SR value of the pulp in the headbox was 35 to The wire compartment of the paper machine had a hybride wire of Valmet (Sym-former), and the wet pressing compartment consisted of a Valmet Sym-Press II that has a triple compressor and a conventional drying section.

Three different fillers were used in the base paper, namely products Finntalc F 15 SL (talc ofMondo Minerals), Albacor HO (PCC of Specialty Minerals) and a composite filler described in the Example 1, refered to hereinafter as "SuperFill". Talc was used as filler in amounts of 10 and 15 and SuperFill in amount of 10 15 and 20 Nanoparticles and cationic starch (Compozil Plus: EKA NP 780 nanoparticle and EKA PL 1510 C-PAM, supplier: EKA Chemicals) were used as retention chemicals. The dosage amounts in the case of talc and PCC were as follows: nanoparticle 280 g/t, polymer 70 g/t, and with SuperFill: nanoparticle 280 g/t, polymer 50 g/t. The amounts of cationic starch and resin adhesive used were 8 kg/t and 5.2 g/t. The alum was administered for talc at 13 kg/t and with PCC and SuperFill at 19 kg/t.

WO 02/092909 PCT/FI02/00341 11 A2. Results The coulter-oil porosity was measured from the base paper samples. No significant differences were observed in the pore size distribution with low filler contents. 75 of all pores were in the range of 1.2 to 1.8 tm (around the maximum point). When the filler content was increased to 20 significant differences were observed. In the case of PCC, the median of the pore size increased as the amount of filler was increased. The median decreased and the distribution narrowed with the SuperFill filler, whereupon 75 of the values were around 0.8 pm. The same effect can be seen with talc but in a smaller scale.

When the filler content is 20 with Superfill as the filler, the median of the pore size was only 60 of the corresponding value of the PCC, and the width of the pore size distribution (75 of values) was only 34 of values obtained with the PCC.

Thus, it can be concluded from the data that the SuperFill provides paper, the surface of which is more enclosed than the surface of the paper filled with PCC, which facilitates the coating and improves the quality of paper due to the better coverage. In other words, better glossier and smoother surface is obtained as the coating pigments cannot penetrate into the base paper as easily.

B1 Online-coating The base paper described hereinbefore was coated one-side and the other side was surfacesized. The ABC single-blade coater of BTG was used for coating. The surface sizing was performed in the same unit by film transferring on the backing-roll of the coater. The machine velocity was 750 m/min and length of the reeler of the web was 252 cm. Onlinecoating was carried out after the fourth drying group and the coating was dried with drying cylinders (the 5 th drying group).

Online-coating was made on base papers that had fillers containing 15 of talc or SuperFill, respectively. Only the wire side was coated (13 g/m 2 the surface side was surface-sized (0.5 g/m 2 WO 02/092909 PCT/FI02/00341 12 Runnability of the online-coater was good with the SuperFill. The coating conditions were kept constant and they are presented in the Table 3. The composition of the coating mix or solids content did not change during the test.

Table 3. Coating conditions Talc SuperFill Basis weight of base paper, g/m 2 53.8 53.0 Basis weight of roller, g/m 2 70.1 68.5 Basis weight of coating, g/m 2 13.1 12.6 Moisture of base paper, 1.5 1.7 Moisture of roller, 5.9 5.4 Blade pressure, kPa 188.7 182.9 Thickness, upm 86.0 94.0 Properties of coated and calendered papers were determined.

The coated and calendered paper that contains SuperFill has about 5 units better gloss and 0.1 pps units better smoothness than a corresponding paper filled with talc. This is a very good result, taking into account that the coater amounts of the SuperFill papers were even slightly smaller. The light scattering factor and brightness of the SuperFill papers were also considerably better than the corresponding papers filled with talc..

On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that with composite pigments the penetration of the coating colour into the base paper can be effectively decreased and a better coverage and gloss of the coating obtained. This is probably due to the fact that the pores of the paper are small, their size distribution is narrow and the smoothness of the base paper is extremely good.

Claims

1.0/04 2008 THU 16:44 -FAX +61 2 8231 1099 halos Co 00/1 00 13 c-I Claims: 1. A coated fibrous web comprising 0 a filler-containing base web having a gramniage of 30 to 80 g/m 2 which has a pigment-containing coating layer of 5 to 30 g/m 2 on at least one of the surfaces, characterised in that -the filler of the base web consists at least partially of cellulose or ligno- ci cellulose fibrils, which correspond to a fraction passing through a mesh screen and/or having an avenage thickness of 0.01 to 5 pmn and an average length of 10 to 1500 jim, on which light scattering material parti- cles have been precipitated, and -said filler forms from 10 to 100 by weight of the filler of the base web and 10 to 100 by weight of the fibre material of the base web.

2. A fibrous web according to Claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the filler comprises cellulose or lignocellulose fibrils that have an average thickness of less than 5 jgm, pro- duced by refining and screening of plant fibres.

3. Afibrous web according to Claim-s 1 or 2, c ha r ac te r ised in that the light scatter- ing material particles are inorganic salts that can be formed from their source materials by precipitating in an aqueous medium.

4. A fibrous web according to Claim 3, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the light scattering material particles are calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate, calcium sulphate, barium sul- phate or mixtures thereof. Afibrous web according to Claim 1, c har a ct er is ed in that the amount of the light scattering material particle in proportion to the amount of fibrils is 0.000 1 to 95 by weight, preferably about 0. 1 to 90 by weight, most suitably about 60 to 80 by weight, based on the amount of filler, and about 0. 1 to 60 by weight, preferably 0.5 to 50 by weight of paper.

COMS ID No: ARCS-186391 Received by IP Australia: Time 16:48 Date 2008-04-10 10/04 2008 THU 16!44 FAX 4.61 2 8231 1099 FERice Co j0/1 0009/014 00 14 Cl

6. A fibrous web according to any one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that it is coated with calcium carbonate, gypsum, aluminium. silicate, kaolin, aluminium. <1 hydroxide, magnesium silicate, talc, titanium oxide, barium sulphate, zinc oxide, synthetic pigment or mixtures thereof.

Cl7. A fibrous web according to any one of the preceding claims, c har ac t er i s e d in that it comprises coated, wood-containing or wood-free paper. c-i

8. A method of producing a fibrous web of any one of the preceding claims, according to which method a pigment-containing coating layer is applied at least on one surface of a Clbase web containing fibre material, and having a grammage of 30 to 80 g/m 2 to form a layer of 5to 30g/m 2 on at least one side of the web, ch ar ac te r is ed by -forming the base web from a slush of the fibre material, to which a product comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibrils, on which light scattering material particles have been deposited, the fibrils corresponding to a fraction, which passes through a 50-mesh screen and/or have an average thickness of 0. 1 to 10 gm and an average length of 10 to 1500 pim, -said filler forming from 10 to 100 by weight of the filler of the base web and 10 to 100 by weight of the fibre material of the base web.

9. A method according to Claim 8, e h a r a c t e r i s e d by using a filler that comprises cellulose or lignocellulose fibrils having an average thickness of less than 5 gm produced by refining and screening plant fibres. lO. Amethod according to Claims 8or 9 cha r ac te r is ed by usinga flller in which at, least 80 of the light scattering pigment particles are attached to the fibrils. 1l. Amethod according to Claim 8, ch a ra cte r is ed by coating the base web in a paper machine. with a pigment containing coating mixture. (&OMS ID No: ARCS-186391 Received by IP Australia: Time 16:48 Date 2008-04-10