AU2001275297A1 - Carpet tile renewal process and products - Google Patents

Description

CARPET TILE RENEWAL PROCESS AND PRODUCTS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/211,362, filed June 13, 2000, hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

This invention relates generally to the refurbishment of pile carpet, especially carpet tiles, to provide extended wear life without a detrimental affect on the surroundings due to a reduced aesthetic effect by the existing pile carpet due to dirt and/or matting of the pile on the face of the tile. More particularly, this invention relates to a method and apparatus for treating the pile face and/or applying a new layer of material to the back surface of a refurbished carpet tile to create a new like appearance for the back surface of the tile.

As described in U.S. Patent numbers 5,381,592 and 5,457,845 hereby incorporated by reference, in the past it has been necessary to replace pile carpet when it became dirty, develops a change in texture in some areas and/or is matted down due to traffic and/or furniture thereon. The replacement of such carpet is expensive due to the price of new carpet and has to be matched to the existing environment. This replacement of carpet, especially carpet tiles, in commercial establishments is an expense which, if it can be avoided, will free up money which can be used for other desirable purposes.

The above described U.S. Patent Numbers 5,381,592 and 5,457,845 provide a method and apparatus to refurbish cut and loop pile carpet and eliminate the cost of replacement of such tile with new carpet.

In particular, they describe a system wherein pile caφet tiles are refurbished. The invention is directed in general to pile carpet, cut or loop, but is primarily directed to carpet tiles since these are used in commercial establishments and generally receive more wear due to traffic by pedestrians thereon and therefore tend to mat and get dirty quicker than residential carpet. The carpet tiles are usually in 18 inch squares and have pile yarns, cut or loop, like that shown in U.S. Patent Number 4,371,576 hereby incorporated by reference. As shown in FIG. 1, the carpet tiles 10 are treated on cooperating conveyors 12 and 14 but, obviously, one continuous conveyor could be used, if desired.

Briefly, the system of FIGS. 1 and 2 will be described with the description being directed to a cut pile carpet tile 10. The dirty and/or matted carpet tile 10 is placed on the conveyor 12 where it is initially conveyed under a source of high pressure cleaning liquid or water, generally designated 16, whereat liquid, such as water, is supplied at a pressure within the range of 200 - 2000 p.s.i.g., preferably 300 - 1200 p.s.i.g. In one example, the liquid is supplied at a pressure of about 800 p.s.i.g. from the nozzles 18 and impinges on the carpet tile. It is contemplated that an elongated slot can be used rather than the disclosed nozzles 18 so long as the liquid pressure is maintained in the desired range. The high pressure liquid from the jets clean the dirt from the surface and between the yarns 20 of the carpet tile while at the same time removing the twist from the yarn and causing them to upright themselves. From the high pressure water source 16, the carpet tiles pass under a vacuum extractor 22 to remove water therefrom. Also, located under the conveyor 12 is a water sump collector 24 to recover the water from the water source 16.

Since the high pressure water from the nozzle 18 removes the twist from the yarn 20, if the yarn 20 has twist therein, or lifts and straightens yarn which has no or very little twist therein, the surface of the upright yarns tends to be uneven. So the carpet tiles, after being deposited on the conveyor 14 are conveyed to a shear 26, after passing through a dryer 28, to even out the pile height of the yarns 20. If desired, the carpet tiles 10 can be over-printed or brightened by a dye machine 30 prior to being collected on a pallet 32. The dye machine can be of any suitable type but is preferably a computer controlled jet type such as that shown and disclosed in U. S. Patent No. 4,993,242 hereby incorporated by reference.

The above description is directed to a cut pile carpet but obviously the above system can be employed to clean and de-mat a loop pile carpet tile. One approach, includes cutting of the loops in the loop pile product and then treating it as a cut pile carpet tile as described above. Another approach is to pass the loop pile carpet tile under the high pressure water source as described above but pivot the shear 26, as shown, upwards away from the conveyor 14 as it passes downstream.

To properly maintain the carpet tiles in spaced relationship a plurality of slats 34 are connected to the conveyor 12 and/or 14. As the tiles 10 are conveyed under the high pressure water source a chambered guide bar 36 mounted on both sides of the conveyor guides the carpet tile into position under the water source 16 as the slats 34 pass under the guide bars. This same arrangement can be used on the conveyor 14 as the carpet tiles pass under the shear 26 and the dye machine 30. The slats 34 and the guide bars 36 serve the further function of maintaining the fibers on the edges of the tile in an upright condition as the liquid impinges thereon so that further operations downstream will treat them as well as the other yarn in the body of the tile. This prevents the edge fibers from being bent over and giving a ragged appearance to the carpet tile after cleaning thereof.

FIG. 2 depicts an overall view of the apparatus to apply high pressure water to the caφet tiles, which is depicted as numeral 16, which is characterized in more detail in FIGS. 3 and 4. Pump 36 is used to pump, via suitable conduits 38 and 40, a working fluid such as water from a suitable source of supply 42 through an appropriate filter 44 to a high pressure supply duct 46, which in turn supplies water at suitable dynamic pressure (e.g., between 200 p.s.i.g. to 2000 p.s.i.g.) to the apparatus 16. The fluid thereby emanates from the apparatus 16 thereby striking the caφet tile 10 placed on the conveyor 12.

Looking to FIG. 3, it may be seen that the high pressure water source 16 is comprised of three basic structures: a high pressure supply gallery assembly 48 (which is mounted in operable association with the high pressure supply duct 46), slotted chamber assembly 50 and clamping assembly 52.

Supply assembly 48 constitutes an "L"-shaped member, into one leg of which is machined a uniform notch 56 which extends, uninterrupted, along the entire length of the apparatus 16. There is a rectangular uniform notch 58 which is in the other vertical leg of the "L"-shaped member 54 and adjacent to the high pressure supply duct 46. A series of uniformly spaced supply passages 60 are drilled through the rectangular uniform notch 58 and extend to the corresponding side wall of notch 56, whereby notch 56 may be supplied with high pressure water from high pressure supply duct 46, the side of which may be milled, drilled, and coimected to notch 58 which is along the side wall 62 of the assembly 54. Slotted chamber assembly 50 is comprised of dual elongate "U"- shaped members 63, 65 having a rectangular cross-section therebetween. The upper "U"- shaped member 63 has a series of machined closely spaced slots which form the nozzle

18, each having a width approximately equal to the width of the desired high velocity treatment stream.

Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 4, grooved chamber assembly 50 is positioned, via clamping assembly 52, within supply gallery 54 so that its rectangular cross-section communicates via parallel spaced holes 60 to notch 56 which thereby forms both an upper and lower high pressure distribution reservoirs, respectively, so that fluid enters from a supply duct 46 and then into a high pressure distribution reservoir formed by notch 58. The water then travels via supply passages 60 into a lower high pressure distribution reservoir formed by notch 56 and then goes through holes 70 into an upper high pressure distribution chamber 72 formed by dual elongate "U"-shaped members 63 and 65. Water then flows through slots 18 towards the caφet tile 10. Clamping assembly 52 is provided along its length with jacking screws 78 as well as bolts 80 which serve to securely attach clamping assembly 52 to supply gallery assembly 48.

As shown in FIG. 4, the high pressure water source 16 is connected to the high pressure supply gallery assembly 48 by means of bolts 82 and 84 respectively. There are a series of bolts 86 which connect the lower "U"-shaped member 65 with the upper "U"-shaped member 63.

The means of eliminating dirt and mats from the caφet tiles involves the nozzles 18. In the preferred embodiment, there are forty nozzles per inch, but this can vary. Instead of having all of the slots parallel to each other, the nozzles between one lateral edge of the member 63 are at an angle from the longitudinal axis of the member 63. The angle deviation from the longitudinal axis of the member 63 that provides good results is five degrees. This angle can vary widely, with the optimal deviation angle depending on the type of fabric utilized.

In accordance with the present invention, the pile face yarns of used caφet tile, or other flooring, is cleaned and re-textured using the above described methods and apparatus. After drying in a conventional oven, a thin layer of modified acrylic material is applied to the back surface of the refurbished caφet tile using roll applicators, thereby creating a new appearance, a new coated product, and refurbishing the back of the used tile.

The tile is subsequently dried in an oven to remove water and cross-link the acrylic polymer. The acrylic-coating layer when cross-linked, bonds to the original tile back and is highly resistant to chemical plasticizers commonly used for PNC backed caφet tile. The new backing layer forms a protective or blocking layer against plasticizer migration, thereby providing unique product attributes for refurbished caφet tile. Tiles may be re- colored using a textile dyeing or pattern process without adversely effecting the renewed tile back.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, two (2) top roll applicators are used to apply a thin layer of material (approximately 2.0 mm) to the back of the cleaned tile. The applicators are modified to use soft grooved coating rolls (40 durometer shore hardness) and thereby to achieve low coating weights. Depending on the type of caφet tile, approximately 0.50 - 1.0 oz of coating material per square yards is applied to the back of the caφet tile during the renewal process.

A low temperature cross-linking agent allows the backing or coating to dry and cross- link at 175°F, thereby avoiding damage to the underlying PNC backing materials by overheating.

The following patents are hereby incoφorated by reference:

Patent No. Description Date

5,381,592 Method to Refurbish Caφet Tile Jan 17, 1995

5,457,845 Apparatus to Refurbish Caφet Tile Oct 17, 1995 4,808, 191 Process for Pattern Dyeing of Textile Material Feb 28, 1989

4,740,214 Process for Pattern Dyeing of Textile Material Apr 26 1988

Although various methods and apparatus for cleaning and reconditioning articles with pile fibers may be used, the present invention is especially adapted for use with methods and apparatus described in above mentioned U.S. Patents 5,381,592 and 5,457,845. These methods and apparatus have been shown to be effective in removing dirt and/or matting of pile face yarns from used caφet tile. Other methods and apparatus for cleaning and reconditioning pile articles may work for particular articles, but they are not usually practical for refurbishing used caφet tile, which are essentially flat articles. In cases where another device or method can be adapted for caφet tile, the typical cleaning pressures employed are found to be too low to achieve the desired yam re-texturing and removal of dirt and/or matting of the pile face yams.

Notwithstanding the success of the methods and apparatus of the above referenced patents at cleaning and refurbishing the top of the caφet tile, such are improved by adding a method to effectively clean and refurbish the back surface of the used tile. It is common that the back surface of used caφet tiles are dirty and often coated with layers of old installation adhesives. These materials are typically water insoluble and difficult to remove using conventional methods. Residual adhesives and embedded dirt or floor materials often remain on the back surface of the tile after the prior refurbishment treatment, thereby making refurbished caφet tile difficult and to re-install. Customers often object to the appearance and condition of the back surface, essentially viewing the product as a used caφet. In the past, refurbished caφet tile was not acceptable to some customer for this reason alone.

These same conditions cause difficulties in processing tiles through the refurbishment treatment. The conditions increase the number of rejects and reduce the product yields, thereby making the process more costly, hi worst case situations, particular used caφet tile can not successfully be refurbished due to the condition of the tile backing. It is object of this invention to provide an improved caφet tile refurbishment process whereby after cleaning and re-texturing the pile face yarns of used caφet tile, a new layer of material is applied to the back surface of the tile, thereby renewing the back of the used caφet tile.

With respect to the prior art, no apparatus or method is provided to clean or refurbish the back surface of the tile. Renewing the back surface of the tile in accordance with the present invention provides the benefits listed below. The unique attribute of the applied material to resist chemical plasticizers provides product benefits and features for new and/or refurbished PNC caφet. The material applied to the back of the tile is novel in that the material bonds to all materials commonly used in caφet tile backing systems, to PNC and polypropylene backs. Further, the material is unique in that is provides high resistance to steam and water, and is compatible with adhesives used to install caφet tile.

Benefits

1. Improved aesthetics - both surfaces of the used caφet tile are refurbished. The product is more generally acceptable to more customers.

2. Ease of Installation - the renewed backing layer covers over residual adhesive and embedded dirt or other material, thereby facilitating re-installation of used tile after refurbisliment.

3. Lower rej ects and improved process yields over the prior process.

4. Coating material that when applied to back surface of new or used tile provides high resistance to chemical plasticizers commonly used for PNC caφet tile. The new backing layer forms a barrier layer against plasticizer migration, a problem common to PNC product, that can result in much higher expenses for caφet tile installation. 5. Coating material that provides high resistance to steam and water, thereby making it possible to dye refurbished caφet tile by conventional textile dyeing methods.

6. Coating material that is compatible with commonly used installation adhesives.

7. Coating material that bonds all known commercially used caφet-backing materials including polypropylene and PNC backing.

8. Coating material that is low in NOC and therefore meets or exceeds industry standards for indoor air quality for caφeting.

Other acrylic polymers and cross-linking agents may provide similar or like results. Certain polyurethane materials may be suitable for the backing renewal of used caφet tile, but in general tend to be more expensive than modified acrylic polymers.

Other application devices may be used to apply the coating material. These methods include rod or engraved roll applicators, used either as a single applicator or as multiple applicators. Different thickness and weights of materials may be applied to the back surface of the tile. The following is a preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention:

BACKING RENEWAL PROCESS Process Step Apparatus

1. Wash / Re-Texture Caφet Tile Wash Unit Apparatus

2. Dry Caφet Tile Drying Oven #1

3. Apply Base Layer To Back of Tile Top Roll Applicator #1

4. Apply Top Layer to Back of Tile Top Roll Applicator #2 5. Dry & Cross-Link Polymer Drying Oven #2

6. Cool Tile Back Cooling Zone #1

7. Dye Caφet Tile Dye Machine Contemplated Variations & Alternatives

1. The tile backing maybe renewed prior to washing and re-texturing

2. The backing material may be applied with a single applicator and dried, either before washing and re-texturing the tile, or as illustrated above, after the washing and re-texturing step.

3. Other methods may be used to cure or otherwise cross-link the backing polymer including UN, IR or Microwave type devices.

APPARATUS - BACKING RENEWAL PROCESS

The overall schematic representation of the caφet tile backing renewal process is shown in FIG. 6 and the apparatus is illustrated in FIG. 7. After washing and re-texturing, tiles are placed on a belt conveyor 1 with the pile face yams lying down. The tile is transported through the first coating applicator 2 whereby a thin layer of the modified acrylic is applied to the back surface of the tile. The tile is next conveyed through a second applicator 3 that applies an additional layer of material over the first coated layer. The tile is then conveyed into a drying oven 4 wherein the coating is dried, allowing the polymeric acrylic to cross-link and permanently bond to the old backing.

A larger scale view of the coating applicator is illustrated in FIG. 8. In the preferred embodiment of the apparatus, a common belt transport 1 is used to convey tiles under two direct roll applicators, 2 and 3. A mechanical adjustment 5 allows the height of applicator roll 6 to be accurately set to contact the back surface of the tile. The distance between applicator roll 6 and a fixed conveyor roll 8 is adjustable and set to a minimum distance to allow the tile to pass through the gap without crushing the pile yarn while maintaining contact with the applicator roll 8. The arrangement is illustrated in FIG. 9.

As illustrated in FIG. 9, a meter roll 7 precisely controls the quantity of material transferred to the applicator roll 6 thereby providing accurate method to control the amount of coating applied to the back surface of the tile. New material is continuously supplied into the reservoir formed between the applicator roll 6 and metering roll 7.

Each applicator roll 6 applies a thin layer of material, approximately 0.5mm - 2.5mm, preferably 1.0 mm - 1.5 mm to the back surface of the tile. In the optimum configuration, each applicator roll 6 is covered with a soft EPDM polymer or similar material of 30 Duro-A hardness, thereby to avoid crashing or distorting the refurbished pile yams of the tile.

As illustrated in FIG. 10, typically each applicator roll is machine grooved at 32 turns per inch, necessary to achieve the desired coating weight, nominally 40 GMS / SQ. YD for each of the two application steps. The actual number and pattern for grooving the applicator roll and shore hardness may vary depending on the viscosity of coating material and other factors related to the release property of the coating. Metering rolls 7 and the fixed conveyor or gap rolls 8 are typically steel rolls, smooth ground, chrome plated and polished for extended roll life.

A conventional forced air oven equipped with a transport apron is used for drying and cross-linking the coated material. In the preferred embodiment of the process, the back surface of tile is heated to 175°F for approximately 90 seconds to allow a sufficient bonding of the new backing material layer and cross-linking of the modified acrylic material.

With respect to the prior art, the back surface of used caφet tile are not presently treated or renewed during the refurbishment process. Notwithstanding that a variety of coating applicators are commercially used to apply coating to textile materials, the requirements for coating the back surface of individual caφet tile are specific and unique; and therefore commercial coating equipment and methods have not heretofore been developed for this puφose. The above-described apparatus of the present invention provides a practical and suitable means to apply a new surface to the back of refurbished caφet tile with the following benefits and advantages:

1. The apparams provides a means to apply a new surface to the back surface of the tile without the coating material contaminating the pile face yarns, which would otherwise cause the refurbished tile to be unusable. The method is essentially based on applying multiple layers of high viscosity acrylic coating at high solids contents to avoid migration of the coating to the pile yams. The use of direct roll applicator in particular provides suitable means to apply a thin layer of material to the back of the tile. The use of multiple roll applicators, in tandem, provide a means to sequentially build up the coated layer without contamination of the pile yams.

2. The apparatus provides a means to coat the back surface of the tile without crushing or distorting the pile face yams which would otherwise distort or change the appearance of the product, or cause the tile to dye unlevel during the dyeing process. The apparatus and use of soft coating rolls provides a means to precisely apply a new coating using minimum contact pressures, thereby the apparatus is well suited to caφet tile, as well as other pile textile articles.

3. The apparatus provides a means to achieve sufficient coating weights through the use of grooved coating rolls which increase the quantity of material applied by the applicator roll, thereby providing uniform coverage of the coating material to the back surface of the tile.

4. The use of a common conveyor provides the benefits for easy setup and avoids defects that often occur when coated tile is transferred over multiple conveyor systems prior to drying. ADDITIONAL VARIATIONS OR ALTERNATIVES

Notwithstanding the benefits and advantages described above, and depending on the properties of coating material(s), the following alternative apparatus or arrangements may be suitable for the present backing renewal process.

1. Separate applicators may be used in-lieu of a tandem arrangement of applicators and common transport arrangement, or other tile transport arrangements (e.g. rolls) can be used to convey tile through the applicators.

2. Various other types of applicators, such engraved steel rolls, knife over roll or rod applicators, extruders, or sprayers can be used to apply coating materials to the back surface of the tile. The exact number and type of applicators, are largely dependent on the characteristics and nature of the materials used to coat the back tile surface.

3. Other methods may be used to dry and/ or cross-link the coated tile including indirect heating methods such infrared or steam heated plates.

4. Depending on the desired amount of coating applied to the back surface and characteristics of the coating material, various roll hardness factor and grooving patterns may be used to achieve higher or lower coating weights.

The overall schematic for the cleaning and backing process is illustrated in FIG. 6.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention, a series of direct roll applicators adapted to coat caφet -tile, are used to sequentially apply one or more, preferably several thin layers of a polymer, preferably a modified acrylic polymer to the back surface of the tile. This acrylic coating material is formulated to maintain a sufficiently high viscosity (3,000 - 6,000 CPS) to avoid problems with coating material that would otherwise contact or migrate to the pile face yams and cause defective product. Notwithstanding that viscosity measurements depend on the rheology of the material, at a relative higher viscosity (> 6,000 CPS) these coatings formulations do not produce a uniform film to adequately cover over residual adhesives and other materials typically found on the back surface of the caφet tile. A second problem associated with applying a new coating material or layer to the back surface of the tile is that the quantity and layer thickness of the new coating is strictly limited by the build up of excessive coating material at the tile edges. This problem, commonly referred to as "dub-over", causes tiles to have an unleveled back surface; and since a level or flat surface is required for installing caφet tile, again the problem results in defective product. The quantity of material that can be applied using a single applicator without excessive coating build up on the edges of the tile, is not sufficient to produce a uniform film or layer that covers over old adhesives remaining on the back surface after the cleaning process.

The above-mentioned problems and technical challenges are illustrated in FIG. 11 and FIG. 12, respectively. It is generally found that increasing viscosity, thereby to minimize the problem of coating contacting the pile face yams (FIG.11) causes increases the severity of the "dub-over" problem. Likewise, lowering the viscosity, thereby reducing the "dub-over" problem (FIG. 12), increases the severity of the problem of coating contacting the pile face yams.

As will become apparent, the objective and benefits of the present backing renewal process also address other problems and factors related to refurbishing used caφet tile.

The above-described problems are overcome through the use of a series of direct roll applicators to sequentially apply one or more, preferably two thin layers (approximately 1.0 mm - 1.5 mm) of coating material to the back surface of the tile. While coating material may be dried between individual application steps, in the preferred embodiment of the backing renewal process, the use of a water based material formulated at a sufficiently high solids content (approximately 45% - 55%) makes intermediate drying unnecessary, providing the obvious benefits of lower cost and energy savings.

Other benefits and advantages are less obvious, but important. As illustrated in FIG. 13, prior attempts to apply coating materials to the back surface of caφet tiles have often resulted in distortion or damage to pile face yarn requiring additional process steps in an effort to re-bulk the pile face yams and eliminate the distortion of the pile.

As illustrated in FIG. 14, the preferred embodiment of the invention overcomes this problem through the use of soft coating rolls and a common belt conveyor system that transports tile under the applicator roll. The arrangement significantly reduces the forces placed on the pile face yarns, thereby effectively eliminating crushing or distortion of the pile face yarns.

This arrangement provides a second advantage when applying coatings to used caφet. As previously mentioned, it is normal and typical that layers of residual adhesive remain on the back surface of used tile after the cleaning process. Often, these adhesive layers have embedded dirt, sub-flooring particles and other foreign objects which cause voids or skips when coatings are applied using convention methods and rolls. However, it is found that when multiple thin layers of coating are applied using soft applicator rolls, the applied coating encapsulates and forms a seal around most of the foreign objects. Thereby eliminating the obvious problems creating for processing and installation of the refurbished caφet tile product.

In the preferred embodiment of the present backing process, two applicators are used in sequence to apply individual layers of coating. A drying oven equipped with a transport apron is used to dry and cure the coating materials.

One drawback to the prior refurbishing of used caφet tile was that no effective method or apparatus was provided to renew or otherwise refurbish the back surface of the used caφet tile. It is one object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus to renew the back surface of refurbished caφet tile.

Benefits and Advantages of the Present Process 1. Improved aesthetics, renewing both surfaces of the used caφet tile makes the end product acceptable to customers who otherwise object to refurbished tile because of the condition of the untreated back surface of the tile. 2. The renewed backing layer covers over residual adhesive and embedded material that make the prior product difficult to properly re-install and which detract from the uniform appearance of the caφet once installed at a customer facility.

3. Renewing the back surface of the refurbished tile makes it practical to refurbish caφet tile that would otherwise be discarded due to the poor condition of the tile backing. This results in fewer rejects and improved process yields which lower the cost for refurbishment.

4. As previously described, the present method and apparatus allow the back surface of the tile to be coated while avoiding build up on the edge of the tile or rejects due to coating materials contacting the pile face yarns of the tile.

A second objective of the invention is to provide product attributes that relate to the performance of the back surface to resist PVC plasticizer. A common disadvantage to PVC backed caφet tile is that chemical plasticizers used to manufacture the backing, can migrate from the backing material and over time interact with installation adhesives and certain flooring materials. Time consuming and expensive floor preparation is needed prior to installing new PVC tile. The new backing layer applied to back surface of the tile is highly resistant to these chemical plasticizers, thereby making it possible to avoid these added costs.

Additional Benefits and Advantages 1. The new backing layer forms a barrier layer against chemical plasticizers, thereby making it possible to avoid expensive floor preparation prior to re-installing refurbished PVC caφet tile.

2. The new backing layer is highly resistant to steam and water; making it possible to dye refurbished tile by conventional dyeing methods. 3. The new backing layer is compatible with commonly used caφet tile installation adhesives.

4. The new layer is low in VOC and meets industry standards for indoor air quality

5. The new layer bonds to all known commercially used caφet tile backing including polypropylene and PVC.

ADDITONAL VARIATIONS OR ALTERNATIVES 1. The back surface maybe renewed prior to the refurbishment process of the front of the tile.

2. Other methods may be used to cure or cross-link the acrylic polymer, to include UN, IR, steam plates or Microwave devices.

3. The acrylic polymer may be applied with a single applicator, or applied with intermediate drying between the individual application steps.

4. Other suitable applicators may be used to apply the acrylic coating material, including rod, engraved roll applicators and knife over roll applicators, either a single applicators or used in series.

5. Other acrylic polymers and cross-linking agents may provide similar or like results. Certain polyurethane polymers may be suitable for the backing renewal of used caφet tile.

6. Different thickness and weights of material may be applied to the back surface of the tile with similar results, largely depending on the caφet tile construction, type of applicators and coating material.

The chemical composition and properties of the acrylic material applied to the back surface is described in more detail below. Information is provided describing the test procedures and evaluation results as it relates to the product attributes of the renewed surface.

Polyvinylchloride (PNC) is a widely used plastic and commonly used as a backing material for caφet tile products. Flexible PVC, typical for caφet tile backing, is made using a range of types and amounts of plasticizers. Plasticizers soften the normally ridged PVC, providing the desired degree of flexibility needed for making caφet tile products. However, the chemicals used as plasticizers are rarely very soluble in PVC and tend to migrate or defuse from the host material into the environment with time. An important consequence is that free plasticizer can chemically interact with sub-flooring materials such as adhesives used for flooring installation with adverse effects after caφet tile installation. From a cosmetic standpoint, plasticizers commonly absorb stains and migrate back into the surface of the caφeting along with the staining substance. The stains are visible and can not be easily removed or cleaned, as such the PVC backed caφet tile requires replacement.

The problem of plasticizer migration is particularly acute when PVC backed caφet tile is installed over certain adhesives commonly used for VAT/VCT hard tile surfaces. Chemical interactions between free plasticizers and the VAT/VCT adhesives may cause the PVC caφet tile to strongly bond to the existing sub-floor. To avoid the potential for costly and time consuming work to remove old PVC back tiles when replacing caφet, extensive floor preparation is needed to remove old flooring adhesives before installing new PVC backed caφet tile.

One object of the present invention is to apply a chemically modified acrylic material as a coating to the back surface of a new or refurbished caφet tile as a thin surface layer to protect the back surface against plasticizer and additive migration. Since many caφet tile backings are commonly composed essentially of plasticized PVC compounds, therefore a further object is to provide a plasticizer resistant protective layer to prevent leakage of plasticizer or additive chemical from the PVC caφet tile body into the joining sub-flooring or flooring adhesive. A further object is to provide a caφet tile product with a protective coating since PVC plasticizers may be viewed as environmentally unwanted or unsafe.

The modified coating of the present invention is crosslinked with the result that leakage of plasticizer and additives from the plasticized substrate is substantially prevented when the tile backing is placed in contact with liquids, typically flooring adhesives, which would normally extract the plasticizer and/or additives. The specific methods and apparatus are described in detail above.

The coating material that is applied on the back surface of the caφet tile, previously described as a modified acrylic polymeric compound, is described in more detail below.

ACCELERATED AGING TEST

The following test was used to evaluate the resistance of the present coating to plasticizer migration. The protocol is commonly referred to as an Accelerated Aging Test, and represents a method to measure the effects of the aging process for PVC backed caφet tile.

1. Coated PVC backed caφet tiles are cut into 9" x 9" squares. Samples are prepared placing two (2) caφet squares back to back. A second set of samples is prepared placing two (2) squares back to face. A one (1) Kilogram weight is placed on top of each sample set.

2. Each sample set is placed in a conventional laboratory oven maintained at 120°F for a period of twenty-one days.

3. The samples are removed from the oven and evaluated for evidence of staining, chemical reactions or bonding between the individual layers that would result due to plasticizer migration. FASTNESS TO STEAMING

Coated caφet tiles are placed in an atmospheric steam box at 212°F (saturated) for 8 minutes. The backing is inspected for delamination of the applied coating layer.

Standard ATCC wet and dry crock fastness tests are used to further evaluate the performance and survivability of the new-coated layer.

Exemplary Backing Renewal Process

The process and procedures apply to renewing the back surface of used caφet tile for both cut pile and tufted loop pile caφet tile. The original backing may be composed either of PVC or Polypropylene. The caφet tile products may be of any size or construction, but are typically 18" X 18" or 36" X 36" square.

1. Tiles are loaded face up on the conveyor. Depending on product construction and weight, the used tiles are washed (re-textured) at 400-800 psi and conveyed to vacuum extractor.

2. Water is extracted through three (3) individual vacuum slots - residual moisture of 43% w.o.f., the re-textured tile is conveyed to a drying oven.

3. The re-textured tile is dried to moisture content of approximately 8% and cooled ambient temperature. The dried tile is rotated or flipped, such that the pile yarn faces down on the conveyor. The re-textured tile is conveyed to a top roll application.

4. A thin layer, approximately 1.0 mm thick of modified acrylic coating material is applied to the back surface of the re-textured tile. The re-textured/coated tile is immediately conveyed to a second top roll applicator were a second layer of material is applied to the back surface of the tile, thereby increasing the thickness of coated material to approximately 2.00 mm with a total weight of approximately 1.0 - 1.5 oz per square yard. 5. The re-textured/coated tile is conveyed to a drying oven, where drying and cross-linking of the acrylic polymer occurs. The tile is conveyed to a cooling section; therein the temperature of the backing is cooled to ambient temperature.

In accordance with the present invention, the recycled or refurbished used caφet tile is substantially 100% post consumer recycled product, except for the thin backing layer or layers. The process of the present invention is usable on all Milliken brand caφet bases, is usable on PVC, non-PVC and cushioned bases, is usable in connection with nylon 6 and nylon 6, 6 tufted or bonded caφet, is environmentally friendly and provides and economic plus due to the fact that as much as 80% of the final material cost of a textile product, or caφet product is in the formation of the original substrate. Further, the process of the present invention lets consumers know that the caφet, caφet tile, or the like can be dealt with in the future, recycled, refurbished, and reused. Also, the process of the present invention does not require the used caφet to be ground up to be recycled and as such, reduces energy requirements.

As shown in FIG. 15 of the drawings and in accordance with the present invention, a new or refurbished caφet flooring, caφet, caφet tile, or the like includes a tufted or bonded primary caφet, a cushion layer, and a backing layer.

Alternatively, the flooring, caφet, caφet tile, or the like may include a tufted (or bonded) primary caφet, a reinforcing layer, and a backing layer.

The process of the present invention is especially suited to adding a backing or coating layer to PVC caφet tile in order to produce a new or refurbished PVC caφet tile product which does not suffer from the drawbacks of conventional PVC caφet tile, is environmentally friendly, and the like.

In accordance with one example of the present invention, the preferred coating material is CTI-2779 produced by Chemical Technology, Inc. of Detroit, Michigan and which is a water-born yellow coating having a good block resistance and plasticizer, excellent water resistance, does not contain any volatile organic compounds (VOC), and withstands at least 6 minutes direct impingement of low pressure steam.

SPECIFICATION DATA: Adhesive Base: Acrylic

Color: yellow

Solids: 40-45%

Viscosity: 3,000 - 5,000 cps

Weight/gallon: 7.5 - 8.5 lbs pH: 7.0 - 10.0

Freezing Sensitivity: Do not freeze

This coating material can be applied by roll coat, airless or air assisted spray equipment, or the like. Also, this material has a pleasant odor, a slow evaporation rate, is stable, and is safe to use.

With respect to FIG. 16 and in accordance with another embodiment the present invention, prior to washing and re-texturing, the pile face yam may be steam-bulked, and then chemically treated to achieve a uniform color and appearance between individual tiles, higher product yields and to expand product capability. The present invention as described below involves certain non-obvious and novel uses of proprietary chemical and dyeing methods.

As will become apparent from the following description, the present invention recognizes and addresses at least some of the disadvantages or problems with the prior refurbishment of caφet tile. The present invention makes improvements to U.S. Patent 5,381,592, Method to Refurbish Caφet Tiles and U.S Patent 5,457,856, Apparatus to Refurbish Caφet Tile; assigned to Milliken Research Coφoration, dated January 17, 1995 and October 17, 1995 respectively and hereby incoφorated by reference.

Improved Method to Refurbish the Caφet Tile Face

The used caφet tile is steamed and the face yarns pre-bulked prior to using the above mentioned methods and apparatus to clean and re-texture the yams. After washing, the re-textured yams are chemically treated by applying a cationic, water soluble, polymeric organic compound and dried in an oven to uniform moisture content. After drying, the surface pile yam is sheared to a uniform and level height, and the tile edges are trimmed or sheared to make the tile square. A pattern jet dye machine is used to apply new dye colors or pattern. The tile is next steamed, washed and dried using conventional methods. Thereafter, the back of the title may be coated as described above.

Apparatus to Refurbish the Caφet Tile Face

In a preferred embodiment, the pile yarns are steamed in a conventional textile steamer. A non-contact applicator (Millium™) is used to apply an aqueous solution containing a cationic poly aery lamide copolymer to the re-textured pile face yams. After applying the aqueous solution, the tile is dried in a conventional textile oven prior to dyeing.

New dye colors are applied to the pre-treated tile using a jet injection dyeing apparatus such as set forth in U.S. Patent No. 3,969,779 hereby incoφorated by reference. The dye is applied and the tile is then passed through a conventional steamer where the dyes are fixed on the pile fibers. After leaving the steam chamber, the tile is conveyed through a washer to remove excess dyeing chemicals, and next through a conventional forced hot air oven for drying and next to a back coater and/or to a suitable delivery and take up means.

While various methods and apparatus for cleaning and reconditioning articles with pile fibers may be used, the preferred methods and apparatus are described in U.S. patents 5,381,592 and 5,457,845. Also, by washing and re-texturing of the pile face yams, caφet tile is reused, thereby to avoid the expense for the replacing used caφet with new caφet. The present methods and apparatus have been shown to be effective in removing dirt and/or matting of pile face yarn, and thereby provide a means to refurbish used caφet tile.

In the past, refurbished caφet tile has not gained wide acceptance for use as a commercial floor covering. One drawback to the prior refurbished caφet tile is that visible differences in color and appearance often remained in the caφet tile after the refurbishment treatment. The yield of commercially acceptable product, tiles that are consistent in color and appearance to each other, was often low. Depending on the age and condition of the used caφet tile prior to treatment, yields of acceptable product typically ranged from 20 - 40%. The low yield was a disadvantage and often too low to make the prior refurbishment economics viable.

It is generally suggested that new dye color can be applied to refurbished caφet tile to overcome these differences in appearance and color. Refurbished caφet tile, otherwise cleaned and sheared, can be oveφrinted and brightened. While this approach would result in a better quality refurbished caφet tile and offer the advantages of higher product yields and lower cost, conventional or normal textile dyeing methods fail to produce uniform dye colors and overcome this drawback.

A second drawback is the high cleaning pressure employed for cleaning the pile yam may make the prior methods unpractical for many caφet tile constructions found in today's commercial market. In particular, this is true for caφet tiles where woven primary substrates are used for tufting, a practice common in today's caφet industry.

The problem occurs due to the high water pressure employed to clean and re-texture the pile yam. The high pressure cleaning solution often displaces pile yarn from the caφet tile or causes the face yam to separate from the tile backing. In particular, the tile edges are a problem. The high pressure cleaning liquids often damage or permanently deform the edges of the tile. The above conditions cause the refurbished tile to be unusable as commercial floor covering. In a practical sense, the drawback lies with the apparatus which supplies cleaning solution directed at the caφet tile at a pressure of at least 800- psig, which strictly limits the type caφet tile and weight of pile yams suitable for the prior refurbishment process.

Another disadvantage to prior refurbisl ment processes result from requirements imposed by the commercial caφet market trade. As such, used caφet tiles may raise general health and hygiene concerns when used for commercial applications. The prior art provides no means to sanitize the caφet or otherwise treat the tile for microbial or biological material; conditions common to used caφet tile. As previously noted, the prior art does not provide a suitable method and apparams to clean or otherwise recondition the back surface of the used caφet tile. This can also be a source of microbial and or biological materials, and thereby also a concern.

Other disadvantages and drawbacks to prior art, as well as advantages and benefits of the present invention will become apparent in the following disclosure.

It is one object of this invention to provide an improved process to refurbish used caφet tile. The particular object of improvement is to provide a method to overcome or at least address the prior art problem where individual tiles have a different color and appearance after being refurbished, thereby making the caφet generally acceptable for normal commercial use as a floor covering. In this respect, a second object of improvement is to provide a method and/or apparatus to sanitize used tile or otherwise chemically treat tile to eliminate active microbial or other biological agents. Other objects of improvements are to provide a method and apparams to refurbish caφet tiles that are otherwise not practical using the prior art. In particular, caφet tile where the pile yam is tufted into a woven primary. Other improvement and advantages will become apparent from the following description.

Reducing or Eliminating Differences in Color and Appearance Between Individual Tiles As previously suggested a practical approach to overcome the problem of differences in color and appearance between individual refurbished tile is to apply new colors or patterns to the pile face yam. Textile materials and articles such as caφet tile have been brightened, patterned or otherwise colored using numerous processes, such as yarn dyeing, transfer or screen printing and jet dye machine, with good results. While such prior dyeing processes have met with success, problems have nevertheless been encountered when attempting to dye refurbished caφet tile.

One major reason for the above problem is that refurbished tile may not uniformly accept dye solutions. The problem occurs when dye solutions are applied to the refurbished pile yam. The rates of dye absoφtion (uptake) for refurbished tile may differ between individual tiles and often for different areas within the same tile. As a result, dyestuffs may not be uniformly distributed through the pile yarn, and therefore the pile face yams dye to different apparent colors and shades of color, largely determined by the dye absoφtion rate. Again, there may be visible differences in color and appearance between individual refurbished tiles.

It is now found that differences in pile yam texture remain in the caφet tile after the washing and re-texturing, and are one cause for the above-mentioned differing rates of dye absoφtion and reason for individual refurbished tiles to dye to different color and appearances. Other contributing factors are related to chemicals that remain in the caφet tile after treatment. The chemicals include common fluoropolymer dispersed compounds or stain blocking agents applied during the original tile manufacturing process as caφet protectors, and various other chemicals used to clean and maintain caφet tile through its lifecycle.

As described by T. McBride and T. Godfrey, "Process for Pattern Dyeing of Textile Material", certain anionic and cationic compounds applied to textile materials form water-insoluble skins (in-situ) around individual dye droplets dye solutions which contain other selected anionic or compound. One object of present invention is to improve the shaφiiess of pattern color applied by a jet dye machine and otherwise avoid the use of anti-migration agents that have restrictive uses for textile dyeing.

It has been discovered that the rate of dye absoφtion (uptake) can be made uniform for refurbished tile by chemically pre-treating the tile prior to dyeing with a solution containing a cationic polyacrylamide copolymer. The result is that when dye solutions, containing selected anion components, are applied to re-textured piles; the solution are absorbed at a uniform rate. Thereby, the dyestuff are uniformly distributed through the pile yam and the caφet tile dyes to the same color and appearance. It is believed that the same general ionic interactions described by McBride and Godfrey are also useful to control the absoφtion rate, and therefore also provide a unique and novel use for their methods, not contemplated in the original disclosure. In particular, this is true as it regards re-textured pile yam and refurbished caφet tile. The same types of ionic interaction control the adsoφtion rates for dye solutions applied to re-textured tiles, and therefore provide a unique or novel use for this chemistry.

Steaming to Pre-bulk Yarns Prior to Washing / Re-texturing Numerous textile processes use steam chambers or other steam apparatus to condition yams and pile fabric, or for other puφoses related to a textile process and product. As described by H. Muller and H. Gallagher, U.S. Patent 4,301,577, Process for Treating Tufted Pile Fabrics, one use of a steam chamber is to erect pile yarn that has been bent, matted or crushed during processing. In accordance with one technique, heating caφet in a steam chamber and through mechanical beating; the surface of textile materials such as caφeting, is improved by eliminating pile yarn defects.

It has now been discovered that like-results can be achieved when refurbishing used caφet tile. Whereby the pile yam of the caφet tile is heated in a steam chamber and thereafter a high pressure cleaning solution is directed at the caφet tile to create a lifting force to the pile yarn, similar to the forces caused by mechanical beating. It is also found that when this method is used with multiple cleaning devices of the type previously described, it is possible to re-texture pile yam and remove dirt and/ or matting at cleaning pressures in the range of 100 - 400 psig, significantly lower than with the prior art. In particular, the method is useful to refurbish low pile weight caφet tile and tufted caφet tiles wherein woven primary substrates are used for tufting (previously not practical using the prior art refurbishment processes).

Chemical Treatment of Cleaning Solutions As previously mentioned, used caφet tiles may raise general health and hygiene concerns when reused for commercial applications. Notwithstanding the improvements previously described which provide sanitation through steam treatment, it is found that the prior process can be improved by including selected biocide and/or fungicide compounds as components of the washing liquid. Thereby, including these agents as components of cleaning liquid reduces the presence of active microbial or biological agent to a level equivalent to new caφet tile. In the preferred embodiment, solution containing Glutaraldehyde (1,5 Pentanedail) and/or 5-cloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazoline-3- one with 2-methyl-4-isothiazonline-3-one are added to the wash solution for this puipose.

The above described improvement provides the following benefits and advantages:

1. The improved method produces a caφet that can successfully be dyed to the same color and appearance. The caφet tile is generally acceptable for commercial floor covering applications.

2. The improved method results in higher product yield than the prior art. Yields of acceptable product are increased from the range of 20-40% to a range of 75-95%.

3. Pre-treatment of the tile prior to dyeing increases dye yield, thereby further improving the economics of the prior method.

4. The improved method can successfully be used to refurbish caφet tile construction not previously practical with the prior art.

5. The improved method provides a refurbished caφet tile equivalent to new caφet in regards to active biological or microbial agents and/or materials.

6. The improvements provide a method whereby caφet tile can be refurbished using lower pressure, and also provide additional efficiencies and product capabilities.

7. The improvements provide a method to produce tiles with essentially square edges.

CONTEMPLATED VARIATIONS OR ALTERNATIVES

1. The used caφet tile may be steamed or pre-bulked immediately after washing and re-texturing, notwithstanding that this option is not preferred.

2. As concerns the chemical pre-treatment prior to dyeing, other cationic compounds as generally described in the referenced patent, may be used to achieve similar results. Likewise, other chemical applicator may be used to apply the cationic compound, notwithstanding that the optimum results require the use of a non-contact applicator of the type that disperses a fine or atomized spray.

3. Other dyeing or pattern printing methods may be used to apply new dye colors and/or patterns, notwithstanding the optimum results are achieved through the use of a jet dye machine as previously described.

Average Tile Thickness (Inches)

TOTAL PRODUCT YARN PILE PILE HEIGHT PRODUCT BEFORE AFTER BEFORE AFTER % INCREASE

Cut Pile Bonded 0.2375 0.3250 0.1125 0.2000 +77.8

Tufted Loop Pile 0.2438 0.3000 0.1188 0.1750 +47.5

In practice, the process works well for products within the range of 0.2000 - 0.4250 inches tile thickness, which covers about 95%+ of the normal thickness range for commercial caφet tiles.

Also, the pile face yams may be chemically treated with reducing or oxidizing agents, such as bleaching agents, to whiten the pile face prior to pattern jet dyeing or printing. As has been herein described, a method and apparatus have been described which will allow dirty and matted caφet tiles to be refurbished by the treatment of high pressure water and thereby increase the service life of the caφet tiles, thereby eliminating the additional expense of purchasing new pile caφet tiles and/or rags. It can readily be seen that the herein-described invention provides an economic saving to the user of the described method and apparatus. Furthermore, since used caφet tiles are being refurbished rather than thrown away, this invention substantially reduces the amount of caφet and caφet tiles that has to be treated in landfills and other areas of disposal, which in turn helps save our environment.

The preferred embodiment of the invention has been described and modifications of same may be made within the scope of the invention and it is therefore requested that the invention be limited by the scope of the claims.

Claims (42)

CLAIMS:

1. A method to refurbish cut or loop pile caφet products such as a caφet tile comprising the steps of: providing a source of high pressure cleaning liquid, supplying a pile product to be cleaned under the source of cleaning liquid, projecting a stream of cleaning liquid against the pile product to clean dirt from the product, drying the product after cleaning thereof, and applying a back coating to the back of the cleaned product.

2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cleaning liquid is projected against the pile product at a pressure in the range of 200 - 2000 psig.

3. The method as recited in claim 2, wherein the liquid pressure is between about_^ 300 - 800 psig.

4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cleaned caφet tile is oveφrinted after cleaning.

5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cleaned caφet tile is brightened after cleaning.

6. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the pile product supplied is cut pile caφet tiles and the twist in the yarn of the cut pile tile is untwisted and the cut pile caφet tile is sheered to provide a uniform surface after cleaning.

7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cut pile caφet tile is obtained by cutting the loops of loop pile caφet tile.

8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the pile product supplied is a PVC caφet tile.

9. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the backing is at least one thin layer of a modified acrylic coating material.

10 The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the method further comprises steps of drying and cross linking of the coated cleaned caφet tile, and then cooling the coated cleaned caφet tile to ambient temperature.

11. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the coating is at least one thin layer, approximately 1.0 - 1.5 mm thick of a coating material which prevents plasticizer migration.

12. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the coating step involves the application of a plurality of thin layers of a modified acrylic coating material and providing a total coating thickness of approximately 2 - 3 mm with a total weight of approximately 1 - 1.5 oz/yd².

13. A back coated refurbished caφet tile produced by the process of claim 1.

14. In a refurbished caφet tile, the improvement comprising a back coating of at least one thin layer of a modified coating material which prevents plasticizer migration.

15. The caφet tile, as recited in claim 14, wherein at least one thin layer is approximately 1 - 3 mm thick with a total weight of approximately 1 - 1.5 oz/yd².

16. In a caφet tile, the improvement comprising a back coating of at least one thin layer of a coating material which prevents plasticizer migration.

17. The caφet tile, as recited in claim 16, wherein at least one thin layer is approximately 1 - 3 mm thick with a total weight of approximately 1 - 1.5 oz/yd².

18. A method of protecting a PVC caφet tile from plasticizer migration, comprising adding at least one thin layer of a modified acrylic coating material to the back of the caφet tile.

19. In a cushioned back caφet tile, the improvement comprising at least one thin layer of a modified acrylic coating material on the back of the caφet tile.

20. In a hard back caφet tile, the improvement comprising at least one thin layer of a modified acrylic coating material on the back of the caφet tile.

21. Apparams to refurbish pile products comprising: a source of high pressure cleaning liquid, said source having a liquid dispensing outlet, means to convey a pile product past the liquid dispensing outlet to clean dirt from the pile product,

drying means down stream of the liquid dispensing outlet to dry the pile product after it is cleaned,

and coating means downstream of the drying means to apply at least one thin coating to the back of the cleaned and dried pile product.

22. The apparatus as recited in claim 21, further comprising: drying and cross linking means downstream of the coating means to dry and cross link the coated pile product .

23. The apparatus as recited in claim 21, further comprising: dying means for printing or over printing the pile of the cleaned and coated pile product.

24. The apparatos as recited in claim 21 , wherein the pile product is caφet tiles with a cut pile, said cut pile having twisted yam which is untwisted by the pressure of the liquid from said nozzles, and further comprising shearing means receiving said cut pile with untwisted yarns therein shearing the top thereof to provide a uniform upper surface.

25. The apparatus as recited in claim 24, wherein treating means is located downstream of the shearing means to at least one of dye and brighten the cut pile yam of said caφet tile.

26. The apparatus as recited in claim 21, wherein said conveying means is a conveyor.

27. The apparams as recited in claim 21, wherein said coating means is a plurality of top roll applicators for applying a plurality of thin layers.

28. The apparatus as recited in claim 22, further comprising a cooling means downstream of the drying and cross linking means to cool the temperature of caφet tile to ambient temperature.

29. In a method of refurbishing used caφet tiles, the improvement comprising steam bulking and then chemically treating the caφet tile prior to washing and retexturing the pile face yarn to achieve a uniform color and appearance between individual caφet tiles when the refurbished caφet tiles are dyed.

30. The method as recited in claim 29, wherein the caφet tile is steamed and the face yarns prebulked prior to chemically treating.

31. The method as recited in claim 29, wherein said chemical treatment includes applying a cationic, water-soluble, polymeric organic compound.

32. The method as recited in claim 29, further comprising the steps of drying the prebulked and chemically treated caφet tile in an oven to uniform moisture content, shearing the surface pile yam to a uniform and level height, trimming the tile edges to make the tile square, pattern jet dying to apply new dye colors or patterns, steaming, washing and drying the dyed caφet tile.

33. The method as recited in claim 32, further comprising the step of coating the back of tile with a thin polymer coating prior to or following pattern jet dying, steaming, washing, and drying of the caφet tile.

34. A refurbished caφet tile produced by the process of claim 29.

35. In a refurbished caφet tile, the improvement comprising a uniform color and appearance between individual tiles, produced by steam bulking and chemically treating the caφet tile prior to washing, retexturing, and dying the pile face yarn.

36. A method of refurbishing cut or loop pile caφet products such as caφet tile, comprising the steps of: steaming and prebulking face yams of the pile caφet product, washing the pile caφet product by projecting a stream of cleaning liquid against the face yarns of the pile caφet product to clean dirt therefrom the pile caφet product,

chemically treating the face yarns of the pile caφet product by applying a cationic, water-soluble, polymeric organic compound,

drying the pile caφet product in an oven to a uniform moisture content, shearing the surface yam of the face to a uniform level height,

trimming the edges to make the pile caφet product square, pattern jet dyeing the pile caφet product to apply new dye colors or pattern,

and then steaming, washing and drying the dyed pile caφet product.

37. The method as recited in claim 36, further comprising the step of coating the back of the pile caφet product with at least one thin layer of polymer coating.

38. A refurbished pile caφet product produced by the method of claim 36.

39. In a method of refurbishing a caφet tile, the improvement comprising steaming and prebulking face yams of the caφet tile prior to washing.

40. The method as recited in claim 39, wherein washing is carried out with a washing liquid at about 100 - 400 psig.

41. In a method of refurbishing a caφet tile, the improvement comprising chemically treating face yams of the caφet tile before dyeing.

42. In a method of refurbishing a caφet tile, the improvement comprising treating face yams of the caφet tile with at least one of a biocide and fungicide.