AU2001258234A1 - Methods of modulating functions of polypeptide galnac-transferases and of screening substances therefor, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such agents - Google Patents

Abstract

Attachment of O-glycans to proteins is controlled by a large family of homologous polypeptide GalNAc-transferases. Polypeptide GalNAc-transferases contain a C-terminal sequence with similarity to lectins. This invention discloses that the putative lectin domains of GalNAc-transferase isoforms, GalNAc-T4, -T7, -T2, and T3, are functional and recognize carbohydrates, glycopeptides, and peptides. These lectin domains have different binding specificities and modulate the functions of GalNAc-transferase isoforms differently. The lectin domains of GalNAc-T- and -T7 directs the glycopeptide specificities of these enzymes, while the lectin domains of GalNAc-T2 and -T3 directs broadening of donor substrate specificities to include UDP-Gal. Selective inhibitors of these functions that do not eliminate general catalytic activities are disclosed. Such inhibitors disclosed include free sugars, aryl-sugar derivatives, and glycopeptides. Inhibitors of GalNAc-transferase lectin domains are useful for altering the O-glycosylation capacity of cells, tissues, and organisms, and such agents may also interfere with other binding functions involved in intracellular sorting and secretion events.

Description

METHODS OF MODULATING FUNCTIONS OF POLYPEPTIDE GALNAC-TRANSFERASES AND OF SCREENING TEST SUBSTANCES TO FIND AGENTS HEREFOR, PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING SUCH AGENTS AND THE USE OF SUCH AGENTS FOR PREPARING MEDICAMENTS

FIELD OF INVENTION 5

The present invention relates in its broadest aspects to the provision of boned, filleted raw fish products. Particularly, there is provided a method of preparing such products wherein pin-bones are removed from the fish meat before resolution of rigor. Additionally, there is provided a method for producing composite fish meat products based on such boned0 products.

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART 5 Following catch the flesh of fish are subject to the process generally referred to as rigor which implies that muscular elasticity disappears due to the formation of irreversible cross-binding between myosin filaments and actin filaments caused by the exhaustion of ATP in the muscle cell. Prior to onset of rigor, the recently slaughtered fish will be in a pre-rigor state where the fish is still sensorial subtle and with soft and resilient muscles.0 This pre-rigor state is followed by the onset of rigor wherein the fish is still of a subtle sensorial quality, but where the muscles gradually becomes stiffer. The point in time for onset of rigor and the development hereof are i.a. dependent on the fish species, the pre- catch temperature in the fish and the handling of the fish before catch, the level of stress imposed on the fish during catch, the biological status of the fish and the temperature5 during pre-rigor storage. For the Atlantic salmon, full rigor is reported to occur 6-24 hours post mortem (Skjervold et al., 1999). Many researchers have reported that improvements in post-catch fish muscle quality by a delay in onset of rigor is associated with "low stress" or rapid killing methods (Jerrett et al., 1996). It is generally accepted that onset of rigor is accelerated in fish due to exhaustion prior to death (Korhonen et al., 1990). 0

The pre-catch temperature in the fish will affect both shelf-life and organoleptic qualities of the fish (Whittle, 1996). Accordingly, slaughtering procedures and technologies have been developed and implemented which aims at controlling the temperature at catch, including a live-chilling process (Skjervold et al., 1996). By transferring live fish to a chilling tank 305 to 60 minutes prior to catch, a lower temperature is obtained in the fish prior to slaughter lectin domains for preparing medicaments for the treatment of various disorders.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Mucin-type O-glycosylation, one of the most abundant forms of protein glycosylation, is found on secreted and cell surface associated glycoproteins of all eukaryotic cells except yeast. Mucin-type O-glycans contribute to a number of important molecular functions, including: direct effects on protein conformation, solubility, and stability; specific receptor functions that regulate cell trafficking and cell-cell interactions; and microbial clearance. Mucin-type O-glycans are synthesised in the Golgi through the sequential addition of saccharide residues, first to hydroxyl groups on serines and threonines of a protein core and subsequently to hydroxyl groups on the growing saccharide chains that extend from the protein core. There is great diversity in the structures created by O-glycosylation (hundreds of potential structures), which are produced by the catalytic activity of hundreds of glycosyltransferase enzymes that are resident in the Golgi complex. Diversity exists at the level of the glycan structure and in positions of attachment of 0- glycans to protein backbones . Despite the high degree of potential diversity, it is clear that O-glycosylation is a highly regulated process that shows a high degree of conservation among multicellular organisms.

The factors that regulate the attachment of O-glycans to particular protein sites and their extension into specific structures are poorly understood. Longstanding hy- potheses in this area propose that mucin-type O-glycosylation occurs in a stochastic manner where structure of acceptor proteins combined with topology and kinetic properties of resident Golgi glycosyltransferases deter- mine the order and degree of glycosylation ( 1 ) . This concept does not fully explain the high degree of regulation and specialisation that governs the O-glycosylation process. In particular it is difficult to envision how large ucin molecules with high densities of O-glycans are gly- cosylated in the Golgi by stochastic mechanisms that also create other sparsely glycosylated proteins.

The first step in mucin-type O-glycosylation is catalysed by one or more members of a large family of UDP-GalNAc: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc- transferases) (EC 2.4.1.41), which transfer GalNAc to serine and threonine acceptor sites (2). To date eight members of the mammalian GalNAc-transferase family have been identified and characterized, and several additional putative members of this gene family have been predicted from analysis of genome databases. The GalNAc-transferase isoforms have different kinetic properties and show differential expression patterns temporally and spatially, suggesting that they have distinct biological functions (2). Sequence analysis of GalNAc-transferases have led to the hypothesis that these enzymes contain two distinct subunits: a central catalytic unit, and a C- terminal unit with sequence similarity to the plant lectin ricin, designated the lectin domain (3-6). Previous experiments involving site-specific mutagenesis of selected conserved residues confirmed that mutations in the catalytic domain eliminated catalytic activity. In contrast, mutations in the lectin domain had no significant effects on catalytic activity of the GalNAc- transferase isoform, GalNAc-Tl (3). Thus, the C-terminal "lectin domain" is believed not to be functional and not to play roles for the enzymatic functions of GalNAc- transferases (3).

Recent evidence demonstrates that some GalNAc-transferases exhibit unique activities with partially GalNAc-gly- cosylated glycopeptides. The catalytic actions of two GalNAc-transferase isoforms, GalNAc-T4 and -T7, selectively act on glycopeptides corresponding to mucin tandem repeat domains where only some of the clustered potential glycosylation sites have been GalNAc glycosylated by other GalNAc-transferases (7-9). GalNAc-T4 and -T7 recognize different GalNAc-glycosylated peptides and catalyse transfer of GalNAc to acceptor substrate sites in addition to those that were previously utilized. One of the functions of such GalNAc-transferase activities is predicted to represent a control step of the density of 0- glycan occupancy in ucins and πvucin-like glycoproteins with high density of O-glycosylation. It was hypothesized that such sequential actions of multiple GalNAc-transfe- rase isoforms may be required to complete O-glycan attachments to some mucin peptide sequences allowing for detailed control of density.

One example of this is the glycosylation of the cancer- associated mucin MUC1. MUC1 contains a tandem repeat 0- glycosylated region of 20 residues (HGVTSAPDTRPAPGSTAPPA) with five potential O-glycosylation sites. GalNAc-Tl, -T2, and -T3 can initiate glycosylation of the MUC1 tandem repeat and incorporate at only three sites (HGVTSAPDTRPAPGSTAPPA, GalNAc attachment sites under- lined) . GalNAc-T4 is unique in that it is the only GalNAc-transferase isoform identified so far that can complete the O-glycan attachment to all five acceptor sites in the 20 amino acid tandem repeat sequence of the breast cancer associated mucin, MUC1. GalNAc-T4 transfers GalNAc to at least two sites not used by other GalNAc-transferase isoforms on the GalNAc4TAP24 glycopeptide (TAPPAHGVTSAPDTRPAPGSTAPP, GalNAc attachment sites underlined) (8). An activity such as that exhibited by GalNAc- T4 appears to be required for production of the glycoform of MUC1 expressed by cancer cells where all potential sites are glycosylated (10). Normal MUC1 from lactating mammary glands has approximately 2.6 O-glycans per repeat (11) and MUCl derived from the cancer cell line T47D has 4.8 O-glycans per repeat (10). The cancer-associated form of MUCl is therefore associated with higher density of 0- glycan occupancy and this is accomplished by a GalNAc- transferase activity identical to or similar to that of GalNAc-T4. The mechanism by which GalNAc-T4 and -T7 recognize and functions with GalNAc-glycosylated gl copep- tides is not known.

Glycosylation confers physico-chemical properties including protease resistance, solubility, and stability to proteins (12-14). Glycosylation furthermore confers changes in immunological responses to proteins and glyco- proteins. O-glycosylation on mucins and mucin-like glyco- proteins protect these molecules found in the extracellular space and body fluids from degradation. Control of 0- glycosylation with respect to sites and number (density) of O-glycan attachments to proteins as well as control of the O-glycan structures made at specific sites or in general on glycoproteins, is of interest for several purposes. Diseased cells e.g. cancer cells often dramatically change their O-glycosylation and the altered gly- cans and glycoproteins may constitute targets for thera- peutic and diagnostic measures (15; 16). Mucins functioning in body fluids may have different properties depending on density and structure of O-glycans attached in protection against disease, including infections by micro-organisms. Furthermore, mucins with different glyco- sylation may change physico-chemical properties including stability and solubility properties that may influence turnover and removal of mucous. A number of lung diseases, e.g. cystic fibrosis, asthma, chronic bronchitis, smokers lungs, are associated with symptomatic mucous ac- cumulation (17-19), and it is likely that the nature and structure of mucins play a role in the pathogenesis of such diseases.

Partial inhibitors of O-glycosylation in cells have been reported. Aryl-N-acetyl-α-galactosaminides such as ben- zyl-, phenyl-, and p-nitrophenyl-GalNAc were originally found to inhibit the second step in O-glycosylation, the O-glycan processing step, by inhibiting synthesis of core 1 (Galβl-3GalNAcαl-R) and more complex structures (20). Benzyl-GalNAc was also found to inhibit sialylation (21; 22). Treatment of cells with benzyl-GalNAc not only inhibits O-glycan processing but also has effects on apical sorting of some O-glycosylated proteins (23-25). The mechanism for this is believed to be through inhibition of sialylation. True inhibitors of O-glycosylation, i.e. inhibitors of the initial O-glycan attachment process governed by polypeptide GalNAc-transferases have not been reported.

Inhibitors of the initiating step in O-glycosylation could completely or selectively block attachment of 0- glycans to O-glycosylation sites in proteins. Compounds inhibiting the catalytic function of a selected subset of the polypeptide GalNAc-transferase family may be predicted to only lead to partial inhibition of O-glycosylation capacity of cells. Proteins with no or little 0- glycosylation may have entirely different biological properties than their normal glycosylated counterparts . Complete inhibition of O-glycosylation is not desirable because of the many diverse functions of O-glycans, and it is expected to result in cell death. Selective inhibi- tion of O-glycosylation on the other hand is desirable in many cases such as cancer cells producing glycoproteins and mucins with more dense O-glycosylation than normal cells. For example breast cancer cells appear to hyper- glycosylate the cancer-associated cell surface mucin MUCl compared to glycosylation in normal cells (10). The over- expression of MUCl and hyperglycosylation found in cancer cells are likely to be important for the pathobiology of cancers . Methods of inhibiting the hyperglycosylation of mucins in cancer cells is desirable. Such inhibitors could be directed to specific isoforms of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases and hence selectively inhibit 0- glycan attachments at acceptor sites used by such isoforms. Moreover, such inhibitors could be selectively di- rected to isoforms functioning as follow-up enzymes with GalNAc-glycopeptide specificities, and inhibitors could also be directed to any other functions polypeptide GalNAc-transferases may have in the secretory pathway and intracellular sorting.

Consequently, there exists a need in the art for methods of inhibiting the functions of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases. Preferable in selectively inhibiting O-glycosylation attachments in glycoproteins and mucins. The present invention meets these needs, and further presents other related advantages.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Broadly the present invention provides a method of modulating functions of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases comprising administering an effective amount of an appropri- ate agent which is effective in modulating functions of one or more polypeptide GalNAc-transferases.

More particularly the present invention provides a method of modulating functions of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases comprising administering an effective amount of an appro- priate agent which is effective in inhibiting one or more lectin domains of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases and modulating functions mediated by said lectin domains. In particular, the invention aims at providing selective inhibitors of the binding properties of the above mentioned lectin domains and selective inhibitors of the effects that these lectin domains exert on the functions of GalNAc-transferases.

The present invention discloses the existence of functional lectin domains associated with the polypeptide GalNAc-transferase isoforms, GalNAc-T2, -T3, -T4, and - T7, and further demonstrates unique functions of these lectin domains in the O-glycosylation process. The GalNAc-transferase isoforms, GalNAc-T4 and -T7, function with partially O-glycosylated peptides as follow-up enzymes . The putative lectin domains found in the C-termi- nus of these GalNAc-transferases function as genuine lectins with specificity for structures, including but not limited to the following: GalNAc, GalNAcαl-R (R represents any aglycon such as benzoyl, phenyl, p-nitro- phenyl without limitation), selective GalNAc-peptides, and selective peptides with multiple Ser/Thr O-glycosy- lation sites. The lectin domains confer unique catalytic properties to the GalNAc-transferases including but not limited to selective GalNAc-glycopeptide substrate specificity, as well as binding properties for peptides and carbohydrates to enhance catalytic properties and other functions related to the O-glycosylation process. In a preferred embodiment, methods of selectively blocking the GalNAc-glycopeptide specificities of such GalNAc-transferase isoforms by GalNAc and GalNAc containing structures are disclosed.

Putative lectin domains with diverse sequences are found on other GalNAc-transferases not displaying apparent GalNAc-glycopeptide substrate specificity. The present invention discloses that the putative lectin domains of GalNAc-T2 and -T3 isoforms also are functional and recog- nize both carbohydrate and certain peptide sequences. These lectin domains govern additional biological functions for GalNAc-transferases including but not limited to a broader donor substrate specificity. These lectin domains may also function as chaperones in directing mucin-type O-glycosylation, transport and sorting of glycoproteins. In yet a preferred embodiment, methods of blocking the lectin domains of such GalNAc-transferase isoforms by GalNAc and GalNAc containing structures as well as peptides are disclosed.

The present invention also provides a method of screening one or more test substances for the ability to modulate polypeptide GalNAc-transferase enzymatic activity in a cell-free or cell-based assay, which comprises:

(i) contacting a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase, or a cell that recombinantly expresses a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase, with one or more test substances under assay conditions suitable for the detection of said enzymatic activity; and

(ϋ) measuring whether said enzymatic activity is thereby modulated by one or more of the test substances.

Substances identified as agents which are effective in inhibiting one or more lectin domains of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases may e.g. be selected from the group con- sisting of naturally or non-naturally occurring carbohydrates, peptides, glycopeptides, glycoconjugates and portions and fragments thereof. They may also be found among nucleic acids as well as small organic or inorganic molecules. They include but are not limited to peptides such as soluble peptides including Ig-tailed fusion peptides, members of random peptide libraries and combinatorial chemistry-derived molecular libraries made of D- and/or L-configuration amino acids, phosphopeptides (including members of random or partially degenerate, directed phos- phopeptide libraries), antibodies [e.g. polyclonal, monoclonal, humanized, anti-idiotypic, chimeric, single chain antibodies, fragments, (e.g. Fab, F(ab)2, and Fab expres- sion library fragments, and epitope-binding fragments thereof)], and polypeptides . A substance to be used as an agent according to the invention may be an endogenous physiological compound or it may be a natural or synthetic compound.

Agents in accordance with the present invention are useful for changing the density and sites of O-glycan occupancy in mucins and 0-linked glycoproteins. Further uses are in changing Golgi-transport and intracellular sorting events conferred by the lectin domains of GalNAc-trans- ferases. For example, inhibitors of lectin domains of GalNAc-transferases may be useful in manipulating disease-associated O-glycosylation to augment immunity and to prepare vaccines. Further use may be found in manipulating mucin secretion and O-glycan density in diseases associated with mucous accumulation to decrease secretion and enhance clearance of mucins. Further use may entail modulating O-glycosylation of recombinant glycoproteins by inhibition of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases in host expression cells. These and other aspects of the present invention will become evident upon reference to the following detailed description and drawings.

Accordingly, the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an agent which is effective in modulating functions of one or more polypeptide GalNAc-transferases, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. More specifically, said agent may be an agent which is effective in inhibiting one or more lectin domains of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases and modulating functions mediated by said lectin domains and, in par- ticular, said agent may be selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, peptides, glycopeptides, glyco- conjugates and portions and fragments thereof.

Further, the present invention covers the use of an agent which is effective in inhibiting one or more lectin domains of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases and modulating functions mediated by said lectin domains for preparing a medicament for the treatment of tumors and cancers ; a medicament for the treatment of lung diseases associated with mucous accumulation such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, smoker's lung, and cystic fibrosis; a medicament for the treatment of diseases of exocrine glands associated with increased or decreased mucin secretion such as Sjøgren's syndrome and dry mouth; and a medicament for the treatment of disorders associated with dysregulation of selectin-mediated leukocyte trafficking such as auto- immunity, arthritis, leukemias, lymphomas, immunosuppres- sion, sepsis, wound healing, acute and chronic inflammation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 illustrates that the MUCl glycopeptide specificity of polypeptide GalNAc-T4 is not directed by a specific glycoform. Panel A is a schematic depiction of product development assays monitored by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and/or MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Left side illustrates MUCl tandem repeat peptide glycoforms (open circles indicate attachments of GalNAc) prepared by in vitro glycosylation with indicated GalNAc-transferase isoforms. Right side illustrates products (closed circles indicate GalNAc residues added) developed in 6 hours by GalNAc-T4. Glycopeptides were characterized by mass spectrometry. Panel B is an illustration of the reactions with TAP25V21 monitored by capillary electrophoresis, where GalNAc-Tl and -T4 were mixed. Numbers above peaks refer to numbers of moles of GalNAc incorporated into the peptide.

Figure 2 illustrates that the lectin domain of GalNAc-T4 selectively directs its MUCl glycopeptide specificity. Panel A is a schematic depiction of the domain structure of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases modified from Hagen et al . (3). Arrows indicate conserved cysteine residues and the major conserved sequence motifs are shown with numbering according to the sequence of GalNAc-Tl . Bold un- derlined residues in the catalytic domain indicate. some residues required for catalysis, whereas the two marked residues in the lectin domain are not essential for catalytic activity of GalNAc-Tl (3). A D459H mutation in the lectin domain of GalNAc-T4 corresponds to the illustrated D444H in GalNAc-Tl. Panel B is a time-course MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted-laser-desorption-ionization time-of- flight) analysis of the glycosylation independent activi- ties of wild-type GalNAc-T4 ^J^ and the lectin mutant

Λ K On

GalNAc-T4 using the unique substrate for this en- zyme isoform derived from PSGL-1 [Thr in bold is the acceptor site (8)]. The control represents co-purified endogenous activity found with irrelevant expression constructs. Wild-type and mutant GalNAc-T4 exhibit identical glycosylation independent activities. Panel C is a time- course MALDI-TOF analysis using the unique glycosylation dependent substrate GalNAc3TAP25V21 (GalNAc attachment sites bold and underlined, and the two available acceptor sites for GalNAc-T4 in bold) . The mutant GalNAc-T4 is virtually inactive with the glycopeptide substrate.

Figure 3 illustrates that the lectin domain of GalNAc-T4 functions as a lectin and has selective specificity for GalNAc. Panel A: Inhibition of the glycosylation dependent function of GalNAc-T4 by free sugars. Time-course MALDI-TOF analysis of GalNAc-T4^459D in the presence of 0.23 M free sugars, indicate selective inhibition of activity in the presence of GalNAc. Panel B: Time-course MALDI-TOF analysis of the glycosylation independent functions of wild-type and mutant GalNAc-T4, show that GalNAc has no effect on the general catalytic function of the enzyme.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

All patent applications, patents, and literature references cited in this specification are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the case of conflict, the present description, including definitions, is intended to control.

1. Definitions

1. "Nucleic acid" or "polynucleotide" as used herein re- fers to purine- and pyrimidine-containing polymers of any length, either polyribonucleotides or polydeoxyribonucleo- tides or mixed polyribo-polydeoxyribo nucleotides. This includes single- and double-stranded molecules, i.e., DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA and RNA-RNA hybrids, as well as "protein nucleic acids" (PNA) formed by conjugating bases to an amino acid backbone. This also includes nucleic acids containing modified bases (see below).

2. "Complementary DNA or cDNA" as used herein refers to a DNA molecule or sequence that has been enzymatically syn- thesised from the sequences present in an mRNA template, or a clone of such a DNA molecule. A "DNA Construct" is a DNA molecule or a clone of such a molecule, either single- or double-stranded, which has been modified to contain segments of DNA that are combined and juxtaposed in a man- ner that would not otherwise exist in nature. By way of non-limiting example, a cDNA or DNA which has no introns is inserted adjacent to, or within, exogenous DNA sequences .

3. A plasmid or, more generally, a vector, is a DNA construct containing genetic information that may provide for its replication when inserted into a host cell. A plasmid generally contains at least one gene sequence to be expressed in the host cell, as well as sequences that facilitate such gene expression, including promoters and transcription initiation sites . It may be a linear or closed circular molecule.

4. Nucleic acids are "hybridizable" to each other when at least one strand of one nucleic acid can anneal to another nucleic acid under defined stringency conditions. Stringency of hybridization is determined, e.g., by a) the tem- perature at which hybridization and/or washing is performed, and b) the ionic strength and polarity (e.g., for- mamide) of the hybridization and washing solutions, as well as other parameters. Hybridization requires that the two nucleic acids contain substantially complementary se- quences; depending on the stringency of hybridization, however, mismatches may be tolerated. Typically, hybridization of two sequences at high stringency (such as, for example, in an aqueous solution of 0.5X SSC, at 65°C) requires that the sequences exhibit some high degree of complementarity over their entire sequence. Conditions of intermediate stringency (such as, for example, an aqueous solution of 2X SSC at 65°C) and low stringency (such as, for example, an aqueous solution of 2X SSC at 55°C), require correspondingly less overall complementarily between the hybridising sequences. (IX SSC is 0.15 M NaCl, 0.015 M Na citrate. )

5. An "isolated" nucleic acid or polypeptide as used herein refers to a component that is removed from its original environment (for example, its natural environment if it is naturally occurring). An isolated nucleic acid or polypeptide contains less than about 50%, preferably less than about 75%, and most preferably less than about 90%, of the cellular components with which it was originally associated.

6. A "probe" refers to a nucleic acid that forms a hybrid structure with a sequence in a target region due to complementarily of at least one sequence in the probe with a sequence in the target region.

7. A nucleic acid that is "derived from" a designated sequence refers to a nucleic acid sequence that corresponds to a region of the designated sequence. This encompasses sequences that are homologous or complementary to the se- quence, as well as "sequence-conservative variants" and "function-conservative variants". Sequence-conservative variants are those in which a change of one or more nu- cleotides in a given codon position results in no alteration in the amino acid encoded at that position. Func- tion-conservative variants of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases are those in which a given amino acid residue in the polypeptide has been changed without altering the overall conformation and enzymatic activity (including substrate specificity) of the native polypeptide; these changes in- elude, but are not limited to, replacement of an amino acid with one having similar physico-chemical properties (such as, for example, acidic, basic, hydrophobic, and the like) .

8. A "donor substrate" is a molecule recognised by, e.g., a polypeptide GalNAc-transferees and that contributes a iV- acetylgalactosamine moiety for the transferase reaction. For polypeptide GalNAc-transferases, a donor substrate is UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine or with some GalNAc-transferase isoforms UDP-galactose. An "acceptor substrate" is a molecule, preferably a peptide, protein, glycopeptide, and glycoproteins, that is recognised by, e.g., a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase and that is the target for the modifi- cation catalysed by the transferase, i.e., receives the carbohydrate moiety. For polypeptide GalNAc-transferases, acceptor substrates include without limitation peptides, proteins, glycopeptides, and glycoproteins.

9. The term "agonist" refers to a molecule that increases the amount of, or prolongs the duration of, the activity of the polypeptide. The term "antagonist" refers to a molecule which decreases the biological or immunological activity of the polypeptide. Agonists and antagonists may include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, or any other molecules that associate with a polypeptide GalNAc- transferase.

10. The N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase T4 (GalNAc-T4) gene has been isolated from a human salivary gland library as described previously (8). The sequence of the GalNAc-T4 nucleic acid so isolated and the sequence of the encoded GalNAc-T4 polypeptide have been submitted to GenBank/EBl Data Bank and assigned accession number Y08564.

11. The N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase T7 (GalNAc-T7) gene has been isolated from a human gastric carcinoma cell line MKN45 library as described previously (7). The sequence of the GalNAc-T7 nucleic acid so isolated and the sequence of the encoded GalNAc-T7 polypeptide have been submitted to GenBank/EBI Data Bank and assigned ac- cession number AJ002744.

12. The N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase T2 (GalNAc-T2) gene has been isolated from a human gastric carcinoma cell line MKN45 library as described previously (26). The sequence of the GalNAc-T2 nucleic acid so isolated and the sequence of the encoded GalNAc-T2 polypeptide have been submitted to GenBank/EBI Data Bank and assigned accession number X85019.

13. The N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase T3 (GalNAc-T3) gene has been isolated from a human salivary gland library as described previously (27). The sequence of the GalNAc-T3 nucleic acid so isolated and the sequence of the encoded GalNAc-T3 polypeptide have been submitted to GenBank/EBI Data Bank and assigned accession number X92689.

14. Expression to produce enzymatically-active GalNAc-T4, -T7, -T2, and -T3 can be carried out in any number of conventional expression systems familiar to those skilled in the art. In one embodiment, GalNAc-transferases are expressed in a soluble form which can be recovered from the culture medium. In another embodiment, host cells (e.g. CHO cells) are engineered to express GalNAc- transferases and glycosylate substrates in vivo in host cells.

2. General aspects of the invention

In accordance with the screening method of the invention, enzymatically active GalNAc-transferases are contacted with an acceptor substrate and an N-acetylgalactosamine donor substrate, preferably UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine , under conditions for transfer of iV-acetylgalactosamine from the donor substrate to the acceptor substrate, in the presence of one or more test substances . Glycosylated acceptor substrate is then obtained in a varying degree.

Preferred acceptor substrates are proteins, peptides, glycoproteins, and glycopeptides. Particularly preferred acceptor substrates for GalNAc-T4 are GalNAc-glycosylated glycopeptides from MUCl, MUC2, and MUC5AC tandem repeats or multimers of those molecules. Particularly preferred acceptor substrates for GalNAc-T7 are GalNAc-glycosylated glycopeptides from MUC2 and rat submaxillary gland mucin tandem repeats or multimers of those molecules. Particularly preferred acceptor substrates for GalNAc-T2 are peptides from MUCl, MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC7 tandem repeats or multimers of those molecules. Particularly preferred acceptor substrates for GalNAc-T3 are peptides from MUCl, MUC2 , MUC5AC and MUC7 tandem repeats or multimers of those molecules.

Transfer assays for carrying out glycosylation are familiar to those in the art, and are described in the literature cited above and in the examples provided below.

As noted, human GalNAc-T4 demonstrates unique acceptor substrate specificity. GalNAc-T4 has been found to transfer GalNAc to two sites in the MUCl tandem repeat sequence: Ser in GVTSA and Thr in PDTR using a 24-mer glycopeptide with GalNAc residues attached at sites utilized by GalNAc-Tl, -T2 and T3 (TAPPAHGVTSAPDTRPAPGSTAPPA, wherein the GalNAc sites are underlined) (8). In an important aspect of the invention, the action of GalNAc-T4 is dependent on prior GalNAc attachments at least at one site of the five acceptor sites in the MUCl tandem re- peat. In another important aspect of the invention this activity is dependent on a lectin domain constituting approximately 130 amino acid residues in the C-terminal region of GalNAc-T4. In yet another important embodiment of the invention this activity can be blocked by GalNAc and GalNAc containing compounds such as benzyl-GalNAc.

As noted, human GalNAc-T7 demonstrates unique acceptor substrate specificity. GalNAc-T7 has only been found to transfer to acceptor substrates which have previously been partially GalNAc-glycosylated (7; 9). A preferred acceptor substrate is derived from MUC2, MUC5AC and rat submaxillary gland mucin tandem repeats. In an important embodiment of the invention the activity of GalNAc-T7 can be blocked by GalNAc and GalNAc containing compounds such as benzyl-GalNAc, and Gal and Gal containing compounds such as benzyl-Gal and Galβl-3GalNAcαl-benzyl.

Human GalNAc-T2 demonstrates unique UDP-Gal donor substrate specificity with MUC2 peptide substrate (28). In an important embodiment of the invention the activity of GalNAc-T2 with UDP-Gal can be blocked by GalNAc and GalNAc containing compounds such as benzyl-GalNAc.

Human GalNAc-T3 demonstrates unique UDP-Gal donor substrate specificity with rat submaxillary gland mucin pep- tide substrate. In an important embodiment of the invention the activity of GalNAc-T3 with UDP-Gal can be blocked by GalNAc and GalNAc containing compounds such as benzyl-GalNAc .

The methods described herein are designed to identify substances and compounds that modulate the biological activity of a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase including substances that interfere with or enhance the activity of a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase.

Agents which modulate a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase can be identified based on their ability to associate with such a transferase. Therefore, the invention also provides a method of identifying agents that associate with a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase. Agents identified using the method of the invention may be isolated, cloned and sequenced using conventional techniques. An agent that associates with a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase may be an agonist or antagonist of the biological or immu- nological activity of the transferase. Agents which can associate with a polypeptide GalNAc- transferase may be identified by reacting such GalNAc- transferase with a test substance which potentially associates with a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase under condi- tions which permit the association, and removing and/or detecting the associated GalNAc-transferase and substance. The substance-transferase complex, free substance, or non-complexed transferase may be assayed. Conditions which permit the formation of substance-transfe- rase complexes may be selected having regard to factors such as the nature and amounts of the substance and the transferase.

The substance-transferase complex, free substance or non- complexed transferase may be isolated by conventional isolation techniques, for example, salting out, chroma- tography, electrophoresis, gel filtration, fractionation, absorption, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, agglutination, or combinations thereof. To facilitate the assay of the components, a labelled antibody against the trans- ferase or the substance or a labelled transferase or a labelled substance may be utilized. The antibodies, transferases, or test substances may be labelled with a detectable substance as described above.

A polypeptide GalNAc-transferase, or a test substance used in the method of the invention may be insolubilized. For example, a transferase, or a test substance may be bound to a suitable carrier such as agarose, cellulose, dextran, Sephadex, Sepharose, carboxymethyl cellulose polystyrene, filter paper, ion-exchange resin, plastic film, plastic tube, glass beads, polyamine-methyl vinyl- ether-maleic acid copolymer, amino acid copolymer, ethyl- ene-maleic acid copolymer, nylon, silk, etc. The carrier may be in the shape of, for example, a tube, test plate, beads, disc, sphere etc. The insolubilized transferase or substance may be prepared by reacting the material with a suitable insoluble carrier using known chemical or physical methods, for example, cyanogen bromide coupling.

The invention also contemplates a method for evaluating an agent for its ability to modulate the biological activity of a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase by assaying for an agonist or antagonist (i.e. enhancer or inhibitor) of the association of the transferase with a substance that interacts with the polypeptide (e.g. donor or accep- tor substrates or parts thereof). The basic method for evaluating whether an agent is an agonist or antagonist of the association of a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase and a substance that associates with the transferase is to prepare a reaction mixture containing the transferase and the substance under conditions which permit the formation of substance-transferase complexes, in the presence of a test agent. The test agent may be initially added to the mixture, or may be added subsequent to the addition of the transferase and substance. Control reac- tion mixtures without the test agent or with a placebo are also prepared. The formation of complexes is detected and the formation of complexes in the control reaction, but not in the reaction mixture, indicates that the test agent interferes with the interaction of the transferase and substance. The reactions may be carried out in the liquid phase or the transferase, substance, or test agent may be immobilized as described herein.

It will be understood that the agonists and antagonists, i.e. enhancers and inhibitors, that can be assayed using the methods of the invention may act on one or more of the interaction sites on the transferase or substance including agonist binding sites, competitive antagonist binding sites, non-competitive antagonist binding sites or allosteric sites. Preferred agents for inhibition of GalNAc-transferase lectins are inactive as acceptor substrates for glycosyl- transferases. In particular, the following glycosyltransferase activities are inactive with the preferred inhibi- tory compounds: core 1 UDP-Gal :GalNAc-peptide βl,3- galactosyltransferases, CMP-NeuAc:GalNAc-peptide α2,6- sialyltransferases, and UDP-GlcNAc:βl, 3N-acetylglucos- aminyltransferases involved in O-glycosylation. Examples of such inhibitory compounds are GalNAcαl-O-benzoyl with substitution of hydroxyl groups at C3 and/or C6 by methyl or acetyl groups to block acceptor sites.

The invention also makes it possible to screen for antagonists that inhibit the effects of an agonist of the interaction of a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase with a substance capable of associating with the transferase. Thus, the invention may be used to assay for an agent that competes for the same interacting site of a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase.

Agents which are effective in modulating a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase can be identified based on their ability to interfere with or enhance the activity of the transferase. Therefore, the invention provides a method for evaluating a test substance for its ability to modulate the activity of a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase comprising

(a) reacting an acceptor substrate and a donor substrate for a GalNAc-transferase polypeptide in the presence of a test substance;

(b) measuring the amount of donor substrate transferred to acceptor substrate, and

(c) carrying out steps (a) and (b) in the absence of the test substance to determine if the substance inter- feres with or enhances transfer of the sugar donor to the acceptor by the polypeptide GalNAc- transferase.

Suitable acceptor substrates for use in the methods of the invention are polypeptides , glycopolypeptides, or glycoproteins which are either synthetic or naturally occurring structures. Acceptors will generally comprise the hydroxyamino acids serine and/or threonine. The donor substrate may be a nucleotide sugar, dolichol-phosphate- sugar or dolichol-pyrophosphate-oligosaccharide, for example, uridine diphospho-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP- GalNAc), uridine diphospho-galactose (UDP-Gal), or derivatives or analogs thereof. The GalNAc-transferase polypeptide may be obtained from natural sources or pro- duced using recombinant methods as described and referenced herein.

The acceptor or donor substrates may be labelled with a detectable substance as described herein, and the interaction of the polypeptide of the invention with the ac- ceptor and donor will give rise to a detectable change. The detectable change may be colorimetric, photometric, radiometric, potentiometric, etc. The GalNAc-transferase polypeptide is reacted with the acceptor and donor substrates at a pH and temperature effective for the poly- peptide to transfer the donor to the acceptor, and where one of the components is labeled, to produce a detectable change. It is preferred to use a buffer with the acceptor and donor to maintain the pH within the pH range effective for the polypeptides. The buffer, acceptor and donor may be used as an assay composition. Other compounds such as EDTA and detergents may be added to the assay composition. The reagents suitable for applying the methods of the invention to evaluate agents that modulate a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase may be packaged into convenient kits providing the necessary materials packaged into suitable containers. The kits may also include suitable supports useful in performing the methods of the invention.

Agents that modulate a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase can also be identified by treating immortalized cells which express the transferase with a test substance, and com- paring the O-glycosylation performed of the cells with the O-glycosylation of the cells in the absence of the test substance and/or with immortalized cells which do not express the transferase. Examples of immortalized cells that can be used include human breast cancer cell lines such as T47D, which express the polypeptide GalNAc- T4 isoform and produce hyperglycosylated MUCl. In the absence of an inhibitor the cells will produce MUCl with near complete O-glycosylation of all five potential acceptor sites in the MUCl tandem repeat sequence. A sub- stance that reduces the density of O-glycosylation in the MUCl tandem repeat sequence may be considered an inhibitor.

The agents identified by the methods described herein, may be used for modulating the biological activity of a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase, and they may be used in the treatment of conditions mediated by a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase. In particular, they may be used to alter density of O-glycosylation on glycoproteins and mucins produced by cells, and other functions governed by the polypeptide GalNAc-transferases in transport and secretion of glycoproteins and mucins.

Therefore, the present invention may be useful for treatment of various disorders associated with aberrant 0- glycosylation and/or mucin production in mammals, preferably humans. Such disorders include the following: tumors and cancers, lung diseases associated with mucous accumulation such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, smoker's lung, cystic fibrosis, diseases of exocrine glands associated with increased or decreased mucin secretion such as Sjøgrens syndrome, dry mouth etc. Other disorders include dysregulation of selectin mediated leukocyte trafficking and would include but not be limited to disorders involving autoimmunity, arthritis, leukaemias, lymphomas, immunosuppression, sepsis, wound healing, acute and chronic inflammation, cell mediated immunity, and the like.

The agents identified by the methods described herein, may be useful in the prevention and treatment of tumors. Tumor metastasis may be inhibited or prevented by inhibiting the adhesion of circulating cancer cells. The substances, compounds, etc. of the invention may be especially useful in the treatment of various forms of neo- plasia such as leukaemias, lymphomas, melanomas, adenomas, sarcomas, and carcinomas of solid tissues in patients. In particular the composition may be used for treating malignant melanoma, pancreatic cancer, cervico- uterine cancer, cancer of the liver, kidney, stomach, lung, rectum, breast, bowel, gastric, thyroid, neck, cervix, salivary gland, bile duct, pelvis, mediastinum, urethra, bronchogenic, bladder, esophagus and colon, and Ka- posis Sarcoma which is a form of cancer associated with HIV-infected patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The substances etc. are particularly useful in the prevention and treatment of tumors of lining mucosa and glands and the metastases derived from these tumors . Accordingly, the various agents may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions for administration to subjects in a biologically compatible form suitable for administration in vivo. By biologically compatible form suitable for administration in vivo is meant a form of the agent to be administered in which any toxic effects are outweighed by the therapeutic effects. The agents may be administered to living organisms including humans, and animals. Administration of a therapeutically active amount of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention is defined as an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary to achieve the desired result. For example, a therapeutically active amount of an agent may vary according to factors such as the dis- ease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of antibody to elicit a desired response in the individual. Dosage regima may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. For example, several divided doses may be administered daily or the dose may be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation.

The active agent may be administered in a convenient manner such as by injection (subcutaneous, intravenous, etc.), oral administration, inhalation, transdermal ap- plication, or rectal administration. Depending on the route of administration, the active agent may be coated in a material to protect the agent from the action of enzymes, acids and other natural conditions that may inactivate it .

The compositions described herein can be prepared by methods known per se for the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable compositions which can be administered to subjects, such that an effective quantity of the active agent is combined in a mixture with a pharmaceuti- cally acceptable vehicle. Suitable vehicles are described, for example, in Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences (Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., USA 1985). On this basis, the compositions include, albeit not exclusively, solutions of the agents in association with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles or diluents, and contained in buffered solutions with a suitable pH and iso-osmotic with the physiological fluids.

After pharmaceutical compositions have been prepared, they can be placed in an appropriate container and labelled for treatment of an indicated condition. For administration of an inhibitor of a polypeptide GalNAc- transferase, such labelling would include amount, fre- quency, and method of administration.

The use of inhibitors of the lectin domain mediated activities of the above mentioned polypeptide GalNAc-transferase isoforms and other isoforms allows for unique selective inhibition of these functions in vitro and in vivo in cells and organisms. This is desirable in manipulating the density of O-glycans, e.g. changing high density O-glycosylated tumor-associated MUCl to low density normal MUCl in cells. Further this is desirable in inhibiting any adhesive role the lectin domains may play in Golgi transport and intracellular sorting.

3. The MUCl glycopeptide specificity of GalNAc-T4 is not directed by a specific glycoform.

The GalNAc-T4 isoform displays enzyme activity which, in addition to showing activity with some peptide substrat- es, exhibits unique activity with glycopeptides where prior glycosylation is a prerequisite for activity (8). GalNAc-T4 is unique in that it is the only GalNAc-transferase isoform identified so far that can complete the O- glycan attachment to all five acceptor sites in the 20 amino acid tandem repeat sequence (HGVTSAPDTRPAPGSTAPPA) of the breast cancer associated mucin, MUCl. GalNAc-T4 transfers GalNAc to at least two sites not used by other GalNAc-transferase isoforms on the GalNAc4TAP24 glycopeptide (TAPPAHGVTSAPDTRPAPGSTAPP, GalNAc attachment sites underlined) (8). An activity such as that exhibited by GalNAc-T4 appears to be required for production of the glycoform of MUCl expressed by cancer cells where all po- tential sites are glycosylated (10). In order to analyse activity of GalNAc-T4 with MUCl derived GalNAc-peptides in detail different glycoforms of 24/25-mer peptides (TAP24/25) by using different GalNAc-transferase isoforms to catalyse glycosylation of selected sites in combina- tion with valine substitutions of acceptor sites were prepared. Surprisingly, analysis of the substrate specificity of GalNAc-T4 with different glycoforms of MUCl revealed that GalNAc-T4 did not show a requirement for any single site of GalNAc attachment (Fig. 1). By the con- trary, there was only a requirement for at least one of the three sites to be glycosylated. Thus, substitution of any one of the sites glycosylated in the GalNAc4TAP24/25 glycopeptide by valine did not affect activation of Gal- NAC-T4 activity for glycopeptides . Catalytic activity with certain sites was affected by site specific modifications, in particular glycosylation of S in -VTSA- or - GSTA- was influenced by glycosylation at adjacent and distant sites. This result suggested that a unique and novel triggering event of GalNAc-T4 activity existed in the presence of the glycosylated MUCl substrate. This activity could not be ascribed to simple conformational changes in the acceptor substrate induced by the glycosylation. This surprising finding led us to hypothesise that a triggering event that was independent of the gen- eral catalytic activity of the enzyme led to acquisition of specificity for GalNAc-glycopeptides . 4. The lectin domain of GalNAc-T4 selectively directs its MUCl glycopeptide specificity

One potential candidate for such a triggering event of glycopeptide activity was the putative lectin domain, which was previously shown by mutational analysis to have no significant affect on the activity of the GalNAc-Tl isoform (3). Since GalNAc-T4 exhibits both glycosylation independent and glycosylation dependent activities, it offers a model system to analyse the different specifici- ties as separate functions. Hagen et al . (3) originally demonstrated that critical substitutions in the lectin domain of GalNAc-Tl have little affect on catalytic activity (reduction by 10-50%) with peptide substrates, while substitutions in the catalytic domain destroyed ac- tivity (Fig. 2, Panel A). It was predicted that mutation of an aspartate residue adjacent to a conserved CLD motif in the lectin domain to histidine (D444H in GalNAc-Tl corresponding to D459H in GalNAc-T4) would destroy putative lectin function based on analysis of ricin (29), but mutation of this residue (D444H) in GalNAc-Tl only appeared to reduce activity by approximately 50 %. To test if the lectin domain influenced glycopeptide specificity of GalNAc-T4, recombinant secreted forms of GalNAc- T4^459D and -T4^459H were prepared. GalNAc-T4^459D and -T4 exhibited essentially the same specific activity with several unglycosylated peptides, in agreement with the results obtained for GalNAc-Tl (3) (illustrated for a PSGL-1 substrate in Fig. 2, Panel B). In contrast, the glycopeptide specificity of mutant GalNAc- T4 459H was selectively affected by the introduced mutations. Glycopeptides derived from tandem repeats of MUCl, MUC2 and MUC5AC (7) were virtually inactive as substrates, as is illustrated in Figure 2 (Panel C), which depicts assays with a GalNAC3TAP25V21 glycopeptide. Es- sentially identical results were observed with unsubsti- tuted TAP24 and GalNAc4TAP24 glycopeptide. These results surprisingly demonstrates that the lectin domain is required for the glycopeptide specificity of enzyme activity, but not for activity with naked peptide substrates. This shows that the lectin domain triggers the catalytic domain of GalNAc-T4 to act on GalNAc-glycopeptide substrates by an as yet unknown mechanism. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the basic catalytic function and the triggering event are independent properties associated with distinct domains of GalNAc-transferases.

5. The lectin domain of GalNAc-T4 functions as a lectin and has selective specificity for GalNAc

In order to determine if actual carbohydrate binding contributed to the function of the lectin domain, we ana- lysed whether triggering of glycopeptide specificity could be blocked by specific carbohydrates in solution. We could not detect direct binding of GalNAc-T2 and -T4 to free GalNAc using conventional binding assays presumably due to low affinity. More sensitive analyses will be required to demonstrate binding. However, as shown in

Figure 3 (Panel A) the glycosylation dependent specificity of GalNAc-T4 was almost completely inhibited by incubation with 0.23 M free GalNAc, whereas other sugars, Gal, GlcNAc, or Fuc, failed to show significant inhibi- tion. Assays with 50 mM sugars gave the same pattern, but with less (approximately 50 %) inhibition by GalNAc (not shown). Furthermore, similar inhibition was found with 10 mM α-D-GalNAc-1-benzyl, whereas αGlcNAc-benzyl did not inhibit catalytic activity. None of the sugars had sig- nificant affects on the glycosylation independent activities of GalNAc-T4^459D or _T4^459H, when assayed with naked peptides (Fig 3, Panel B). This demonstrates that the lectin domain of GalNAc-T4 must bind to GalNAc and contributes to the ability of GalNAc T4 to catalyse gly- cosylation of glycopeptides. It further demonstrates examples of inhibitors that selectively block the GalNAc- peptide substrate specificity of GalNAc-T4. The finding that neither Gal nor Galβl-3GalNAcαl-benzyl produced sig- nificant inhibition compared to GalNAc suggests that the second step of O-glycosylation (extension of the oligo- saccharide side chains), which is catalysed by the β3galactosyltransferase forming the core 1 structure Galβl-3GalNAcαl-0-Ser/Thr, may block the functional ac- tivity of the lectin domain of GalNAc-T4. Thus, once the O-glycan processing step involving elongation to the core 1 structure is accomplished, GalNAc-T4 would not be capable of catalysing glycosylation of glycopeptides. This suggests that O-glycan elongation/branching and O-glycan density may be regulated by competition among GalNAc- transferases (lectin domain) and the glycosyltransferases involved in O-glycan extension, especially the core 1 synthase β3Gal-transferase.

6. The lectin domain of GalNAc-T7 functions as a lectin and has selective specificity for GalNAc and Galβl- 3GalNAc

GalNAc-T7 exhibits exclusive glycopeptide specificity and no unsubstituted acceptor peptide substrates have been identified thus far (7). GalNAc-T7 has a different glyco- peptide substrate specificity than GalNAc-T4 and does not function with MUCl derived glycopeptides. The best substrate identified to date is derived from the tandem repeat region of rat submaxillary gland mucin (30). The activity of GalNAc-T7 with GalNAc2_3EA2 was signifi- cantly inhibited by benzyl-αGalNAc, benzyl-βGal, and the Galβl-3GalNAcαl-benzyl disaccharide core 1 structure at 5 mM concentrations (Table I). Table I. Inhibition ofGalNAc-T7 activity with GalNAc ₂-₃EA2 substrate

Activity (nmol/min/ml) in the presence of inhibitors (5 mM)

None bz-αMan bz-βGal bz-αGalNAc Galβl-3GalNAcαl-bz 6.8 6.7 4.7 5.4 4.5

7. The lectin domain of GalNAc-T2 is functional and has selective specificity for GalNAc and the MUC2 and MUC5AC tandem repeat peptides

GalNAc-T2 exhibits galactosyltransferase activity in the presence of the Muc2 acceptor substrate (28). Furthermore, testing a panel of peptide substrates it was found that GalNAc-T2 also utilized Muc7 and to lesser degree the EA2 peptide in the presence of UDP-Gal (GalNAc-T2 activity with UDP-Gal: Muc2, 90 nmol/min/ml; Muc7, 13 nmol/min/ml; EA2 , 1.5 nmol/min/ml). The galactosyltransferase activity with Muc2 substrate was selectively inhibited by GalNAc and not other sugars .

Table π. Inhibition ofGalNAc-T2 activities with Muc2 acceptor substrate

Donor Substrate Activity (nmol/min/ml) in the presence of inhibitors (230 mM)

None GalNAc GlcNAc Gal Fuc

UDP-GalNAc 340 300 310 300 370 UDP-Gal 90 24 68 89 89

Since the galactosyltransferase activity exhibited by GalNAc-T2 exhibits an entirely different acceptor substrate pattern than the N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity, it is concluded that the lectin domain exhibits peptide binding specificity in addition to GalNAc. Hence, the mechanism of activation resemble that of the glycopeptide specificity of GalNAc-T4 only the trigger is a peptide sequence motif comprised in the Muc2 and Muc7 peptide sequences. Inhibitors to the lectin domain of GalNAc-T2 will block its ability to bind nascent unglyco- sylated MUC2 mucin polypeptides and hence affect a potential chaperone effect of GalNAc-T2 in Golgi.

8. The lectin domain of GalNAc-T3 is functional and has selective specificity for GalNAc and the MUC5AC and rat submaxillary tandem repeat peptides

GalNAc-T3 was found also to exhibit galactosyltransferase activity but only in the presence of the EA2 acceptor substrate (GalNAc-T2 activity with UDP-Gal: Muc2, 0< nmol/min/ml; Muc7, 0.1 nmol/min/ml; EA2, 6.8 nmol/min/- ml). The galactosyltransferase activity with Muc2 substrate was selectively inhibited by GalNAc and not other sugars.

Table in. Inhibition ofGalNAc-T3 activities with EA2 acceptor substrate

Donor Substrate Activity (nmol/min/ml) in the presence of inhibitors (230 mM)

None GalNAc GlcNAc Gal Fuc

UDP-GalNAc 34 35 32 33 34 UDP-Gal 6.3 2.5 7 7.3 6.5

The lectin domain of GalNAc-T3 resemble that of GalNAc-T2 in binding to peptide sequences although the sequence motif must be different and partly contained in the EA2 se- quence.

These and other embodiments of the present invention are described in more detail below. The following examples are intended to further illustrate the invention without limiting its scope. EXAMPLES

1. Enzyme reaction conditions and substrates

Standard reaction mixtures (50 μl final volume) contained 25 mM cocadylate (pH 7.4), 10 mM MnCl2, 0.25% Triton X- 100, 200 μM UDP-[ ¹⁴C] -GalNAc (2,000 cpm/n ol) (Amer- sham) , 200-500 μM acceptor peptides. Products were quantified by scintillation counting after chromatography on Dowex-1, octadecyl silica cartridges (Bakerbond), or HPLC (PC3.2/3 or mRPC C2/C18 SC2.1/10 Pharmacia, Smart Sys- tern) . Acceptor peptides included five variants of TAP25 (TAPPAHGV(T/V)SAPDTRPAPG(S/V) (T/V)APPA) and TAP24 (TAPPAHGVTSAPDTRPAPGSTAPP ) derived from the human MUCl tandem repeat (31); MUC2 (PTTTPISTTTMVTPTPTPTC) derived from human intestinal mucin MUC2 (32); MUC5AC (Ac- SAPTTSTTSAPT) derived from human respiratory gland mucin MUC5AC (33); MUC7 (Ac-CPPTPSATTPAPPSSSAPPETTAA) derived from human salivary gland mucin MUC7 (34); EA2 (PTTDSTTPAPTTK) derived from rat submandibular gland mucin (30); VTHPGY (Ac-PFVTHPGY) derived from human fi- bronectin (35); Zonadhesin (PTERTTTPTKRTTTPTIR) derived from human zonadhesin (36); OSM fragment (LSESTTQLPGGGPGCA) derived from ovine submaxillary mucin (37); hCG-β (PRFQDSSSSKAPPPLPSPSRLPG) derived from human chorionic gonadotropin β-subunit (38); MUClb (RPAPGSTAPPA) derived from MUCl and PSGL-lb

(Ac-QATEYEYLDYDFLPETEPPEM) derived from the N-terminus of P-selectin ligand-1 (39). GalNAc-glycopeptides of MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC7 were produced using cold UDP-GalNAc and purified human recombinant GalNAc-Tl and -T2 (28). Dif- ferent GalNAc-glycoforms of EA2 were produced by limiting the ratio of UDP-GalNAc to 2 moles, 3 moles, 4 moles or 5 moles per mole of acceptor peptide. Glycopeptides were purified on Supelclean LC-18 columns (1 ml, Supelco), and the number of GalNAc residues incorporated evaluated by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The enzyme sources used were semipurified as previously described by successive sequential ion-exchange chromatographies on Amberlite (IRA95, Sigma) or DEAE Sephacel (Pharmacia), S-Sepharose Fast Flow (Pharmacia), and Mini-S^™ (PC 3.2/3, Pharmacia) using the Smart System (Pharmacia) (28). Secreted GalNAc- T4 was obtained from a stably transfected CHO line (CHO/GalNA-T4/21A) (8) grown in roller bottles in HAMS F12 supplemented with 10 % Fetal Bovine Serum. The ex- periments illustrated in Fig. 1 was performed with recom- binant secreted GalNAc-T4 obtained from a stably trans- fected CHO line (8). Experiments illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3 were performed with secreted GalNAc-T4 expressed in High Five cells grown in serum-free medium (8). Struc- tural analysis of glycopeptides were performed by a combination of PFPA (pentafluoropropionic acid) hydrolysis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as previously described (40). Secreted GalNAc-T7 was obtained from infected High Five™ cells grown in serum-free medium (Invitrogen) in upright roller bottles shaken 140 rpm in waterbaths at 27 °C. GalNAc-T7 was not purified by Mini-S as the yields from cationic chromatography were low due to its low pi (6.4).

2. Reaction kinetics monitored by Capillary Electrophore- sis.

Reaction mixtures were modified to include 1.7 mM cold UDP-GalNAc, 25 μg acceptor peptides, and purified GalNAc- transferases in a final volume of 100 μl. The amount of GalNAc-transferase added was adjusted so that the reac- tion with the appropriate peptide was near completion in six hours. Reactions were incubated in the sample carousel of an Applied Biosystem model HT270 at 30°C as described previously (28). Electrophoretogra s were produced every 60 min, and after six hours the reaction mix- tures were separated by reverse phase HPLC for structural determination. HPLC was performed on a Brawnlee ODS column (2.1 mm x 30 mm, 5 μm particle size) (Applied Biosys- tems, Inc.) using a linear gradient (0-30%, 0.1% TFA/ 0.08% TFA, 90% acetonitrile, 30 min) delivered by an ABI 130A micro-bore HPLC system (Perkin Elmer Inc).

3. Structural analysis of reaction products

Glycopeptides were purified by HPLC and analysed by a combination of PFPA (pentafluoropropionic acid, Sigma) hydrolysis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Glycopeptides (50 pmol) were lyophilized in 500 μl Eppendorf vials and placed in a 22 ml glass vial with a mininert valve (Pierce, Rockford, IL). A solution of 100 μl 20% PFPA (aqueous) containing 500 μg DTT was added to the bottom of the glass vial, which was then flushed with argon. The vial was evacuated to 1 mbar, and placed in an oven at 90°C for 60 min. The hydrolyzed samples were centrifuged in a vacuum centrifuge for 15 min to remove remaining traces of acid. Lyophilized samples were reconstituted in 0.1% TFA to a concentration of 1 pmol/μl. Mass spectra were acquired on either Voyager-DE or Voyager-Elite mass spectrometers equipped with delayed extraction (Persep- tive Biosystem Inc.). The matrix used was 2, 5-dihydroxy- benzoic acid (10 mg/ml, Hewlett-Packard) dissolved in a 2:1 mixture of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in 30 % aqueous acetonitrile (Rathburn Ltd.). Samples dissolved in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid to a concentration of approximately 80 fmol to 1 pmol/ml were prepared for analysis by placing 1 μl of sample solution on a probe tip followed by lμl of matrix. The hydrolyzed samples were prepared for MALDI analysis using nano-scale reversed-phase columns (Poros R3, PerSeptive Biosystem), according to previously described procedure (41). Samples were prepared by mixing 0.8 μl of total fraction volume 2 pmol of hydrolyzed gly- copeptides and 0.4 μl of matrix solution. Mass spectra were acquired in reflector mode on a Voyager-Elite Bio- spectrometry Workstation (PerSeptive Biosystems Inc., Framingham, Ma, USA) equipped with delayed ion extraction technology. Data processing was performed using software packages Perseptive-Grams (Galactic Industries Corp. ) and protein analysis software GPMAW

(htpp: //www.welcome.to/gpmaw; Lighthouse data, Odense, Denmark)

4. Reaction kinetics monitored by mass spectrometry

MALDI-TOF time-course in terminal reactions were performed in reactions of 25 μl containing 2.5 nmol acceptor (glyco)peptide, 40 nmol UDP-GalNAc, and 0.4 μg GalNAc-T4. Sampling of reactions (1 μl) were purified by nano-scale reversed-phase chromatography (Poros R3, PerSeptive Biosystem) and applied directly to the probe with matrix (41). The amount of GalNAc-transferase added was adjusted so that the reaction with the appropriate peptide was near completion in six hours. Reactions were incubated at 37°C in a shaker bath. At times 0, 2 hours, and 16 hours a 1 μl aliquot was taken and purified. Mass spectra were acquired on either Voyager-DE mass spectrometer equipped with delayed extraction (Perseptive Biosystem Inc.). The matrix used was 2 ,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (10 mg/ml, Hew- lett-Packard) dissolved in a 2:1 mixture of 0.1% trifluo- roacetic acid in 30 % aqueous acetonitrile (Rathburn Ltd. ) .

5. Construction, expression, purification, and analysis of a lectin domain mutant of GalNAc-T4

The mutant GalNAc-T4^-^ⁿ was prepared by multiplex PCR using the GalNAc-T4-sol construct that encodes residues 32-578 inserted into pT7T3U19 (8). Primers EBHC332 (5 ' -GTAGAGGGATCTCGTCTGAATGTTTACATTATA-3 ' (mutation under- lined in bold)) and T7 (5 ' -TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG-3 ) were used in a standard reaction under the following cycling conditions; 95 °C 45 s, 51 °C 5 s, 72 °C 1 min. For 18 cycles using a Tc 2400 thermocycler (PE Biosystems, USA). The PCR product was digested with BstYI gel purified. 5 ng hereof was mixed with 10 ng pAcGP67-GalNAc-T4sol (8), and the mixture used to prime a "shuffle PCR" reaction using primers T7/EBHC201 (5 'AAGCGGGCACCATATGCTCG-3 ' ) , using standard conditions and the following cycling condi- tions 95 °C 45 s, 51 °C 5 s, 72 °C 1 min (5 cycles without primers, after which primers were added and the reactions was cycled for an additional 17 cycles). The generated PCR product was digested with Hindlll and inserted into HindiII digested GalNAc-T4 pT7T3Ul9 construct described above. The mutated T4- construct was fully sequenced and the BamEI insert subcloned into pAcGP67.

Wild-type and mutant constructs expressed in insect cells were secreted in comparable yields, and the purified proteins migrated by SDS-PAGE identically. Quantification of purified proteins was done by Coomassie stained SDS-PAGE and titration of immunoreaσtivity with the monoclonal antibody, UH6(4G2) (8). GalNAc-T4^459D and -T4^459H were purified to 0.04 μg/μl and 0.1 μg/μl with specific activities of 0.197 U/mg and 0.24 U/mg with a MUC7 tandem repeat derived peptide (7), respectively. Wild-type Gal- NAc-T4 and mutant GalNAc-T4, GalNAc-T4^459H, were analysed with unglycosylated peptides (represented by PSGL- 1) or GalNAc glycosylated glycopeptides (represented by GalNAc3TAP25V21) in reactions of 25 μl containing 2.5 nmol acceptor (glyco)peptide, 40 nmol UDP-GalNAc, and 0.4 μg GalNAc-T4. Time-course assays were motioned by MALDI- TOF. Sampling of reactions (1 μl) were purified by nano- scale reversed-phase chromatography (Poros R3, PerSeptive Biosystem) and applied directly to the probe with matrix. Evaluation of inhibition of the glycopeptide specificity of wild-type GalNAc-T4 with free sugars was performed to establish if the lectin domain recognized carbohydrate. Analysis was performed as above with 0.23 M free GalNAc, Gal, GlcNAc, or Fuc, and the reaction was monitored by MALDI-TOF. Further, analysis was performed with 10 mM α- D-GalNAc-1-benzyl, αGlcNAc-benzyl, and fully occupied GalNAc-glycopeptide, GalNAcgTAP25, at 5 mM.

6. Inhibition of the GalNAc-glycopeptide activity of Gal- NAC-T7

GalNAc-T7 activity was analysed with GalNAc glycosylated glycopeptides (represented by GalNAc2-3EA2 (7)) in reactions of 25 μl containing 2.5 nmol acceptor (glyco)peptide, 40 nmol UDP-GalNAc, and purified GalNAc-T7. Assays were performed with 0.23 M free GalNAc, Gal, GlcNAc, or Fuc, and the reaction product quantified by Dowex-1 chro- matography and scintillation counting. Further, analysis was performed with 10 mM α-D-GalNAc-1-benzyl, GlcNAc- benzyl, and fully occupied GalNAc-glycopeptide, GalNAcβTAP25, at 5 mM.

7. Inhibition of lectin domains of GalNAc-transferases, GalNAc-T2 and -T3, that do not exhibit glycopeptide specificities

GalNAc-T2 exhibits activity with UDP-Gal in the presence of the acceptor substrate Muc2 (28). Galactosyl transfer- ring activities of GalNAc-Tl, -T2, and -T3, were assayed with a panel of acceptor peptides in standard reaction mixtures containing 100 μM UDP-Gal instead of UDP-GalNAc. GalNAc-T2 showed activity with Muc2 as well as low activity with Muc7 and very low activity with EA2 acceptor sub- strates. GalNAc-T3 showed activity with EA2 and lower activity with Muc7, but no activity with other peptides tested. Since the activities with UDP-Gal do not correlate with the general acceptor substrate specificities of these GalNAc-transferase isoforms found with the UDP-GalNAc donor substrate, it was tested if the lectin domains were involved. This was done by analysing if free sugars could selectively inhibit the activities with UDP-Gal and not UDP-GalNAc. Assays were performed with 0.23 M free GalNAc, Gal, GlcNAc, or Fuc, and the reaction product quantified by Dowex-1 chromatography and scintillation counting. Further, analysis was performed with 10 mM α-D- GalNAc-1-benzyl, αGlcNAc-benzyl, and fully occupied Gal- NAc-glycopeptide, GalNAcβTAP25, at 5 mM.

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Claims (34)

CLAIMS :

1. A method of modulating functions of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases comprising administering an effective amount of an appropriate agent which is effective in modu- lating functions of one or more polypeptide GalNAc- transferases.

2. A method according to claim 1 comprising administering an effective amount of an appropriate agent which is effective in inhibiting one or more lectin domains of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases and modulating functions mediated by said lectin domains.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2 where the inhibited function is GalNAc-glycopeptide specificity of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases .

4. The method of claim 1 or 2 where the inhibited function is Galβl-3GalNAc-glycopeptide specificity of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases.

5. The method of claim 1 or 2 where the inhibited function is UDP-Gal donor substrate specificity.

6. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein said agent is selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, peptides, glycopeptides, glycoconjugates and portions and fragments thereof.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein said carbohydrate or carbohydrate portion comprises a GalNAc residue.

8. The method of claim 6 wherein said carbohydrate or carbohydrate portion comprises a Gal residue.

9. The method of claim 6 wherein said carbohydrate or carbohydrate portion comprises the Galβl-3GalNAc disaccha- ride.

10. The method of any one of claims 6-9 wherein said carbohydrate or carbohydrate portion is linked to an acceptable carrier.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein said carrier is a benzyl group.

12. The method of claim 6 wherein said glycopeptide comprises GalNAc-glycosylated glycopeptides.

13. The method of claim 6 wherein said glycopeptide comprises Galβl-3GalNAc-glycosylated glycopeptides.

14. The method of claim 6 wherein said peptide represents sequences contained in the tandem repeats of human and animal mucins.

15. The method of any one of claims 1-14 wherein said agent is linked to a pharmaceutical carrier.

16. The method of any one of claims 1-15 wherein the polypeptide GalNAc-transferase is GalNAc-T4.

17. The method of any one of claims 1-15 wherein the polypeptide GalNAc-transferase is GalNAc-T7.

18. The method of any one of claims 1-15 wherein the polypeptide GalNAc-transferase is GalNAc-T2.

19. The method of any one of claims 1-15 wherein the polypeptide GalNAc-transferase is GalNAc-T3.

20. The method of claim 2 wherein the lectin mediated function is glycopeptide specificity of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases .

21. The method of claim 2 wherein the lectin mediated function is peptide specificity of polypeptide GalNAc- transferases.

22. A method of screening one or more test substances for the ability to modulate polypeptide GalNAc-transferase enzymatic activity in a cell-free or cell-based as- say, which comprises:

(i) contacting a polypeptide GalNAc-transferase, or a cell that recombinantly expresses a polypeptide

GalNAc-transferase, with one or more test substances under assay conditions suitable for the detection of said enzymatic activity; and

(ii) measuring whether said enzymatic activity is thereby modulated by one or more of the test substances.

23. A method as defined in claim 22, wherein one or more test substances are selected from a combinatorial chemical library.

24. A method as defined in claim 22, wherein one or more test substances are generated by methods of polypeptide GalNAc-transferase structure-based design.

25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an agent which is effective in modulating functions of one or more polypeptide GalNAc-transferases, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

26. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 25 wherein said agent is an agent which is effective in inhibiting one or more lectin domains of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases and modulating functions mediated by said lectin domains.

27. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 25 or 26 wherein said agent is selected from the group consi- sting of carbohydrates, peptides, glycopeptides, glyco- conjugates and portions and fragments thereof.

28. Use of an agent which is effective in inhibiting one or more lectin domains of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases and modulating functions mediated by said lectin domains for preparing a medicament for the treatment of tumors and cancers.

29. Use of an agent which is effective in inhibiting one or more lectin domains of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases and modulating functions mediated by said lectin domains for preparing a medicament for the treatment of lung diseases associated with mucous accumulation.

30. Use according to claim 29 wherein said lung diseases are selected from the group consisting of asthma, chronic bronchitis, smoker's lung, and cystic fibrosis.

31. Use of an agent which is effective in inhibiting one or more lectin domains of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases and modulating functions mediated by said lectin domains for preparing a medicament for the treatment of diseases of exocrine glands associated with increased or decreased mucin secretion.

32. Use according to claim 31 wherein said diseases of exocrine glands are selected from the group consisting of Sjøgren's syndrome and dry mouth.

33. Use of an agent which is effective in inhibiting one or more lectin domains of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases and modulating functions mediated by said lectin domains for preparing a medicament for the treatment of disorders associated with dysregulation of selectin-mediated leukocyte trafficking.

34. Use according to claim 33 wherein said disorders associated with dysregulation of selectin-mediated leukocyte trafficking are selected from the group consisting of autoimmunity, arthritis, leukemias, lymphomas, immuno- suppression, sepsis, wound healing, acute and chronic inflammation.