NO312167B1 - Fremgangsmåte ved kondensering av en metan-rik gasström - Google Patents
Fremgangsmåte ved kondensering av en metan-rik gasström Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO312167B1 NO312167B1 NO19996276A NO996276A NO312167B1 NO 312167 B1 NO312167 B1 NO 312167B1 NO 19996276 A NO19996276 A NO 19996276A NO 996276 A NO996276 A NO 996276A NO 312167 B1 NO312167 B1 NO 312167B1
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- stream
- gas
- methane
- cooling
- rich
- Prior art date
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- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 157
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 79
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 54
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 96
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000012263 liquid product Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 claims 5
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003949 liquefied natural gas Substances 0.000 description 39
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 29
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 22
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 5
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propene Chemical compound CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ferrous sulfide Chemical compound [Fe]=S MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000183024 Populus tremula Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011555 saturated liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
- F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
- F25J3/0228—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream
- F25J3/0247—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of CnHm with 4 carbon atoms or more
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
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- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
- B23K35/3053—Fe as the principal constituent
- B23K35/3066—Fe as the principal constituent with Ni as next major constituent
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- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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Description
Oppfinnelsen vedrører en fremgangsmåte av den art som er angitt i krav l's ingress for kondensering av en metanrik gasstrøm og mer spesifikt en prosess for å produsere en trykksatt flytende naturgass (PLNG, "pressurized liquid natural gas").
Bakgrunn
Grunnet de rene forbrenningskvalitetene og anvendeligheten er naturgass i løpet av de senere årene anvendt i stor grad. Mange naturgasskilder er lokalisert i fjerne områder, i stor avstand fra ethvert kommersielt marked for gassen. Noen ganger er en rørledning tilgjengelig for transport av den produserte naturgassen til et kommersielt marked. Dersom en rørledning ikke er mulig, prosesseres naturgassen ofte over i kondensert naturgass (som kalles LNG, "liquid natural gas") for transport til markedet.
Ett av de trekkene som skiller et LNG-anlegg fra andre er den store kapitalinvesteringen som er nødvendig for anlegget. Utstyret som nyttes ved kondensering av naturgass er vanligvis relativt kostbart. Kondenseringsanlegget er bygget opp av flere basissystemer, inkluderende gassbehandling for å fjerne urenheter, kondensering, kjøling, kraftenhe-ter, og lagrings- og skipslasteanlegg. Kostnadene for et LNG-anlegg varierer stort avhengig av plassering av anlegget, og et typisk konvensjonelt LNG-anlegg kan koste fra US$ 5 mrd til US$ 10 mrd, inkluderende kostnader ved felt-utvikling. Anleggets kjølesystem kan stå for opptil 30 % av kostnadene.
Ved design av et LNG-anlegg er de tre viktigste vurde-ringene 1) valg av kondenseringssyklus, 2) materialer som anvendes i beholdere, rør, og annet utstyr, og 3) pro-sesstrinnene for å omdanne naturgassføde til LNG.
LNG kjølesystemer er kostbare idet mye kjøleeffekt er påkrevet for å kondensere naturgass. En typisk naturgass introduseres i et LNG-anlegg ved trykk fra ca. 4830 kPa til ca. 7600 kPa og ved temperaturer fra ca. 20 °C til ca. 40 °C. Naturgass, som hovedsaklig er metan, kan ikke kondenseres ved kun å øke trykket hvilket er tilfellet ved andre tyngre hydrokarboner anvendt i energiformål. Den kritiske temperaturen til metan er -82,5 °C. Dette betyr at metan kun kan kondenseres under denne den temperaturen uavhengig av trykket. Siden naturgass er en blanding av gasser, kondenseres den over et område av temperaturer. Den kritiske temperaturen til naturgass er mellom ca. -85 °C og -62 °C. Naturgasskomposisjoner kondenserer typisk i temperaturområ-det fra ca. -165 °C og -155 °C ved atmosfærisk trykk. Siden kjøleutstyr er en så vesentlig del av LNG anleggskostnade-ne, er stor innsats lagt ned for å redusere kjølekostnade-ne.
Av de mange kjølesykluser som har blitt anvendt ved kondensering av naturgass er de tre mest vanlige typene idag: 1) kaskadesyklus, hvilken anvender flere enkeltkomponent kjø-lemedier i varmevekslere som er arrangert til progressivt å redusere temperaturen i gassen til en kondenseringstempera-tur, 2) flerkomponent kjølesyklus, hvilken anvender et flerkomponent kjølemedium i spesielt konstruerte varmevekslere, og 3) ekspansjonssyklus, hvilken ekspanderer gass fra høyt trykk til lavt trykk med korresponderende reduksjon i temperatur. De fleste kondenseringssykluser for naturgass nytter variasjoner eller kombinasjoner av disse tre basis-typene.
Ekspansjonssystemet drives ut fra det prinsippet at gass kan komprimeres til et valgt trykk, kjøles, deretter ekspanderes gjennom en ekspansjonsturbin for deri å utføre et arbeid og redusere temperaturen i gassen. Det er mulig å kondensere en del av gassen ved en slik ekspansjon. Lavtem-peraturgassen varmeveksles deretter for å bevirke kondensering av føden. Effekten som oppnås ved ekspansjonen nyttes vanligvis for å tilføre en del effekt til hovedkompresjonen anvendt i kjølesyklusen. Eksempler på ekspansjonsprosesser for produksjon av LNG er beskrevet i US patent nr. 3 724 226; 4 456 459; 4 698 081 og WO 97/131109.
Materialer som anvendes i konvensjonelle LNG-anlegg bidrar også til anleggets kostnader. Beholdere, rør, og annet utstyr som anvendes i LNG-anlegg er vanligvis bygget, i det minste delvis, av aluminium, rustfritt stål eller høynikkel stål for å gi nødvendig styrke og bruddstyrke ved lave temperaturer.
I konvensjonelle LNG-anlegg må vann, karbondioksid, svovel-inneholdende forbindelser så som hydrogensulfid og andre sure gasser, n-pentan og tyngre hydrokarboner inkluderende bensen i vesentlig grad fjernes fra naturgassprosessen ned til ppm-nivå. Noen av disse forbindelsene vil fryse og forårsake problemer med plugging i prosessutstyret. Andre forbindelser, så som de inneholdende svovel, fjernes typisk for å møte salgsspesifikasjoner. I et konvensjonelt LNG-anlegg er utstyr for gassbehandling påkrevet for å fjerne karbondioksid og sure gasser. Gassbehandlingsutstyret nytter typisk en kjemisk og/eller fysikalsk løsningsmiddel re-generativ prosess og krever omfattende kapitalinvesterin-ger. Driftskostnadene er også høye. Tørrsjikt dehydratorer, så som molekylsikter, er nødvendig for å fjerne vanndampen. En skrubberkolonne og fraksjoneringsutstyr nyttes vanligvis for å fjerne de hydrokarbonene som tendenserer å forårsake problemer med plugging. Kvikksølv blir også fjernet i et konvensjonelt LNG-anlegg da det kan forårsake skader på utstyr laget av aluminium. En stor del av nitrogenet som kan finnes i naturgass fjernes i tillegg etter prosessering siden nitrogen ikke forblir i væskefase under transport av konvensjonell LNG og siden nitrogengass i LNG-beholderne ved levering av LNG er uønsket.
I industrien er det et stadig behov for en forbedret prosess for kondensering av naturgass hvilken minimerer meng-den nødvendig utstyr for behandling.
Sammendrag
Denne oppfinnelse vedrører en forbedret fremgangsmåte for kondensering av en fødegass rik på metan. Fødegasstrømmen har et trykk over ca. 3100 kPa. Dersom trykket er for lavt må gassen først komprimeres. Ytterligere trekk fremgår av kravene 2 - 18.
Dersom fødegassen inneholder komponenter tyngre enn metan fjernes det meste av de tyngre hydrokarbonene i en annen utforming av oppfinnelsen ved en fraksjoneringsprosess før kondensering ved trykkekspansjon.
I enda en annen utforming av oppfinnelsen kan en avdampet gass fra fordampet kondensert naturgass tilsettes fødegas-sen for kondensering ved trykkekspansjon for å gi PLNG.
Fremgangsmåten i foreliggende oppfinnelse kan anvendes både ved den første kondenseringen av naturgass fra tilfør-selskilden for lagring og transport, og for re-kondensering av naturgass avdampet ved lagring og lasting i skip. I samsvar med dette er et mål ved denne oppfinnelsen å tilveiebringe et forbedret kondenseringssystem for kondensering eller re-kondensering av naturgass. Et annet mål ved denne oppfinnelsen er å tilveiebringe et forbedret kondenseringssystem hvori vesentlig mindre kompresjonskraft kreves i forhold til kjent teknikk. Enda et annet mål ved oppfinnelsen er å tilveiebringe en forbedret kondenseringsprosess som er økonomisk og virkningsfull i drift. De meget lave kjøletemperaturene i konvensjonell LNG-prosess er meget kostbare sammenliknet med den relativt forsiktige kjølingen nødvending ved produksjon av PLNG i samsvar med utførelsen av denne oppfinnelsen.
Kort beskrivelse av figurene
Denne oppfinnelsen og fordelene forbundet med denne forstås bedre med henvisning til den følgende beskrivelsen og de vedlagte figurene hvilke er skjematiske flytdiagrammer av representative utforminger av oppfinnelsen. Figur 1 er et skjematisk flytdiagram av en utforming av oppfinnelsen for produksjon av PLNG. Figur 2 er et skjematisk flytdiagram av en andre utforming av oppfinnelsen der naturgassen for-kjøles i et lukket kjø-lesystem før kondensering av naturgassen gjennom trykkekspansjon. Figur 3 er et skjematisk flytdiagram av en tredje utforming av oppfinnelsen der fødenaturgass fraksjoneres før kondensering til PLNG. Figur 4 er et skjematisk flytdiagram av en fjerde utforming av oppfinnelsen tilsvarende prosessen illustrert i figur 3 der et lukket kjølesystem og trykkekspansjon nyttes for å produsere PLNG.
Flytdiagrammene presenterer ulike utforminger for utførelse av fremgangsmåten i denne oppfinnelsen. Figurene er ikke ment å utelukke andre utforminger som er resultat av vanlige og forventede modifiseringer av disse spesifikke utformingene fra omfanget av oppfinnelsen. Ulike og nødvendige undersystemer som pumper, ventiler, strømningsblandere, styringssystemer, og sensorer er ikke tatt med i figurene for å forenkle forståelsen av beskrivelsen.
Beskrivelse av de foretrukne utformingene
Foreliggende oppfinnelse er en forbedret prosess for kondensering av naturgass ved trykkekspansjon for å gi et metanrikt flytende produkt med en temperatur over ca. -112 °C og et trykk tilstrekkelig til at det flytende produktet er ved eller under dets boblepunkt. Det metanrike produktet omtales i denne beskrivelsen ofte som trykksatt flytende naturgass (PLNG). Med boblepunkt menes den temperatur og det trykket der væsken begynner å gå over til gass. Dersom et gitt volum PLNG holdes ved konstant trykk mens temperaturen økes vil boblepunktet være den temperaturen der bobler begynner å dannes i PLNG'en. Tilsvarende vil boblepunktet til et gitt volum PLNG være det trykket der bobler begynner å dannes når temperaturen holdes konstant mens trykket reduseres. Ved boblepunktet er blandingen en mettet væs ke.
Gasskondenseringsprosessen ifølge denne oppfinnelsen krever mindre kraft ved kondensering av naturgassen enn kjente prosesser, og utstyret som anvendes kan lages av mindre kostbare materialer. Kjente teknikker, der LNG med temperaturer så lave som -160 °C ved atmosfæriske trykk produse-res, krever til sammenlikning prosessutstyr for sikker drift laget av kostbare materialer.
Energien som er nødvendig for kondensering av naturgassen i utførelsen av denne oppfinnelsen er mye lavere enn den energien som kreves i et konvensjonelt LNG-anlegg. Reduk-sjonen i nødvendig kjøleenergi i prosessen ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse medfører store reduksjoner i kapitalkost-nader, proporsjonalt lavere driftskostnader og gir økt virkningsgrad og regularitet, hvilket således i stor grad fremmer økonomien ved produksjon av flytende naturgass.
Ved rådende driftstrykk og -temperaturer i foreliggende oppfinnelse kan ca. 3,5 vekt% nikkelstål anvendes i rør og utstyr i den kaldeste delen av kondenseringsprosessen mens det mer kostbare 9 vekt% nikkel eller aluminium er nødven-dig i det samme utstyret i en konvensjonell LNG-prosess. Dette representerer en annen vesentlig kostreduksjon knyt-tet til prosessen i denne oppfinnelsen sammenliknet med tidligere LNG-prosesser.
Den første vurderingen i kryogensk prosessering av naturgass er kontaminering. Ubehandlet naturgassføde som er velegnet for prosessen i denne oppfinnelsen kan omfatte naturgass oppnådd fra en råoljebrønn (assosiert gass) eller fra en gassbrønn (ikke-assosiert gass). Sammensetningen av naturgass kan variere i stor grad. Som brukt heri inneholder en naturgasstrøm metan (Ci) som en hovedkomponent. Naturgassen vil typisk også inneholde etan (C2) , høyere hydrokarboner (C3+) , og mindre mengder av kontaminanter så som vann, karbondioksid, hydrogensulfid, nitrogen, butan, hydrokarboner med seks eller flere karbonatomer, smuss, jern-sulfid, voks, og råolje. Løseligheten av disse kontaminan-tene varierer med temperatur, trykk og sammensetning. Ved kryogenske temperaturer kan CO2, vann og andre kontaminanter danne faste stoffer som kan tette kanaler i kryogenske varmevekslere. Disse potensielle problemene kan unngås ved å fjerne slike kontaminanter dersom betingelser som ligger innenfor fast fase temperatur-trykk fasegrensene for deres rene komponent forutses. I den følgende beskrivelsen av oppfinnelsen antas det at naturgasstrømmen er passende be-handlet for å fjerne sulfider og karbondioksid og tørket for å fjerne vann gjennom anvendelse av konvensjonelle og velkjente prosesser for å gi en "søt, tørr" naturgasstrøm. Dersom naturgasstrømmen inneholder tyngre hydrokarboner som kan fryse ut ved kondenseringen eller dersom de tyngre hydrokarbonene er uønsket i PLNG'en kan de tyngre hydrokarbonene fjernes gjennom en fraksjoneringsprosess før produksjon av PLNG som beskrives mer i detalj under.
En fordel ved foreliggende oppfinnelse er at de høyere driftstemperaturene muliggjør at naturgassen kan ha høyere konsentrasjoner av frysbare komponenter enn hva som ville ha vært mulig i en konvensjonell LNG-prosess. I et konvensjonelt LNG-anlegg som produserer LNG ved -160 °C må for eksempel C02 konsentrasjonen være lavere enn ca. 50 ppm for å unngå fryseproblemer. Ved å holde prosesstemperaturen over ca. -112 °C kan naturgassen i kondenseringsprosessen i denne oppfinnelsen til sammenlikning inneholde C02 i mengder opp mot 1,4 mol% C02 uten å forårsake fryseproblemer.
I tillegg trenger ikke moderate mengder nitrogen i naturgassen å fjernes i prosessen i denne oppfinnelsen fordi nitrogen vil forbli i væskefasen sammen med de kondenserte hydrokarbonene ved driftstrykkene og temperaturene i foreliggende oppfinnelse. Muligheten til å redusere eller i no-en fall å fjerne utstyret som er nødvendig for gassbehandling og nitrogenavvisning dersom naturgassammensetningen tillater det representerer vesentlige tekniske og økonomis-ke fordeler. Disse og andre fordeler ved oppfinnelsen vil forstås bedre ved henvisning til figurene.
Med henvisning til figur 1 kommer en naturgass fødestrøm 10 fortrinnsvis inn til kondenseringsanlegget ved et trykk over ca. 3100 kPa og mer fortrinnsvis over ca. 4827 kPa og fortrinnsvis ved temperaturer under ca. 4 0 °C; andre trykk og temperaturer kan imidlertid anvendes om ønskelig og systemet kan modifiseres i samsvar med dette av fagpersoner som kjenner innholdet i denne oppfinnelsen. Dersom gass-strømmen 10 er under ca. 3102 kPa kan den trykksettes ved anvendelse av egnede kompresjonsanordninger (ikke vist) som kan omfatte en eller flere kompressorer.
Den trykksatte fødegasstrømmen 10 avkjøles av en eller flere varmevekslere 20. Den avkjølte fødestrømmen 11 ekspanderes deretter i minst en passende ekspansjonsanordning 30. Ekspansjonskretsen kan være en kommersielt tilgjengelig turboekspander som kan være akselkoplet til passende kompressorer, pumper, eller generatorer som muliggjør at ar-beidet som tas ut fra ekspansjonskretsen kan omdannes til anvendbar mekanisk og/eller elektrisk energi hvilket derved fører til vesentlige energibesparelser for hele anlegget.
Ekspansjonsanordningen 30 kondenserer minst en del av na-turgasstrømmen 11 for å gi strøm 12. Strøm 12 transporteres til en konvensjonell faseseparator 40 som produserer en væskeproduktstrøm 13 som er PLNG med en temperatur over ca.
-112 °C. og et trykk tilstrekkelig for væskeproduktet til å være ved eller under boblepunktet. PLNG ledes til en pas-
sende lagrings- eller transportanordning 90 (så som en rør-ledning, stasjonær lagringstank, eller en frakter så som et PLNG-skip, transportvogn eller jernbanevogn) for oppbeva-ring ved en temperatur over va. -112 °C. For at det flytende produktet skal holde seg i væskefase må temperaturen væ-re under den kritiske temperaturen til produktet, hvilken typisk vil være under -62 °C. Separatoren 40 gir også et damp-toppstrøm 14 som ledes gjennom varmeveksler 20 der
dampstrømmen 14 kjøler fødestrømmen 10. En eller flere kompressorer komprimerer deretter dampstrømmen 15. Figur 1 illustrerer en foretrukket anvendelse av en kompressor 50 for å re-trykksette resirkuleringsdampen til tilnærmet trykket av den innkomne fødestrømmen 10. Ytterligere kompressorer kan imidlertid anvendes ved utførelse av oppfinnelsen. Den komprimerte gasstrømmen 16 kjøles i en varmeveksler 60 for å gjenvinne varme som kan anvendes andre steder, eller kjø-lingen kan tilveiebringes ved anvendelse av luft eller vann. Etter at den avkjølte dampen 17 forlater varmeveksleren 60 kombineres den med fødegassen 10 for resirkulering. I denne utformingen kan fødegassen kondenseres uten behov for lukket krets kjølesystem.
Ved lagring, transportering, og behandling av kondensert naturgass kan det forekomme en stor del "avdamping" ("boil-off") der dampen skyldes fordamping av en kondensert naturgass. Denne oppfinnelsen er særlig velegnet for kondensering av avdampet gass som kommer fra PLNG. Med henvisning til figur 1 kan slik gass introduseres til kondenseringsprosessen gjennom linje 18 for å kombineres med dampstrøm 14 som er resirkulert som beskrevet over. Trykket til den avdampede gassen bør fortrinnsvis være det samme eller nært trykket til gasstrøm 14. Dersom den avdampede gassen er under trykket til strømmen 14 kan den avdampede gassen trykksettes ved konvensjonelle kompresjonsanordninger (ikke vist i fig. 1).
En mindre del av dampstrømmen 15 kan eventuelt tas ut fra prosessen som brennstoff (strøm 19) for å tilføre et til-skudd til den kraften som er nødvendig for å drive kompressorer og pumper i kondenseringsprosessen. Selv om denne lille delen kan tas ut fra prosessen ved ethvert punkt etter utløpet fra separatoren 40 tas brennstoffet fortrinnsvis ut fra prosessen etter oppvarming i varmeveksleren 20. Figur 2 illustrerer en annen utforming av prosessen i denne oppfinnelsen og i denne utformingen har delene med samme nummerering som i figur 1 også de samme prosessfunksjonene. Fagpersonene vil imidlertid se at prosessutstyret i en utforming til en annen kan variere i størrelse og kapasitet for å kunne behandle ulike strømningsrater, temperaturer og sammensetninger. Utformingen som illustreres i figur 2 er tilsvarende utformingen beskrevet i figur 1 med unntak av at ekstra kjøling av fødestrømmen 10 tilveiebringes av varmeveksler 70. Utformingen i figur 2 reduserer mengde resir-kuleringsstrøm 14 og krever mindre kraft enn utformingen i figur 1. Kjøling til varmeveksler 70 tilveiebringes av et konvensjonelt lukket-krets kjølesystem 80. Kjølemediet i kjølesystemet kan være propan, propen, etan, karbondioksid, eller ethvert annet passende kjølemedium. Figur 3 illustrerer enda en annen utforming av foreliggende oppfinnelse. Denne utformingen inkluderer et system for å fjerne tyngre hydrokarboner og et delt strømningsarrange-raent for den trykksatte gassen rett oppstrøms de endelige kondenseringstrinnene. Dette delte strømningsarrangementet kan redusere det totale kraftbehovet sammenliknet med utformingen i figur 2 ved å tillate tettere løsningsmetoder i hovedkondenseringsveksler 142. Det delte strømningsmønste-ret tillater også større driftsfleksibilitet ved behandling av varierende mengder avdampet gass fra LNG- eller PLNG opplastnings- eller avlastningsoperasjoner. I figur 3 kommer fødestrøm 100 inn i separator 130 der strømmen deles i to separate strømmer, dampstrøm 101 og væskestrøm 102. Selv om dette ikke er vist i figur 3 kan fødestrømmen 100 kjøles i ethvert passende avkjølingssystem før den fødes til separator 130. Væskestrøm 102 ledes til en konvensjonell avmetaniseringsenhet 131. Dampstrøm 101 ledes gjennom to eller flere kompressorer og kjølere for å øke trykket i damp-strømmen 101 fra fødegasstrykk til ca. 10343 kPa. Figur 3 viser et tog med kompressorene 132 og 133 for trykksetting av gassen og konvensjonelle varmevekslere 134 og 135 etter hvert kompresjonstrinn for avkjøling av den komprimerte gassen. Etter at dampstrømmen forlater varmeveksler 135 kjøles den ytterligere i f raks joneringsko.ker. 136. ved anvendelse av væske fra avmetaniseringsenheten 131. Fra kokeren 136 transporteres den avkjølte gassen til en konvensjonell faseseparator 137. En dampstrøm 103 fra separatoren 137 ekspanderes i en konvensjonell turboekspansjonsenhet 138 for derved å redusere trykket i gasstrømmen før den kommer inn i den øvre delen av avmetaniseringsenhet 131. Turboekspander 138 fremskaffer fortrinnsvis en del av kraften som er nødvendig for å drive kompressor 132. Væsker fra separator 137 ledes i linje 104 til den midtre delen av avmetaniseringsenheten 131.
Idet væske kommer inn i avmetaniseringskolonnen 131 strøm-mer den nedover grunnet gravitasjonskraften. Idet væsken strømmer møtes den av stigende damper som stripper metanet fra væsken i det den strømmer oppover. Strippingen gir et hovedsaklig metanfritt væskeprodukt som tas ut som strøm 105 i bunnen av avmetaniseringskolonnen 131.
Dampstrømmen 106 som strømmer ut i toppen av avmetaniseringskolonnen transporteres til en varmeveksler 139. Etter oppvarming i varmeveksler 139 kan eventuelt en første del av den varme dampstrømmen (107) tas ut (108) for anvendelse som brennstoff i gasskondenseringsanlegget. En andre del av strøm 107 ledes gjennom et kompressortog med kompressorene 140 og 141 og varmevekslere 142 og 143 for å øke trykket i dampstrømmen og for å tilveiebringe kjøling etter hvert kompresjonstrinn. Antallet kompresjonstrinn varierer fortrinnsvis fra to til fire. En del av strømmen som kommer ut fra varmeveksler 142 tas ut og ledes som strøm 110 til varmeveksler 139 for ytterligere avkjøling av denne strømmen. Den optimale delen av strøm 109 som splittes og tas ut som strøm 110 vil avhenge av temperatur, trykk og sammensetning av strøm 109.. Optimeringen kan foretas av fagpersoner innen faget som beskrives heri. Etter at strøm 110 kommer ut fra varmeveksler 139 ledes den til en ekspansjonsanordning, så som en turboekspander 144, som i det minste kondenserer strøm 110 delvis for å gi strøm 111. Strøm 111 ledes deretter til en konvensjonell faseseparator 145. Faseseparatoren 145 gir PLNG (strøm 121) ved en temperatur over ca. -112 °C og et trykk tilstrekkelig til at væskeproduktet er ved eller under boblepunktet. PLNG ledes til en egnet lagringsanordning 153 for lagring av PLNG ved en temperatur over - 112°C. Separator 145 gir også en trykksatt gass-dampstrøm 115 som kombineres med 106 for resirkulering.
Strøm 112, som er den avkjølte strømmen som kommer ut fra varmeveksler 143, ledes til en passende ekspansjonsanordning så som en turboekspander 14 6 for å redusere trykket og for å ytterligere kjøle strøm 112. Turboekspander 146 kondenserer minst delvis naturgasstrømmen 112. Etter at den forlater turboekspanderen 14 6 ledes den delvis kondenserte strømmen til en faseseparator for å gi en væskestrøm 113 og en dampstrøm 114. Dampen 114 transporteres tilbake og kombineres med dampstrømmen 106 fra toppen av avmetaniseringsenheten for resirkulering. Væskestrømmen 113 fra separator 147 kombineres med strøm 111.
Væskestrøm 105 som forlater avmetaniseringsenheten 131 ledes til en konvensjonell kondensatstabilisator 150 som gir et toppstrøm 116 som er rik på etan og andre lette hydrokarboner, hovedsaklig metan. Strøm 116 ledes gjennom en varmeveksler 151 som kjøler dampstrømmen 116. En del av strømmen 116 ledes deretter tilbake som en tilbakeløpsstrøm 117 til kondensatstabilisatoren 150. Resten av strøm 116 ledes gjennom en kompressor 152 for å øke trykket i strøm-men omtrent til trykket i strøm 107. Etter at den er kom-primert kjøles toppstrømmen 116 og den avkjølte gassen (strøm 118) samblandes med strøm 107. Væske som strømmer ut i bunnen av kondensatstabilisatoren 150 er tilgjengelig som et kondensatprodukt (strøm 119).
Prosessen i denne oppfinnelsen, som illustrert i figur 3, kan eventuelt re-kondensere avdampet gass. Avdampet gass kan introduseres i prosessen illustrert i figur 3 gjennom linje 120 hvilken kombineres med toppstrøm 106.
I figur 4 kommer fødestrøm 201 inn i separator 230 der strømmen deles i to separate strømmer, dampstrøm 202 og væskestrøm 203. Denne utformingen illustrerer en ekstern kjølekrets for å minimere kraftbehovet og størrelsen på prosessutstyr og et fraksjoneringstog for å gi kjøleutjev-ning for kjølekretsen. Væskestrøm 203 ledes til avmetaniseringskolonne 231. Dampstrøm 202 komprimeres gjennom ett eller flere kompresjonstrinn, fortrinnsvis to trinn. For for-enkling vises kon én kompressor i figur 3. Etter hvert kompresjonstrinn avkjøles den komprimerte dampen fortrinnsvis i en konvensjonell luft- eller vannkjøler, så som kjøler 234. Etter at den forlater kjøleren 234 kjøles gasstrøm 202 i fraksjoneringskoker 235 gjennom hvilken avmetaniserings-væsken strømmer fra avmetaniseringskolonnen 231. Fra frak-sjoneringskokeren 235 kjøles strøm 202 ytterligere i varmevekslerne 236 og 237 som kjøles av et konvensjonelt lukket-krets kjølesystem 238 der kjølemediet fortrinnsvis er propan. Fra vekslerne 236 og 237 separeres den avkjølte naturgassen igjen i en konvensjonell faseseparator 238. En damp-strøm 204 fra separator 238 ekspanderes i en turboekspander 239 for derved å redusere gasstrømtrykket for den kommer inn i den øvre delen av avmetaniseringsenhet 231. Turboekspander 239 tilveiebringer fortrinnsvis kraft til kompressor 232. Væske fra separator 238 ledes gjennom linje 205 til den midtre delen av avmetaniseringsenheten 231.
Dampstrømmen 207 som kommer ut på toppen av avmetaniseringsenheten 231 transporteres til en varmeveksler 240. En del av strøm 208 som utløper fra varmeveksler 240 kan eventuelt tas ut (strøm 209) for anvendelse som brennstoff i gasskondenseringsanlegget. Resten av strøm 208 komprimeres i en eller flere kompressorer 241 til et trykk fortrinnsvis mellom ca. 5516 kPa og 13790 kPa. Den komprimerte gassen ledes deretter gjennom et varmevekslertog bestående av varmevekslere 242, 243, 244 for å kjøle gassen og gi strøm 210. Varmeveksler 242 kjøles fortrinnsvis av luft eller vann. Varmevekslerne 243 og 244 kjøles fortrinnsvis av kjølesystem 238 som er det samme systemet som anvendes til kjøling av varmevekslerne 236 og 237. En del av strøm 210 ledes som strøm 211 til varmeveksler 240 for å gi kjøle-last for ytterligere kjøling av dampstrøm 211. Strøm 211 som utløper fra veksler 240 ledes til en ekspansjonsanordning, så som en turboekspander 245 som minst delvis kondenserer strøm 211 for å gi strøm 212. Strøm 212 føres deretter til en konvensjonell faseseparator 24 6.
Den delen av strøm 210 som er igjen etter at strøm 211 er tatt ut føres til en passende ekspansjonsanordning, så som turboekspander 248, for å redusere gasstrykket og kjøle gasstrømmen ytterligere. Turboekspander 248 gir strøm 213 som minst er delvis flytende naturgass. Strøm 213 ledes til en konvensjonell faseseparator 249 for å gi en væskestrøm 214 og en dampstrøm 215. Strøm 215 resirkuleres ved at den kombineres med dampstrømmen 207 på toppen av avmetaniseringsenheten. Væskestrøm 214 kombineres med strøm 212 ledes til separator 24 6 som separerer gassen over i en dampstrøm 216 og en væskestrøm 217. Dampstrøm 216 og dampstrøm 215 kombineres med toppstrømmen 207 fra avmetaniseringsenheten for resirkulering. Væskestrøm 217 som er PLNG med temperatur over ca. -112 °C og et trykk som er tilstrekkelig til at væsken er ved eller under boblepunktet sendes til en passende lagerbeholder 258 for lagring ved en temperatur over ca. -112°C.
Væskestrøm 206 som utløper fra avmetaniseringsenheten 231 ledes til et fraksjoneringssystem omfattende en serie frak-sjoneringskolonner 250, 251, og 252. Kolonne 250 er en konvensjonell avetaniseringsenhet som gir en toppstrøm som er rik på etan og andre lette hydrokarboner, primært metan. Damp-toppstrøm 218 føres gjennom varmeveksler 253 for å varme brennstoffstrøm 209. Etter at dampstrøm 218 har vært gjennom varmeveksler 253 ledes den til en konvensjonell faseseparator 254 som gir en dampstrøm 220 og en væskestrøm 221. Væskestrøm 221 returneres til avetaniseringskolonnen 250 som tilbakeløp. Dampstrøm 220 kombineres med strøm 208.
Væske som kommer ut i bunnen av avetaniseringsenheten 250 kjøles i varmeveksler 257 og ledes til avpropaniseringsen-het 251. Damp-toppstrømmen dra avpropaniseringsenheten 251 er rik på propan og kan eventuelt anvendes som propanetter-fyllling i kjølesystem 238. Væske som kommer ut i bunnen fra avpropaniseringsenheten 251 ledes deretter til avbuta-niseringsenheten 252. Væske som utløper i bunnen av avbuta-niseringsenheten tas ut fra prosessen som flytende konden-sat (strøm 222) . Minst en del av damp-toppstrømmen fra av-butaniseringsenheten 252 ledes i linje 223 gjennom en varmeveksler 255 for å kjøle dampstrømmen. Denne dampstrømmen 223 ledes deretter gjennom en kompressor 256 for å øke trykket i strøm 223 til omtrent trykket i strøm 208. Etter at den komprimerte strømmen utløper fra kompressor 256 kombineres den med strøm 220.
Avdampet gass kan eventuelt introduseres til prosessen i foreliggende oppfinnelse gjennom linje 224 hvilken kombineres med damp-toppstrøm 207.
Eksempel
En simulert masse- og energibalanse ble utført for å illus-trere utformingene som illustrert i figurene, og resultatene er vist i tabellene 1, 3, 4, og 5 under. Data presentert i tabellene er gitt for å gi bedre forståelse av utformingene vist i figurene, men oppfinnelsen skal ikke tolkes slik at den begrenses til disse. Temperaturene og strøm-ningsratene som presenteres i tabellene er ikke ment å være begrensende for oppfinnelsen hvilken kan ha mange variasjoner i temperatur og strømningsrater ut fra beskrivelsene heri.
Data ble oppnådd ved anvendelse av et kommersielt tilgjengelig prosessimuleringsprogram med navn HYSYS®, men andre kommersielt tilgjengelige prosessimuleringsprogrammer kan anvendes for å utvikle dataene, for eksempel HYSIM®, PROII®, og ASPEN PLUS®, hvilke er kjent blant fagpersoner.
Kraften som er nødvendig for å produsere PLNG ifølge denne oppfinnelsen er vesentlig mindre enn kraften nødvendig for å produsere LNG ved nær atmosfæriske betingelser og ved en temperatur på -164,5 °C ved anvendelse av en ekspansjons-prosess. Denne forskjellen i kraft kan illustreres ved å sammenlikne tabell 2 og tabell 1. Tabell 2 viser resultater fra en simulert masse- og energibalanse ved anvendelse av strømningsprosessen i figur 1 for å produsere LNG ved nær atmosfæriske betingelser. Resultatene i tabell 2 er basert på å produsere et væskeprodukt med nært atmosfærisk trykk, vesentlig redusert mengde avdampet gass introdusert til prosessen, og behov for trinnvis resirkuleringskompresjon (fire resirkuleringskompressorer istedenfor én kompressor 50 vist i figur 1). I disse to simuleringene var total installert kraft nødvendig for å produsere konvensjonell LNG (tabell 2) mer enn dobbelt så høy som nødvendig for å produsere PLNG (tabell 1). Forbedringer i PLNG-ekspansjons-prosessen som vist i figur 2 kunne også forbedre den konvensjonelle LNG-prosessen. Forholdet mellom installert kraft for den konvensjonelle LNG- og PLNG-prosessen ifølge utførelsen av denne oppfinnelsen ville ikke endres vesentlig. PLNG-prosessen ifølge denne oppfinnelsen krever ca. halvdelen kraften som anvendes i en konvensjonell ekspan-sjonsprosess for å produsere LNG ved atmosfa>risk trykk.
Data som presenteres i tabell 3 er fremstilt for å gi en bedre forståelse av utformingen vist i figur 2. Sammenliknet med utformingen vist i figur 1 kan nødvendig installert kraft for utformingen i figur 2 reduseres fra 198359 kW
(266000 hp) til 111857 kW (150000 hp) ved å legge til et propankjølesystem. Fagpersoner kunne ytterligere redusere nødvendig kraft ved å optimere prosessen.
Dataene som presenteres i tabell 4 er fremstilt for å gi en bedre forståelse av utformingen vist i figur 3. Fødegassen i figurene 3 og 4 har ulik sammensetning og er ved andre betingelser enn fødegassen i figurene 1 og 2.
Dataene som presenteres i tabell 5 er fremstilt for å gi en bedre forståelse av utformingen vist i figur 4. Denne prosessen viser igjen fordelen med propankjølesystemet ved vesentlig reduksjon i nødvendig installert kraft sammenliknet med utformingen vist i figur 3.
Claims (18)
1. Fremgangsmåte ved kondensering av en metanrik gass-strøm som føres til prosessen ved et trykk over ca. 3100 kPa,
karakterisert ved: (a) ekspandere gasstrømmen (11) til et lavere trykk til å gi en gassfase og et metanrikt væskeprodukt med en temperatur over -112°C og et trykk tilstrekkelig til at væskeproduktet er ved eller vinder dets boblepunkt; (b) faseseparere (40) gassfasen og det metanrike væskeprodukt ; og (c) innføre det metanrike væskeprodukt til en lager-anordning (90) for lagring ved en temperatur over -112°C.
2. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved å kjøle gasstrømmen før trinn a).
3. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 2, karakterisert ved å kjøle gasstrømmen i en varmeveksler som kjøles av et lukket-krets kjølesystem.
4. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 3, karakterisert ved at det lukket-krets kjø-lesystem har propan som hovedsakelig kjølemedium.
5. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 3, karakterisert ved at det lukket-krets kjø-lesystem har karbondioksid som hovedesaklig kjølemedium.
6. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 2, karakterisert ved å kjøle gasstrømmen ved varmevekslingsvirkning med gassfasen i trinn b) i krav 1 hvilket derved varmer opp gassfasen.
7. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 6, karakterisert ved å komprimere den oppvarmede gassfasen, avkjøle den komprimerte gassfasen, og re-turnere den avkjølte, komprimerte gassfasen til gasstrømmen for resirkulering i prosessen.
8. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 6, karakterisert ved at før kjøletrinnet i krav 6 kjøles gasstrømmen i en varmeveksler kjølt av et lukket-krets kjølesystem.
9. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at før kondensering av gasstrømmen kombineres avdampet gass, som skyldes fordamping av kondensert naturgass, med gasstrømmen.
10. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 1 karakterisert ved at når gasstrømmen inneholder metan og hydrokarbonkomponenter som er tyngre enn metan fjernes en vesentlig del av de tyngre hydrokarbonene ved fraksjonering for å produsere en dampstrøm som er rik på metan og en væskestrøm som er rik på de tyngre hydrokarbonene, og der dampstrømmen deretter kondenseres ved ekspansjon ifølge trinn a) i krav 1.
11. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 10, karakterisert ved å kjøle gasstrømmen før fraksjonering av gasstrømmen.
12. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at kondensering av gasstrømmen utføres uten et lukket-krets kjølesystem.
13 . Fremgangsmåte ved kondensering av en metanrik gass-strøm (201) tilført ved et trykk større enn 3100 kPa til en avmetaniseringskolonne (231) som gir en metanan-riket damp-strøm (207) og en metan-utarmet væskestrøm (206), karakterisert ved(a) føre den metan-anrikede dampstrøm (207) gjennom en varmeveksler (240) til å gi en oppvarmet dampstrøm, og komprimere (241) den oppvarmede dampstrøm for ytterligere å trykksette dampstrømmen; (b) avkjøle (242) den komprimerte gasstrøm fra (a); (c) dele den avkjølte, komprimerte strøm fra trinn (b) til en første avkjølt strøm (211) og en andre avkjølt strøm (213) og føre den første avkjølte strøm gjennom varmeveksleren (240) for ytterligere å avkjøle den første strøm; (d) ekspandere (245) den første avkjølte strøm til å gi gass- og væskefaser; (e) faseseparere (246) gass- og væskefasene fra trinn (d) og derved gi en første dampfase (216) og en metanrik, flytendegjort gass (217) med en temperatur over -112°C og med et trykk tilstrekkelig til at den metanrike flyten-degjorte gass er ved eller under dens boblepunkt; (f) ekspandere (248) den andre avkjølte strøm fra trinn (c) til et lavere trykk, hvorved den ytterligere avkjøles til å gi gass- og væskefaser, og (g) faseseparere (249) gass-og væskefasene dannet i trinn (f) , og derved gi en dampfase (215) og en metanrik, flytendegjort gass (214) med en temperatur over -112°C og et trykk tilstrekkelig til at den metanrike, flytendegjorte gass er ved eller under dens boblepunkt.
14. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 13, karakterisert ved å kombinere dampfase (215) fra trinn (g) med dampstrømmen (207) fra trinn (a) og føre den kombinerte gasstrøm gjennom varmeveksleren (240) i trinn (a).
15. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 13, karakterisert ved å kombinere dampfasen trinn (e) (216) og dampfasen fra trinn (g) (215) og føre den kombinerte gasstrøm gjennom varmeveksleren (240) .
16. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 13, karakterisert ved at kjøletrinnet (b) er ved indirekte varmeveksling (243) med et kjølemiddel fra en lukket-krets kjølesystem (238) .
17. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 13, karakterisert ved å føre den metan-utarmede væskestrøm (206) til minst én fraksjonerings-kolonne (250) som produserer en toppdampstrøm (218) , og kombinere toppdampstrømmen (218) dannet i fraksjonerings-kolonnen med den oppvarmede dampstrøm (208) fra trinn (a) .
18. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 13, karakterisert ved å innføre i den metan-anrikede dampstrøm (207) en avkokt gass (224) som er resultatet av fordampningen av en flytendegjort gass og føre den kombinerte gasstrøm gjennom varmeveksleren (240) i trinn (a).
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PCT/US1998/012742 WO1998059205A2 (en) | 1997-06-20 | 1998-06-18 | Improved process for liquefaction of natural gas |
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US5836173A (en) * | 1997-05-01 | 1998-11-17 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | System for producing cryogenic liquid |
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1998
- 1998-06-17 DZ DZ980145A patent/DZ2535A1/xx active
- 1998-06-17 TW TW087109708A patent/TW366411B/zh active
- 1998-06-18 ZA ZA9805331A patent/ZA985331B/xx unknown
- 1998-06-18 AT AT0907798A patent/AT413598B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-18 YU YU67999A patent/YU67999A/sh unknown
- 1998-06-18 TN TNTNSN98096A patent/TNSN98096A1/fr unknown
- 1998-06-18 CN CN98806436A patent/CN1126928C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-06-18 NZ NZ502042A patent/NZ502042A/xx unknown
- 1998-06-18 BR BR9810201-0A patent/BR9810201A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-18 RU RU99128110/02A patent/RU2211877C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-18 RO RO99-01341A patent/RO118331B1/ro unknown
- 1998-06-18 SK SK1780-99A patent/SK178099A3/sk unknown
- 1998-06-18 RU RU99128108/02A patent/RU2205246C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-18 EP EP98931380A patent/EP1021689A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-06-18 GE GEAP19985117A patent/GEP20022743B/en unknown
- 1998-06-18 RU RU99127334/06A patent/RU2205337C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-18 DE DE19882481T patent/DE19882481C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-06-18 CZ CZ0455699A patent/CZ299027B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-18 CH CH02346/99A patent/CH694103A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-18 PE PE1998000522A patent/PE44099A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-06-18 HU HU0003115A patent/HU222764B1/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-18 JP JP50482499A patent/JP4548867B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-06-18 US US09/099,589 patent/US6023942A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-18 ZA ZA9805334A patent/ZA985334B/xx unknown
- 1998-06-18 WO PCT/US1998/012742 patent/WO1998059205A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-18 PL PL98337852A patent/PL189830B1/pl not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-18 ID IDW20000104A patent/ID24334A/id unknown
- 1998-06-18 AU AU81525/98A patent/AU739054B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-06-18 ES ES009950076A patent/ES2197720B1/es not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-06-18 UA UA99127083A patent/UA57085C2/uk unknown
- 1998-06-18 GB GB9930050A patent/GB2344640B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-06-18 IL IL13333498A patent/IL133334A/xx active IP Right Grant
- 1998-06-18 RU RU99128086/02A patent/RU2211876C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
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- 1998-06-18 KR KR1019997012068A patent/KR100338879B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-18 CO CO98034688A patent/CO5040206A1/es unknown
- 1998-06-19 AR ARP980102968A patent/AR015909A1/es active IP Right Grant
- 1998-06-20 MY MYPI98002800A patent/MY112364A/en unknown
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1999
- 1999-12-13 BG BG104000A patent/BG63953B1/bg unknown
- 1999-12-13 SE SE9904529A patent/SE521594C2/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-16 FI FI992703A patent/FI19992703A/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-17 OA OA9900289A patent/OA11267A/en unknown
- 1999-12-17 DK DK199901813A patent/DK174634B1/da not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-17 NO NO19996276A patent/NO312167B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
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