NL1040068C2 - Artificial sea spring infrastructure. - Google Patents
Artificial sea spring infrastructure. Download PDFInfo
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- NL1040068C2 NL1040068C2 NL1040068A NL1040068A NL1040068C2 NL 1040068 C2 NL1040068 C2 NL 1040068C2 NL 1040068 A NL1040068 A NL 1040068A NL 1040068 A NL1040068 A NL 1040068A NL 1040068 C2 NL1040068 C2 NL 1040068C2
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- water
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- fresh
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03B—INSTALLATIONS OR METHODS FOR OBTAINING, COLLECTING, OR DISTRIBUTING WATER
- E03B3/00—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water
- E03B3/06—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water from underground
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B2201/00—Devices, constructional details or methods of hydraulic engineering not otherwise provided for
- E02B2201/02—Devices and methods for creating a buffer zone in the water to separate, e.g. salt and sweet water
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03B—INSTALLATIONS OR METHODS FOR OBTAINING, COLLECTING, OR DISTRIBUTING WATER
- E03B3/00—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water
- E03B3/06—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water from underground
- E03B3/08—Obtaining and confining water by means of wells
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Farming Of Fish And Shellfish (AREA)
Description
NLP192779
Artificial sea spring infrastructure BACKGROUND
The invention relates to an infrastructure for collecting and storing fresh ground water.
Fresh water becomes scarce at a growing amount of areas in the world. It is an object of the present invention to provide an infrastructure to collect and store fresh ground water.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to a first aspect, the invention provides a sea spring infrastructure, comprising a sea coast with a hinterland, at least one first water impermeable dyke or body that merges into the coast and that together with the coast bound a circumferentially closed first artificial lagoon, and a sea spring inside the first lagoon that supplies fresh ground water to the first lagoon, wherein an artificial ecosystem is present and maintained in the water of the first lagoon that differs from the ecosystem in the adjacent sea water.
The first lagoon forms a storage for the fresh ground water that is released by the sea spring, wherein the artificial ecosystem is designed to keep the water in the lagoon in good condition for civil and agricultural purposes. The artificial ecosystem prevents that the water starts decaying and becomes useless.
In an embodiment the first lagoon is bounded by a curved first dyke of which both ends merge into the coast. In this manner one first dyke suffices to form the first lagoon.
In an alternative embodiment the first lagoon is bound by two first dykes that at one side merge into the coast and that at the opposite side merge into the a natural or artificial island located at a distance from the coast.
In the ground under the coast fresh water can seep from the hinterland towards the sea spring and salt water can penetrate into the hinterland, wherein the fresh water from the hinterland and the salt water from the sea counter each other at a fresh - saline interface in the ground, wherein the saline - fresh interface is located under and outside the first lagoon.
In a practical embodiment thereof the sea spring infrastructure comprises a first water passage to withdraw water from the first lagoon, and a control device to control the flow through the first water passage. The withdrawal of water from the first lagoon can then be controlled for different purposes as will be elucidated hereafter.
In an embodiment thereof the sea spring infrastructure comprises a monitoring system with distributed first sensors to locate the position of the saline - fresh water interface and with a second sensor to determine the water level inside the first lagoon, wherein the monitoring system is configured to monitor the position of the saline - fresh water interface with the first sensors and to monitor the level of the water inside the first lagoon with the second sensor, wherein the saline - fresh water interface is kept outside the first lagoon by determination of the necessary water level inside the first lagoon, wherein the withdrawal of water from the first lagoon is controlled by the control device accordingly.
Alternatively or in addition thereto the sea spring infrastructure comprises a monitoring system with distributed third sensors in the lagoon, wherein the monitoring system is configured to monitor the concentration of oxygen in the water in the first lagoon, wherein the withdrawal of water from the first lagoon is controlled by the control device accordingly. The monitoring system keeps the concentration of oxygen within the prescribed limits to keep the artificial ecosystem stable and alive.
In an embodiment the first water passage is connected with an irrigation system for specific areas on the hinterland, wherein the specific areas preferably comprise crops that withstand irregular fresh water supply. Superfluous fresh water in the first lagoon can thereby be utilized for growing the crops instead of drained off into the sea.
In an embodiment the sea spring infrastructure comprises a circumferentially closed second artificial lagoon adjacent to the first dyke. The second lagoon can be used for many purposes, such as storage of superfluous fresh water from the first lagoon or protection of the fresh water in the first lagoon against penetrating salt water as will be discussed hereafter.
In an embodiment the second lagoon is bounded by the first dyke and by a second dyke that extends concentrically to the first dyke.
Alternatively, the second lagoon is bounded by the first dyke and a second dyke that extends between the island and the coast.
In an embodiment the second lagoon comprises fresh or brackish water. The brackish water originates from the original sea water that has been enclosed by the second dyke and wherein superfluous fresh water that is drained from the first lagoon is mixed. The water in the second lagoon forms a buffer against the salt water that penetrates into the hinterland, which buffer improves during the process of desalination of the water in the second lagoon.
In an alternative embodiment the bottom of the second lagoon is covered with a water impermeable layer sheet, whereby the second lagoon can be used to temporary store superfluous fresh water from the first lagoon. This fresh water can be used when the fresh water demand temporary exceeds the supply of fresh water from the sea spring.
In order to drain water from the first lagoon into the second lagoon the first water passage has an outlet in the second lagoon.
In an embodiment the sea spring comprises buildings that form a ring city around the first lagoon, wherein a part of the buildings is built on the first dyke.
In an embodiment the buildings are provided with an air conditioning having a fresh water circuit, wherein the fresh water circuit is fed from the sea spring.
In an embodiment the sea spring infrastructure comprises a fresh water purification system having its intake in the first lagoon, wherein the purification system is connected to a water distribution grid to deliver drinking water to the buildings.
In an embodiment the water of the first lagoon comprises fresh water at surface level and salt water at the bottom level, wherein the salt water at the bottom level has a salt concentration that is equal to the salt concentration of the adjacent sea water. The salt water portion can be used for breeding specific salt water fishes or algae that are desired for human consumption.
In an embodiment thereof the salt water fishes are present in the salt water fraction in the first lagoon.
In an embodiment the water of the first lagoon comprises a fish population that differs in species and numbers with respect to the fish population in the adjacent sea water.
In an embodiment the sea spring infrastructure comprises a second water passage with a closure between the first lagoon and the sea, wherein the water passage debouches at or close to the bottom of the lagoon, and fishing pods at the bottom of the first lagoon. When a salt water fraction is present in the lagoon for breeding specific salt water fish species, the lower salt water portion can be temporary reduced to urge the fishes towards the fishing pods to be trapped.
In an embodiment the water of the first lagoon comprises an algae population that differ from the algae population in the adjacent sea water.
According to a second aspect, the invention provides a method for sustainable maintaining an artificial sea spring infrastructure, wherein the sea spring infrastructure comprises a sea coast with a hinterland, at least one first water impermeable dyke or body that merges into the coast and that together with the coast bound a circumferentially closed first artificial lagoon, and a sea spring inside the first lagoon that supplies fresh ground water to the first lagoon, wherein in the ground under the coast fresh water seeps from the hinterland towards the sea spring and salt water penetrates into the hinterland, wherein the fresh water from the hinterland and the salt water from the sea counter each other at a fresh - saline interface in the ground, wherein the saline - fresh interface is located under and outside the first lagoon, wherein the sea spring infrastructure comprises a first water passage to withdraw water from the first lagoon, a control device to control the flow through the first water passage, and a monitoring system with distributed first sensors to locate the position of the saline - fresh water interface and with a second sensor to determine the water level inside the first lagoon, wherein the method comprises monitoring the position of the saline - fresh water interface with the first sensors and monitoring the level of the water inside the first lagoon with the second sensor, wherein the saline - fresh water interface is kept outside the first lagoon by determination of the necessary water level inside the first lagoon, wherein the withdrawal of water from the first lagoon is controlled by the control device accordingly.
The various aspects and features described and shown in the specification can be applied, individually, wherever possible. These individual aspects, in particular the aspects and features described in the attached dependent claims, can be made subject of divisional patent applications .
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be elucidated on the basis of an exemplary embodiment shown in the attached drawings, in which:
Figures 1A and IB are an isometric view and a cross section of a sea coast with a natural bay at the location of a natural sea spring;
Figures 2A and 2B show the bay according to figures 1A and IB, that is converted to an artificial lagoon by means of a dyke;
Figures 3A and 3B show the lagoon according to figures 2A and 3B, provided with additional technical and civil infrastructure;
Figure 4 show the artificial lagoon according to figures 2A and 2B, with an additional water buffer in the form of an adjacent artificial lagoon;
Figure 5 show the artificial lagoon according to figures 2A and 2B, with an additional water buffer formed by a concentric dyke;
Figure 6 show an alternative, artificial lagoon with partitions, formed by dykes between the sea coast and an island close to the sea cost; and
Figures 7A and 7B show maps to illustrate the methodology for measuring the water quality of a sea spring before building the artificial lagoon.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Figure 1A shows a sea 5 and a sea coast 1 with a natural bay 2. Along the sea coast 1 some original civil infrastructure is present, such as houses 20. The hinterland 10 behind the sea coast comprises poorly vegetated sand hills.
As shown in figure IB, the hinterland 10 comprises a natural sand layer 11 above a natural sandstone layer 12. The sandstone layer 12 is continued into the bottom of the sea 5 close to the sea coast 1. Under the sandstone layer 12 extends a karst layer 13 having karst openings whereby this layer is water permeable. This geological structure of the hinterland 10 is typically present in many countries around the Mediterranean Sea.
This geological structure allows fresh rain water 16 to penetrate the sand layer 11 and the sandstone layer 12 in substantial vertical direction A. This fresh rain water seeps as fresh ground water in substantially horizontal direction B towards the sea 5. In the ground a fresh -saline water interface 4 is present, where the salt water that is penetrated by the hydrostatic pressure from the sea 5 meets the fresh rain water that flows in from above under the influence of gravity.
In the bay 2 a natural sea spring 30 is present, which allows the fresh ground water 16 to be released from the karst layer 13 as fresh seepage water in direction C in the bay 2. In this geological structure the fresh ground water 16 is released at concentrated places where fractures are present in the karst layer 13. In this embodiment the natural sea spring 30 releases the fresh seepage water 16 into the bay. It is also possible to make an artificial sea spring 30 through the sandstone layer 12 at the place where the ground water releasing fractures in the karst layer 13 are present.
In an alternative geological structure the hinterland 10 comprises multiple sand layers, wherein the fresh ground water 16 is released as fresh seepage water in direction C in a diffuse manner into the bay 2 and along to the coast 1. A location where the fresh seepage water 16 is released close to the coast 1 is defined as a sea spring. This geological structure is typically present at the North Sea shore, in particular at the dunes of the provinces North Holland and South Holland of the Netherlands.
Sea springs are a potential source of high quality fresh water for civil and agricultural purposes. In order to collect, accumulate and exploit the fresh seepage water from the sea spring, a closed, artificial lagoon 3 according to the invention is formed.
Figures 2A and 2B show the first stage of conversion of the bay 2 into the artificial lagoon 3 for civil use. The bay 2 is closed by a curved water impermeable dyke 40 that merges at both ends into the coast 1. The sea spring 30 is located at the bottom of the lagoon 3. The dyke 40 has a top side 41 some meters above the water level of the lagoon 3. Due to the hydrostatic overpressure of the fresh seepage water with respect to the salt sea water, the level of the fresh water in the lagoon 3 is higher than the level of the sea water at the outer side of the dyke 40. The difference in height H2 can be calculated from the highest initial water depth HI inside the lagoon 3 to be formed, the local density of the salt sea water psait, which is between 1025 and 1035 kg/m3, and the local density of the fresh water Pfresh that is released from the sea spring 30. H2 is calculated as follows: H2 Hi* (Psalt — Pfresh) /Pfresh
The dyke 40 is provided with a spillway 42 at the level H1+H2, whereby the initial salt water inside the lagoon 3 can bleed to the sea 5. After some time the water inside the lagoon 3 becomes brackish and finally it becomes freshwater like the water that is released from the sea spring 30. The height of the spillway 42 can be adjusted, whereby the outflow height can be set. In addition the spillway 42 is provided with a shutter 46.
During the conversion from saline water to brackish water and finally fresh water in the lagoon 3, the ecosystem in the lagoon 3 can be changed from the original, salt water based ecosystem into an artificial, fresh water based ecosystem in respective phases. In these subsequent phases the ecosystem comprises a dedicated collection of flora and fauna that consume the residues of the flora and fauna of the previous phase. Preferably, the flora and fauna convert the flora and fauna of the previous stage into a useful bio mass that can be harvested.
As shown in figure 2B, the fresh - saline water interface 4 in the ground gradually shifts downwards in direction F During the gradual conversion into fresh water in the lagoon 3. It is intended that the tip 6 of the fresh - saline interface 4 shifts close to the sea side of the base of the dyke 40. The length L of the outflow zone of the fresh water, which is the distance between the water line at the original coast 1 and the position of the tip 6 of the shifted saline - fresh interface 4 can be calculated as follows :
where
k = permeability [meters/day]
Qo = groundwater discharge [M3/day] c = hydraulic resistance in days
The shift of the tip 6 of the saline - fresh interface 4 will be discussed in detail hereafter.
Figures 3A and 3B show the lagoon 3 provided with additional technical and civil infrastructure. The dyke 40 and the original coast 1 that surrounds the lagoon 3 is intensively built with additional buildings 22 and roads to form a ring city or sea spring city around the sea spring 30. At the outside of the artificial dyke 40 a marina 43 with floating boardwalks is built and along a portion of the dyke 40 a sand beach 45 is formed.
The fresh ground water 16 that is released by the sea spring 30 has a temperature below 15 degrees Celsius, whereby it can be directly used as chilled fresh circulation water for air conditioning systems in the houses 20 and other buildings 22 around the lagoon 3. As shown in figure 2B, a water condenser 90 is provided comprising a set of condenser pipelines 92 above a receptacle 93. The condenser pipelines 92 are fed from an inlet pipe 91 with a water pump 94. The inlet pipe 91 has its inlet close to the bottom of the lagoon 3, where the fresh water has its lowest temperature. This cold water cools down the condenser pipelines 92, whereby humid air coming from the sea at night condensates on the condenser pipelines 92 and is collected in the receptacle 93 as pure fresh water for civil consumption.
The fresh water inside the lagoon 3 is primary used for local civil consumption and for irrigation of the hinterland 10 for agricultural purposes. For civil consumption it suffices to carry out a final purification process. The local irrigation of the initially poorly vegetated hinterland 10 improves the possibilities of local agricultural exploitation of the hinterland 10. By improving the local vegetation around the lagoon 3 the local vaporization of water is enhanced, whereby a micro-climate is formed at the lagoon 3 that gives good human living conditions. Vaporization of water from the lagoon 3 itself is prevented by floating infrastructures, such as floating houses, and by specific species of floating vegetation inside the lagoon 3.
The lagoon 3 comprises the lowest bottom level close to the dyke 40. Through the base of the dyke 40 extends a water pipeline 43 with a shutter 44 to control the passage of water through the pipeline 43. Close to the opening of the pipeline 43 in the lagoon 3 fish pods 60 are installed. The fish pods 60 are provided with one way passages 61 to lock fishes 62 inside the pods 60. The fish pods 60 are installed for two purposes.
The first purpose of the pipeline 43 and the fish pods 60 is to control the health of the water inside the lagoon 3 at the initial conversion from salt water to fresh water immediately after closing the dyke 40. The initially present salt water has a higher density than the gradually inserted fresh water from the sea spring 30, whereby the present salt water will stay below when the fresh water is gradually inserted. Initially present salt water fishes 62 will stay in the salt water area inside the lagoon 3 to survive, whereby these fishes 62 are naturally urged towards the fish pods 60 and enclosed. The fishes 62 in the fish pods 60 are regularly released in the sea. In this manner the initially present salt water fishes 62 will stay alive until removed from the artificial lagoon 3, whereby it is prevented that the water depraves by dead salt water fish.
The second purpose of the pipeline 43 and the fish pods 60 is durable breeding of specific salt water fish species for human consumption. The salt water area at the level of the fish pods 60 can be artificially maintained and refreshed by controlling the closure 44 at low tide and high tide of the sea 5. At high tide the closure 44 is temporary opened to allow an amount of sea water from the sea 5 to enter the lagoon 3 at bottom level to stay there. The amount of sea water that is taken in forms a fraction of the total amount of salt water at the bottom level of the lagoon 3. Subsequently at low tide the closure 44 is temporary opened again to allow the same amount of water at the bottom level of the lagoon 3 to be released again. In this manner the amount of salt water at the bottom level remains the same and is intermittently refreshed by salt sea water. The salt water fishes 62 will naturally stay enclosed in healthy salt water conditions. When the population of fish fulfills the condition to be harvested and selected, the fishes 62 are urged to the fishing pods 60 by temporary lowering the level of salt water inside the lagoon 3 as described before.
The durable breeding of specific salt water fish species inside the lagoon 3 favors a sustainable and healthy, specific ecosystem in the lagoon 3. In the same manner specific water plants and specific algae are introduced to form part of the artificial sustainable ecosystem, wherein the water plants and algae are regularly harvested for consumption or industrial purposes. The biomass can also be processed in biomass energy systems.
The fish pods 60 ensure that the initial salt water fishes 62 that are present in the lagoon 3 are collected in an appropriate and biologically responsible way. The non-mobile flora and fauna can be collected and transplanted. Alternatively the non-mobile flora and fauna is covered with a layer of sand. Alternatively specific fish species and bacteria are introduced that consume the initial non-mobile flora and fauna.
The fresh ground water 16 that is released by the sea spring 30 forms a constant supply of minerals that can be extracted for commercial purposes.
The lagoon 3 is provided with a monitoring system with distributed third sensors 70 in the water of the lagoon 3 to measure different parameters, which are the concentration of oxygen and salt and the transparency of the enclosed water, and the flow rate for each sea spring 30. In the original bottom of the sea first sensors 71 are provided along the base of the dyke 40 which measure concentration of salt in the water. A not shown second sensor measures the water level in the first lagoon 2. Based on these parameters the optimal water level inside the lagoon 2 is determined and based thereon the maximum flow rate for draining fresh water without influencing the balance of the artificial ecosystem is determined. In particular, the position of the fresh - saline interface 4 is monitored and tuned by means of the second sensors 71 such that the tip 6 of the fresh -saline interface 4 remains located close to the sea side of the base of the dyke 40. In this situation the salt water that is penetrated by the hydrostatic pressure from the sea 5 is kept outside the bottom of the lagoon 3 by the continuous outflow of fresh water from land, while the delivery of fresh water to the lagoon 3 is optimized. As the tip 6 of the fresh - saline interface 4 is kept at the sea side of the base of the dyke 40, the fresh ground water maintains sufficient hydraulic gradient in the ground water flow B to maintain a continuous delivery of fresh water to the lagoon 3 via the sea spring 30.
In the described embodiments the outflow of water from the lagoon 3 is tuned by adjustment of the height of the spillway or by adjusting the shutter 46 thereof, wherein the consumption of fresh water from the lagoon 3 is taken into account. When superfluous fresh water needs to be drained from the lagoon 3, the fresh water is dumped into the sea 5. This loss of valuable fresh water can be prevented by defining dedicated absorption areas on the hinterland 10 that are irrigated by the irrigation system to adaptively absorb superfluous fresh water from the spillway 42 of the lagoon 3. These dedicated absorption areas can be used to grow specific crops that can withstand an irregular supply of water and that are useful for consumption.
Figures 4 and 5 show two alternative configurations for buffering excessive fresh water from the lagoon 3.
Figure 4 shows a concentric dyke 8 that is build along the dyke 4 0 of the lagoon 3. The dykes 8, 4 0 and the original sea coast 1 together form a basin 7, wherein the bottom of the basin 7 is covered with a water impermeable layer, such as a plastic foil. The excessive fresh water is directly expelled into the basin 7.
Figure 5 shows a curved dyke 8 that merges into the original sea coast 1 to form an adjacent basin 7 in the form of a lagoon, having a bottom that is covered with a water impermeable layer like said plastic foil. The excessive water is pumped into the adjacent basin 7.
Figure 6 shows an alternative configuration of an artificial lagoon 3 according to the invention. The lagoon 3 is formed by at least two water impermeable dykes 41 between the original coast 1 and an original or artificial island 80 close to the coast 1. In the shown embodiment three lagoons 3, are formed, wherein the lagoon 3 in the centre encloses the sea spring 30 and wherein the adjacent lagoons 3 form basins 7 having a bottom that is covered with a water impermeable layer like said plastic foil. The excessive water from the centre lagoon 3 can therefore be pumped or expelled into the adjacent basins 7. Alternatively, the adjacent lagoons 3 have a water permeable bottom, wherein the lagoons 3 form a salt water barrier 81 by containing fresh water or brackish water. In this manner it is prevented that salt water from the sea 5 penetrates the lagoon 3 with the sea spring 30 due to the hydrostatic pressure. In fact, the hydrostatic pressure from the water barriers 81 lowers the saline - fresh interface 4 under the central lagoon 3 that receives the fresh water from the sea spring 30.
Before building an artificial lagoon 3 according to the invention, the quality of the fresh water from the sea spring 30 needs to be measured beforehand. The quality of the fresh water cannot be determined by sampling the sea spring 30 directly, as the released fresh water directly mixes with the sea water at the bottom of the sea 5. Therefore a methodology has been developed to measure the quality of the water from the sea spring 30 upstream, on the hinterland 10. This methodology is explained under reference to figures 7A and 7B.
Figures 7A and 7B show a map of the same part of the hinterland 10 close to the coast 1. In the first stage of the methodology, distributed bore holes are made which are indicated with dots in figure 7A. In each bore hole the piezometric or phreatic groundwater levels are measured in the coastal areas. These levels are indicated between [brackets] in meters. From these data the equal level lines K are drafted, of which the first two are initially drawn as dashed lines in figure 7A. In figure 7B the equal level lines K are drafted as solid lines. The groundwater flows L that are perpendicular thereto are determined and indicated with dashed arrows. A selection of groundwater flows L is directed to the sea spring 30 to be sampled. From this selection the boreholes upstream of the planned lagoon 30 are selected from which water samples are taken for further investigation. These water samples give a good prediction of the fresh water that is released by the sea spring 30.
It is to be understood that the above description is included to illustrate the operation of the preferred embodiments and is not meant to limit the scope of the invention. From the above discussion, many variations will be apparent to one skilled in the art that would yet be encompassed by the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims (23)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL1040068A NL1040068C2 (en) | 2013-02-26 | 2013-02-26 | Artificial sea spring infrastructure. |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL1040068 | 2013-02-26 | ||
| NL1040068A NL1040068C2 (en) | 2013-02-26 | 2013-02-26 | Artificial sea spring infrastructure. |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| NL1040068C2 true NL1040068C2 (en) | 2014-08-27 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| NL1040068A NL1040068C2 (en) | 2013-02-26 | 2013-02-26 | Artificial sea spring infrastructure. |
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Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1981002905A1 (en) * | 1980-04-02 | 1981-10-15 | Komarom Megyei Tanacsi Tervezo | Pond with filtered water |
| WO2004074583A1 (en) * | 2003-02-18 | 2004-09-02 | Shuqing Yang | Coastal reservoirs |
-
2013
- 2013-02-26 NL NL1040068A patent/NL1040068C2/en active
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1981002905A1 (en) * | 1980-04-02 | 1981-10-15 | Komarom Megyei Tanacsi Tervezo | Pond with filtered water |
| WO2004074583A1 (en) * | 2003-02-18 | 2004-09-02 | Shuqing Yang | Coastal reservoirs |
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