MXPA06004014A - Resilient electrical cables - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed are compression, stretch, and crush resistant cables which are dispatched into wellbores. The cables include at least one insulated conductor, a compression and creep resistant jacket comprising a carbon fiber material surrounding the insulated conductor, a filler material, placed in interstitial spaces formed between the compression and creep resistant jacket and the insulated conductor, and at least one layer of armor wires surrounding the insulated conductor and compression and creep resistant jacket. The filler material may be a non-compressible filler material, and may contain compression resistant filler rods in the interstitial spaces formed between the compression and creep resistant jacket and the insulated conductor. The invention also relates to method for manufacturing and uses of wellbore cables.

Description

ELASTIC ELECTRICAL CABLES Field of the Invention This invention relates to shielded electrical recording cables, as well as methods for manufacturing and using said cables. In one aspect, the invention relates to cables resistant to compression, stretching and crushing which are shipped to test wells with devices and analyze geological formations adjacent to a well before finishing and methods for using same. Description of the Related Branch Generally , the geological formations inside the earth containing oil and / or petroleum gas have properties that can be linked to the capacity of the formations to contain said products. For example, formations that contain oil or petroleum gas have higher electrical resistivity than those that contain water. Formations generally comprising sandstone or limestone may contain oil or petroleum gas. Formations that generally comprise shale, which can also encapsulate formations that contain oil, may have much larger porosities than those of sandstone or limestone, but, because the grain size is very small, it can be very difficult to remove the oil or gas trapped in it. Consequently, it may be desirable measure varicharacteristics of the geological formations adjacent to a well before completion to help determine the location of a formation containing oil and / or petroleum gas as well as the amount of oil and / or oil gas trapped within the formation . The logging tools, which are generally long, tube-like devices, can be lowered into the well to measure these characteristics at different depths along the well. These recording tools may include gamma ray emitters / receivers, calibration devices, resistivity measuring devices, neutron emitters / receivers, and the like, which are used to perceive characteristics of formations adjacent to the well. A wireline shielded log cable connects the logging tool with one or more electrical power sources and data analysis equipment on the earth's surface, as well as providing structural support to logging tools as they are made descend and raise through the well. Generally, the wire line cable is unraveled from a drum unit from a truck or an installation into the sea, on pulleys and down to the well. Wireline cables are typically formed from a combination of metallic conductors, insulating material, filling materials, shirts, and shielding wires. The sleeves usually h a cable core, in which the core contains metallic conductors, insulating material, fillers and the like. The shield wires usually surround the shirts and core. Isolated conductors are typically placed in or near the core. Commonly, the useful life of a borehole electrical cable is typically limited to only around 6 to 24 months. In the downhole environment, wireline cables are subjected to pressures that may exceed 1,757.50 kg / cm2 (25, -000 psi) and temperatures in excess of 232 ° C (450 ° F). At such high pressures, the insulating material in conductors can slip due to the high compressive force leading to potential conductor failure. Likewise, in typical wire line cable construction, cotton yarns are formed in cable towards the interstitial spaces between the conductors to expedite the process of core assembly of cable and provide a closure to the cylindrical surface to allow for simple extrusions or forming of helical layer of metallic wires, even though these threads are also compressible. When a typical cable is placed under high compression forces, the wire is compressed and contributes to the deformation of the cable core that contains the isolated conductors. Commonly, polymeric shirts are placed over the cores of wire line cables. These polymer liners protect the core and the electrical transmission medium from the hostile chemical environment that wireline log cables encounter during deployment. Under high stress and hydrostatic pressures, the jacket material potentially slides into spaces formed between the armored wires, and between the shield wires and the cable core, and does not return to its original shape or position. After the cable is removed from the borehole, the core is permanently deformed, and the insulation in helical conductors can slide towards the shield wires, significantly decreasing, or eliminating, the electrical transmission capacity of the cable. Also, as the cable deforms, it may also be prone to damage by crushing as the cable, for example, is shipped from the reel to the borehole on a pulley or at crossing points on the tension drum. elevated Protection against cable compression damage is typically achieved by minimizing core space between insulated conductors using filler materials. Unfortunately, these design approaches they still result in cables that are prone to compression damage, since most compression damage is still related to the operation of cotton wire and highly fluid polymeric jacket materials. Compression and tension forces coupled with weakness of the yarn and / or polymer jacket material can result in flow of the filler material, and thus cable deformation. In this way, there is a need for borehole electrical cables that are resistant to compression, stretching and crushing damage as well as being resistant to material slippage at both, high temperatures and pressures. An electrical cable that can top one or more of the above-described problems while conducting larger amounts of power with significant data signal transmission capacity would be highly desirable, and the need is filled at least in part by the following invention. BRIEF COMPENDI OF THE INVENTION In one aspect of the invention, a borehole electrical cable is provided. The cable includes at least one conductor isolated a compression and sliding resistant jacket comprising a carbon fiber material surrounding the insulated conductor, a filling material placed in interstitial spaces formed between the compression and sliding resistant jacket and the insulated conductor, and at least one layer of shielding wires surrounding the insulated conductors and sleeve resistant to compression and sliding. The cable may further include a fiber reinforced tape where the tape is surrounded by the compression and sliding resistant jacket, the insulated conductor may contain a plurality of metallic conductors housed in the insulation layer, and the insulation layer may be a stacked dielectric design. The compression and sliding resistant jacket can be made of a polymeric material such as polyolefins, polyarylether ether ketone, polyaryl ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide, modified polyphenylene sulfide, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene polymers, poly (1) polymers, 4-phenylene), polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxy, fluorinated ethylene propylene, an ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene polymer, ethylene cloxotrifluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene-perfluoromethylvinylether, and any mixtures thereof. The filler material can be a non-compressible filler material. In some embodiments of cable of the invention, multiple insulated conductors are used in the core, to form a cable such as a heptacable. The cables also They can include a soft shirt that houses the shirt resistant to compression and sliding. The soft jacket can be made of the same polymeric material as the compression and sliding resistant jacket or a different polymeric material. Likewise, the soft shirt and the shirt resistant to compression and sliding can be chemically and / or mechanically linked to each other, or still remain unbonded. Furthermore, the cables according to the invention can contain compression-resistant filling rods in the interstitial spaces formed between the compression and sliding resistant jacket and the insulated conductor. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a borehole cable including providing at least one insulated conductor comprising a polymeric insulating material wherein the insulation can be formed by extruding a first layer of polymer material having a first dielectric constant. on a conductor, and then extruding a second layer of polymeric material having a second dielectric constant on the first layer of polymeric material, then optionally providing at least one compression-resistant filling rod, and arranging a filling material in the spaces interstitial volumetric formed between a shirt resistant to compression and sliding containing carbon fibers, compression-resistant filler rod, and insulated conductor. Then, a fiberglass-reinforced polymer tape can be served over the cable core containing the insulated conductor, filler material, and compression-resistant filler rods. A compression and sliding resistant jacket containing carbon fibers is then extruded onto an optional belt and cable core, and a soft jacket can be extruded onto the compression and sliding resistant jacket. Finally, two layers of opposing helical metal shield wire can be served thereon. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention can be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Figure 1 illustrates a cross-section of a typical previous branch cable design used for downhole applications. Figure 2 illustrates a cross-sectional representation of the effects of compression and slip damage on cables of the previous branch. Figure 3 is a stylized cross section representation of filling rods of fluoropolymer deformed, used in some cables of the previous branch that are not extruded on an internal structure. Figure 4 is a stylized cross-sectional representation of a compression-resistant filling rod including extruded compression-resistant polymer on a compression-resistant rod, such as tightly twisted synthetic yarn. Figure 5 is a cross-sectional illustration of a heptacable embodiment according to the invention. Figure 6 is a cross-sectional representation of a jacket including a soft jacket made of polymeric material surrounding a compression and slip resistant jacket comprising carbon fiber material. Figure 7 is a cross-sectional representation of a cable jacket including a soft jacket over a compression and slip resistant jacket comprising a carbon fiber material when the cable under tension and compression as well as under no load. Figure 8 is a cross section illustrating a cable wherein the jacket resistant to Compression and sliding is made of a polymer amended with short carbon fibers. Figure 9 is a cross-sectional representation of a compression and sliding resistant jacket made of a polymeric material and short carbon fibers when the cable is placed under tension and compression as well as under no load. Figure 10 is a cross-section illustrating a cable wherein the jacket comprises a soft jacket and compression and sliding resistant jacket wherein the two layers can slide relative to each other. Figure 11 is a cross-section illustrating a cable embodiment of the invention, wherein a soft outer jacket is bonded to an internal jacket resistant to compression and slip, both by housing the cable core. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MODALITIES OF THE INVENTION The illustrative embodiments of the invention are described below. In the interest of clarity, not all the particulars of an actual implementation are described in this specification. Of course it will be appreciated that in the development of any real modality, numerous specific decisions on impl en entation must be made to achieve the specific goals of the developer, such as compliance with related system and business-related restrictions, which will vary from one implementation to another. In addition, it will be appreciated that said development effort could be complex and time-consuming, but, nonetheless, it would be a routine to assume by those of ordinary experience in the branch that has the benefit of this exhibition. The invention relates to wellbore cables and methods for manufacturing them, as well as uses thereof. In one aspect, the invention relates to elastic electrical cables used with devices for analyzing geological formations adjacent to a borehole, methods for manufacturing them, and uses of the cables in seismic and borehole operations. The cables according to the invention described herein are resistant to damage by stretching compression and crushing as well as material slippage at elevated temperatures and / or pressures, thus extending the useful life of the cable, especially in borehole or borehole applications. . It has been found that placing a compression and sliding resistant jacket around the cable core provides a layer of elastic jacket formation that is resistant to slippage. Additionally, it includes a filler rod Resistant to compression and / or non-compressible filler material in the core can further improve the elasticity and sliding resistance of the cable. Operationally, the cables in accordance with the invention eliminate the cable cable life problems of the previous branch due to compression, sliding and crushing weakness. The cables of the invention generally include at least one insulated conductor, at least one layer of shielding wires surrounding the insulated conductor, a compression and skid resistant jacket housing the core, and a filler material, which may be non-conductive. compressible, arranged in the interstitial spaces formed between the jacket and the insulated conductor. Isolated conductors useful in embodiments of the invention include metallic conductors, or even one or more optical fibers housed in an insulated jacket. Any suitable metallic conductors can be used. Examples of metallic conductors include, but are not necessarily limited to, copper, nickel-coated copper, or aluminum. The preferred metallic conductors are copper conductors. While any suitable number of metallic conductors can be used in forming the insulated conductor, preferably from 1 to approximately 60 metallic conductors are used, more preferably 7, 19 or 37 metallic conductors. The insulated shirts can be prepared from any suitable materials known in the art. In the modem cable of the invention, one or more insulated conductors may comprise at least one optical fiber. Any commercially available optical fibers can be used. The optical fibers can be single-mode fibers or fibers in multiple ways, which are hermetically coated or not coated. When they are hermetically coated, a carbon or metallic coating is typically applied on the optical fibers. An optical fiber can be placed in any location in a conventional wireline cable core configuration. The optical fibers can be placed centrally or helically in the cable. One or more additional coatings, such as, but not limited to acrylic coatings, silicon coatings, silicon / PFA coatings, silicone / PRA / silicone coatings or polyimide coatings, may be applied to the optical fiber. The commercially available coated optical fibers may receive another coating of a mild polymeric material such as silicone, EPDM, and the like, to accommodate embedding of any metallic conductors cut around the optical fibers. Said coating may allow The space between the optical fiber and the metallic conductors is completely filled, as well as reduction in the attenuation of data transmission capacity of the optical fiber. The placement of optical fibers in various positions and areas of the cable creates a wide variety of means to monitor the well drilling activity and conditions. When the optical fiber is placed in a helical position within the cable, measurements of physical properties downhole, such as temperature or pressure, among many others, are quickly acquired. Conversely, placing the optical fiber in a central position on the central axis of the cable allows effort measurements. Examples of suitable insulated jacket materials used in insulated conductors include, but are not necessarily limited to, polytetrafluoroethylene-perfluoromethyl vinyl ether (MFA) polymer, perfluoro-alkoxyalkane polymer (PFA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymer, ethylene-polymer tetrafluoroethylene (ATFE), .ethylpropylene copolymer (EPC), poly (4-methyl-1-pentene) (TPXir) available from Mitsui chemicals, Inc.), other polyolefins. Others, fluoropolymers, polyether ether ketone polymer (PEEK), chlorinated ethylene propylene polymer, sulfide polymer of polyphenylene (PPS), modified polyphenylene sulfide polymer, polyether ketone polymer (PEK), modified polymers of maleic anhydride, Parmax (R) SRP polymers (self-reinforcing polymers manufactured by Mississippi Polymer Technologies, Inc., based on a structure of substituted poly (1-4-phenylene), wherein each phenylene ring has a substituent of group R derived from a wide variety of organic groups) or the like, and any mixtures thereof. In some embodiments of the invention, the insulated conductors are stacked dielectric insulated conductors, with electrical field suppression characteristics, such as those used in the cables described in the U.S. Patent. No. 6, -600,108 (Mydur, et al), incorporated below by reference. These stacked dielectric insulated conductors generally includes a first layer of insulating jacket disposed around the metallic conductors wherein the first insulating jacket layer has a first relative permissiveness, and a second insulating jacket layer disposed around the first insulating jacket layer which it has a second relative permissiveness that is less than the first relative permissiveness. The first relative permissiveness is within a scale of about 2.5 to about 10.0, and the second relative permissiveness is within a scale of about 1.8 to about 5.0. The cable embodiments according to the invention include a compression and slip resistant jacket which may comprise a carbon fiber material, wherein the jacket surrounds the cable core. The jacket preferably includes at least one polymeric material and one carbon fiber component. While any polymeric material that provides a compression resistant jacket can be used, suitable examples include, but are not necessarily limited to, polyolefins, polyarylether ether ketone, polyaryl ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide, modified polyphenylene sulfide, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene polymers, poly (1,4-phenylene) polymers, polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxy, fluorinated ethylene propylene, an ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene polymer, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (such as Halar (R), polytetrafluoroethylene-perfluoromethylvinylether, and any mixtures thereof). Particularly useful polymeric materials include polyarylether ether ketone, perfluoroalkoxy polymer, and fluorinated ethylene propylene polymers.The carbon fiber component useful in the jacket can be any suitable carbon fiber material.

The carbon fiber has an average length of about 120 mm or less, and is included in the compression-resistant liner in an amount of about 30% or less by weight of the total liner weight. More preferably, the carbon fiber material is incorporated in an amount of about 10% or less by weight of the total weight of the jacket. The carbon fiber component can be shortened in length, grinding for example, to optimize the elongation properties of the jacket. Alternatively, the compression and slip resistant jacket of some cable embodiments may comprise other fibrous materials including, but not necessarily limited to, glass fibers, Kevlar (R) fibers, quartz, VectranÍR) and the like. Shirts that are resistant to compression and slippage on the cable core can serve other purposes as well. For example, the shirt can serve as a barrel against harmful downhole fluids. The sleeves may also provide a gripping surface for the shielding wires. This gripping surface can help the materials in the wire line cable (which have different stretching coefficients), stretch as a cohesive unit. The traditional polymers appropriate to provide resistance to crushing, slippage and compression tend to be relatively hard and smooth, where the shielding wires are not easily embedded therein, thus minimizing any effectiveness as a grip surface. The compression-resistant filling rods are placed in the interstices formed between the compression-resistant and slip resistant jacket and insulated conductors in the core of some cables according to the invention. In addition, the compression-resistant filling rods can be compression-resistant rods with a compression-resistant polymer housing the rod. The filling rods can be formed of several tightly twisted synthetic yarns, or monofilaments. The materials used to prepare compression-resistant filling rods include, but are not necessarily limited to, tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyester ketone (PEK), fluoropolymers, and synthetic fibers. , such as polyester, polyamides, KevlarÍR), VectranÍR), fiberglass, carbon fiber, quartz fiber and the like. Examples of compression resistant polymers used to house the filler rod include, for example, non-limiting, Tefzel (R) MEA, perfluoroalkoxy resin (PFA), ethylene fluorinated propylene (FEP), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyolefins (such as [EPC], or polypropylene [PPJ] fluoropolymers reinforced with carbon fiber, and the like. These compression-resistant filling rods can also minimize damage to optical fibers since the cable will maintain better geometry in circumstances where high voltage is applied. The cables according to the invention include at least one layer of shield wires surrounding the insulated conductor. The shielding wires may generally be made of any material of high tensile strength including, but not necessarily limited to, galvanized improved strength steel, alloy steel or the like. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the cables comprise a layer of internal shield wire surrounding the insulated conductor and an outer shield wire layer served around the inner shield wire layer. A protective polymeric coating can be applied to each strand of shield wire for protection against corrosion or even to promote bonding between the shield wire and the polymeric material disposed in the interstitial space. As used herein, the term bond is try that includes chemical bond, mechanical bond, or any combination thereof. Examples of coating materials that can be used include, but are not necessarily limited to, fluoropolymers, fluorinated ethylene propylene polymers (FEP), ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene polymers TefzelÍR), perfluoro-alkoxyalkane polymer (PFA), polytetrafluoroethylene polymer (PTFE), polytetrafluoroethylene-perfluoromethylvinyl ether (MEA) polymer, polyether ether ether ketone polymer (PEEK), or polyether ketone polymer (PEK) with combination of fluoropolymer, polyphenylene sulfide polymer (PPS), combination of PPS and PTFE , latex or rubber coatings, and the like. Each shield wire may also be plated with materials for corrosion protection or even to promote bonding between the shield wire and the polymeric material. Non-limiting examples of suitable plating materials include brass, copper alloys, nickel alloys, and the like, the plated shield wires may be cords such as rim ropes. While any effective thickness of plating or coating material can be used, a thickness of about 10 microns to about 100 microns is preferred. the filling materials are arranged in the interstitial spaces formed between the resistant shirt to compression and slippage and the isolated conductor. Suitable examples of filler materials that are non-compressible, include, but are not necessarily limited to polymers of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), nitrile rubbers, butyl-nitrile rubbers, fluoropolymers, and the like. The cables in accordance with the invention can be of any practical design, including single cables, coaxial cables, cables, heptacables, and the like. In coaxial cable designs of the invention, a plurality of metallic conductors surround the insulated conductor, and are positioned around the same axis as the insulated conductor. Likewise, for any cables of the invention, the insulated conductors may additionally be housed in a belt. All materials, including the. Ribbon disposed around the insulated conductors can be selected so that they will be chemically and / or mechanically bonded together. The cables of the invention can have an external diameter of about 1 mm to about 125 mm, and preferably, a diameter of about 2 mm to about 12 mm. The materials forming the insulating layers and the jacket materials used in the cables according to the invention may further include a fluoropolymer additive, or fluoropolymer additives, in the material mixture to form the cable. Said additives may be useful for producing high quality long cable lengths at high manufacturing rates. Suitable fluoropolymer additives include, but are not necessarily limited to, polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxy polymer, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, fluorinated ethylene propylene, poly. perfluorinated (ethylene-propylene), and any mixture thereof. the fluoropolymers can also be copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene and optionally a third comonomer, copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride and optionally a third comonomer, copolymer of chlorotrifluoroethylene and ethylene and optionally a third comonomer, copolymers of hexafluorpropylene and ethylene and optionally third comonomer, and copolymers of hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride and optionally a third comonomer. The fluoropolymer additive should have a melting peak temperature lower than the expression processing temperature, and preferably in the range from about 200 ° C to about 350 ° C. To prepare the mixture, the fluoropolymer additive is mix with the insulating jacket or polymeric material. The fluoropolymer additive may be incorporated into the mixture in the amount of about 5% or less by weight based on the total weight of the mixture, preferably about 1% by weight based or less based on the total weight of the mixture, more preferably about 0.75% or less based on the total weight of the mixture, the components used in cables according to the invention can be placed at an angle of zero lay or any suitable laying angle relative to the central axis of the cable. Generally, a central insulated conductor is placed at zero lay angle, while those components surrounding a central insulated conductor are helically positioned around the central insulated conductor at the desired lay angles. A pair of layers of layered shield wire may be against winding, or placed at opposite laying angles. Figure 1 illustrates a cross-section of a typical cable design of the previous branch used for downhole applications. The cable 100 includes at least one insulated conductor 102 (only one shown) having multiple conductors 104 and a polymeric insulating material 106. The cable 100 may further include interstitial filling yarns (only one indicated) 108, such as a cotton yarn, and an interstitial filling material 110 surrounding the insulated conductors 102. A tape and / or tape sleeve 112 surrounds the cable core containing the insulated conductors 102, filler yarns 108, and interstitial filler material 110, the tape 112 is housed in a shell 114 that is incompressible and prone to slippage. A first shielding layer 116 and a second shielding layer 118, generally made of a material of high tensile strength such as improved galvanized steel, alloy steel, or the like, surround the liner 114. Figure 2 illustrates a Cross section representation of wire compression damage effects of the previous branch. Referring to the cable 100 as illustrated in Figure 1, under compression loads of about 400 kgs to about 2500 kgs, for example, which can be found in such operations as rewinding a cable to a drum while it is under tension, or even shallow well log, the interstitial filling yarns 108 may be compressed and deformed, the deformation of the yarns 108 leads to displacement and deformation of the filler 110 and the insulated conductor 102. Said deformation finally leads to displacement and deformation of the jacket 114 to the extent that the jacket 114 can be pressed towards the spaces between the shielding wires 116 and 118. The displacement of the sleeve 114 ultimately results in cable failure since the electrical conductive integrity of the insulated conductors 102 is compromised, in the case of offset / horizontal wells, the tensile loads required on the surface of the well can exceed 8,000 kgs. At such loads, or even higher than 5,000 kgs, the commonly used non-reinforced thermoplastic sleeves are prone to slip into the interstices between the individual shield wires, typically leading to cable failure. In some embodiments of the invention, interstitial fillings of conventional cotton yarn are replaced with compression resistant polymer rods. Traditionally, extruding pure polymer rods is known to be difficult and often impractical. Fluoropolymers are commonly used in wire line cable applications due to their notorious chemical resistance. Unfortunately, when fluoropolymers are not extruded on an internal structure, as shown in Figure 3, the symmetry and integrity may be compromised. Trying to extrude long fluoropolymer rods without a core structure typically leads to rod deformation during the cooling process. As a result, making long stretches of fluoropolymer rods of alpha temperature tolerance, high diameter with a high degree of symmetry may not be practically feasible. Another interest during the wiring process is that the rods can be stretched making them prone to breakage or variation in diameter. Referring to Figure 4, the problem shown in Figure 3 can be improved by extruding a compression-resistant polymer 402 onto a compression-resistant rod such as tightly twisted synthetic yarn 404. As illustrated in Figure 4, the polymer 402 is extruded by compression to a final diameter of about 350 microns to about 1000 microns on a tightly twisted yarn 404 with a diameter of between about 125 microns to about 500 microns. the internal structure provided by the tightly twisted yarn 404 is sufficient to maintain the round profile as the rod cools. This structure also allows higher extrusion speeds without rod deformation, as well as preventing stretching during the wiring process. the structure 404 can also be a composite rod reinforced with fiber or even solid monofilament. Figure 5 illustrates a cable mode according to the invention, which is a heptacable design. In Figure 5, the cable 500 is comprised of seven insulated conductors (only one indicated) 502 having multiple conductors 504 and a polymeric insulating material 506. Cable 500 includes a compression-resistant filler rod (only one indicated) 508, and a non-compressible filler material 510 placed in the interstitial spaces formed between the compression and slip resistant jacket containing a carbon fiber 514 and insulated conductors 50.2. An optional belt 512 may surround the cable core containing the insulated conductors 502, compression-resistant filling rods 508, and non-compressible filling material 510. A first armor box 516 and a second armor layer 518, both generally made of a material of high tensile strength such as improved galvanized steel, steel alloy or the like, surround the jacket 514. the resistant filling rod 508 The compression material contains an extruded compression-resistant polymer on a compression-resistant rod, such as tightly twisted synthetic yarn 520, or even a reinforced short or long fiber composite rod. In a method for preparing a cable, such as a cable similar to the cable 500 as illustrated in Figure 5, at least one insulated conductor 502 is provided where the polymeric insulating material 506 is formed by extruding a first layer of polymeric material over the conductor 504 having a first dielectric constant, and extruding a second layer of polymeric material having a second dielectric constant, which is less than the first, on the first layer of polymeric material. Seven of these insulated conductors 502 are stacked together, a central insulated conductor placed on the central axis of the cable, and the remaining insulated conductors are wound helically thereon. the interstitial volumetric spaces formed between the compression and slip resistant jacket 514 and insulated conductors 502 are filled with a filler material 510. Seven compression rods 508 resistant to compression, are also placed helically in the interstitial volumetric spaces. A fiberglass-reinforced polymeric tape 512 is placed over the cable core containing the insulated conductors 502, filler material 510, compression-resistant filler rods 5 '"8. A compression and skid-resistant jacket containing short carbon fibers 514 are extruded onto the tape 512, insulated conductors 502, filler material 510, and compression-resistant filler rods 508. A soft, slip-resistant jacket made of the same polymeric material as the chemically resistant jacket. the compression and slip containing carbon fibers 514, but without the carbon fiber, then extruded on the compression and slip resistant jacket containing the carbon fibers 514. then, two layers 516 and 518 of shield wire metallic against helical are arranged on it. As described above, some cable embodiments of the invention may use a soft jacket made of polymeric material surrounding the compression and slip resistant jacket comprising a carbon fiber material. Such designs provide resistance to compression, slippage and crushing, as well as a gripping surface. As shown in Figure 6, a cross-sectional representation of a jacket including a soft jacket, a soft jacket 602 is extruded onto the compression and slip resistant jacket comprising a carbon fiber material 604. the soft jacket 602 can be allowed to slide towards and fill the space formed between the first shielding layer and the compression / slip resistant jacket comprising a carbon fiber material 604. Both shirts 602 and 604 are composed of the same polymeric material. Because the same polymer is used for both layers, the layers are chemically and mechanically bound. Since the soft outer jacket 7602 provides a gripping surface, the shielding wires can be embedded therein. As shown in Figure 7, which is a cross-sectional representation of a cable jacket that includes a soft jacket 702 on a compression-resistant jacket and slipping comprising a carbon fiber material 704, when the cable is put under tension and compression, scenario B, the shielding wires 706 can be embedded in the soft outer jacket 702, which is allowed to slide towards and fill the space formed between a first shielding layer and the compression and slip resistant jacket comprising a carbon fiber material 704 but will be stopped by the jacket 704 resistant to compression and slippage. When the cable is not under any load, scenario A, the shield wires 706 may be slightly embedded in the soft outer jacket 702. Alternatively, in some embodiments of the invention, the soft sleeve 702 can be used to fill the interstitial spaces formed between the compression and slip resistant sleeve 704 and the first layer of shield wires 706. This can be achieved in one method, by applying heat as the first shield wire is laid over the soft jacket and in the process of wiring. In such a case, when the cable is under tension, little to no compression occurs since the sleeve 704 resistant to compression and slippage does not allow additional slippage. This can provide a cable with very low draw under high tension. In other types of cables in accordance with In the invention, the compression and slip resistant jacket is made of a polymeric material and short carbon fibers, as illustrated in Figure 8. In Fig. 8, the outer layer 802 and the inner layer 804 of the sleeve 800 resistant to the compression and slippage are composed of the same materials. As shown in Figure 9, which is a cross-sectional representation of a compression and slip resistant jacket made of a polymeric material and short carbon fibers when the cable is put under tension and compression. While the cable is not under voltage or load, in scenario A, the shield wires 906 may not be significantly embedded, but may still have an adequate grip with the sleeve 902. Alternatively, during the armoring and prestressing step, the The core can be heated to allow the shield wires to partially embed toward the hard sleeve, or even to fill the space between the shield wires 906 and the sleeve resistant to compression and slip. After cooling, the jacket hardens to provide resistance to compression, slippage and crushing. When placed under tension or load, scenario B, the shield wires resist biting towards the shirt significantly since the sleeve is resistant to slippage while the space between the wires Shield and shirt are filled during the embedded in the shielding process. In other embodiments of cables according to the invention, the compression and slip resistant jacket is made of a polymeric material and short carbon fibers, as illustrated in Figure 8. In Figure 8, the outer layer 802 and the 804 internal layer of the 800 compression and slip resistant jacket are composed of the same material. As shown in Figure 9, which is a cross-sectional representation of a compression and slip resistant jacket made of a polymeric material and short carbon fibers when the cable is put under tension and compression, while the cable is not under tension or load, in scenario A, shielding wires 906 may not be significantly embedded, but may still have proper grip with sleeve 902. Alternatively, during the shielding and prestressing stage, the core may be heated to allow the shielding wires are partially embedded in the hard jacket, or still fill the space between the shielding wires 9076 and the jacket resistant to compression and slippage. After cooling, the jacket hardens to provide resistance to compression, slippage and crushing. When put under tension or load, scenario B, the shielding wires resist biting towards the shirt significantly since the sleeve is resistant to slippage while the space between the shield and sleeve wires fill during the embedded in the shielding process. Referring now to Figure 11, which is a cable embodiment of the invention wherein a soft outer jacket is bonded to an internal jacket resistant to compression and slippage. As shown in Figure 11, an outer soft jacket 1102 and the compression and slip resistant jacket 1104 are layered and bonded together by adding a bond layer 1108. the link layer may be based on a polyethylene compatibilizer. A common polyethylene compatibilizer is polyethylene grafted with unsaturated anhydrides, such as maleic anhydride, norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride, (NBDCA), and the like. The unsaturated anhydrides can react with the nylon amine groups or even the alcohol groups of ethylene vinyl alcohol polymers or even polyurethane polymers. For example, the link layer may also be based on polypropylene copolymer compatibilizers, such as ethylene propylene copolymer grafted with unsaturated anhydrides. Polypropylene co-pathogens may also be used, such as polypropylene copolymer grafted with unsaturated anhydrides such as maleic anhydride, norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride (NBDCA), and the like. Other functional groups such as carboxylic acids or silanes can be grafted therein and used as well. compatibilizers based on fluoropolymers that are capable of binding to other fluoropolymers or polar polymers, such as nylon, can also be used. Likewise, compatibilizers based on fluoropolymers and polyether ketones that are capable of binding to polyether ketones are also useful. Again, with reference to Figure 11, the compression and slip resistant jacket 1104 reduces the possibility of compression, slip or crush damage, while the soft jacket 1102 allows the shielding wires 1106 to partially embed and hold while they are under tension, loading, and / or compression, as shown in scenario B. The link layer 1108 links the two layers together, further improving the grip of the shielding wires 1106 on the sleeve, and hence the core of cable. When the cable is not under any load, scenario A, the shield wires 1106 may not be embedded, or only slightly incrusted, towards the soft jacket 1102. the cables of the invention may include shield wires used as return wires for electrical current that provide ground paths for downhole equipment or tools. the invention allows the use of shielding wires for current return while minimizing the danger of electric shock, In some embodiments, the polymeric material isolates at least one shield wire in the first layer of shielding wires thereby allowing its use as return wires for electric current. the cables in accordance with the invention can be used with borehole devices to perform operations in boreholes penetrating geological formations that may contain gas and oil deposits. the cables can be used to interconnect well logging tools, such as gamma ray emitters / receivers, calibration devices, resistivity measuring devices, seismic devices, neutron emitters / receivers, and the like, to one or more supplies of energy and data logging equipment out of the well. the cables of the invention can also be used in seismic operations, including subsea and subterranean seismic operations. The cables can also be useful as permanent monitoring cables for boreholes. the particular embodiments described above are illustrative only, since the invention can be modified and practiced in different but apparent ways to those experts in the field who have the benefit of the teachings herein. In addition, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design shown herein, other than those described in the claims below. Therefore, it is evident that the particular embodiments described above can be altered or modified and all these variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention. In particular, each scale of values (of the form, "from about a, to about b" or equivalently, "from about aab", or equivalently, "from about ab") described herein is to be understood as doing xeference to the adjusted energy (the game of all subgames) of the respective scale of values. Accordingly, the protection sought in the present is as set forth in the claims below.

Claims (1)

CLAIMS 1.- An electric cable that comprises: (a) at least one insulated conductor; (b) a compression and slip resistant jacket comprising a carbon fiber material surrounding the insulated conductor? (c) at least one compression-resistant filler rod and a filler material placed in interstitial spaces formed between the compression and slip-resistant jacket and the at least one insulated conductor; and (d) at least one layer of shielding wires surrounding at least one insulated conductor and the jacket resistant to compression and slippage. 2. A cable according to claim 1, further comprising a fiber reinforced tape wherein the tape is surrounded by the jacket resistant to compression and slip. 3, - A cable according to claim 1, wherein the at least one insulated conductor comprises a plurality of metallic conductors housed in an insulating layer. 4.- A cable in accordance with the
1. Claim 1, wherein one or more insulated conductors comprises at least one optical fiber. 5. A cable according to claim 4, wherein the optical fiber has a silicone / perfluoro-alkoxyalkane (PEA) / silicone coating. 6. A cable according to claim 3, wherein at least one insulated conductor comprises an insulation layer comprising: (a) a first layer of insulating jacket disposed around the metallic conductors wherein the first layer of insulating jacket has a First relative permissiveness; and (b) a second insulating jacket layer disposed around the first insulating jacket layer and having a second relative permissiveness that is less than the first relative permissiveness. 7. A cable according to claim 6, wherein the first relative permissiveness is within a scale of about 2.5 to about 10.0, and wherein the second relative permissiveness is within the scale of about 1.8. at about 5.0, and where the first relative permissiveness is higher than the second relative permissiveness, 8.- A cable in accordance with the claim 1, further comprising a plurality of metal conductors surrounding the insulated conductor. 9. A cable according to claim 1, wherein the sleeve resistant to compression and slip comprises a polymer material selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, polyarylether ether ketone, polyaryl ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide, sulfide modified polyphenylene, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene polymers, poly (1,4-phenylene) polymers, polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxy, fluorinated propylene ethylene, chlorinated ethylene propylene, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, - polytetrafluoroethylene-perfluoromethylvinylether, and any mixtures thereof. 10. A cable according to claim 1, wherein the compression and slip resistant jacket comprises an ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene polymer. 11. A cable according to claim 1, wherein the sleeve resistant to compression and slip comprises perfluoroalkoxy polymer. 12. A cable according to claim 1, wherein the sleeve resistant to compression and slip comprises an ethylene polymer pxopileno fluoxado. 13. A cable according to claim 1, wherein the at least one insulated conductor comprises seven insulated conductors forming interstices between each of the insulated conductors, and between six of the insulated conductors and compression and slip resistant jacket , and wherein the interstices are filled with a non-compressible filler material, 14. A cable according to claim 13, further comprising at least one compression rod resistant to compression in the interstices. 15. A cable according to claim 14, wherein the at least one compression-resistant filler rod comprises a compression-resistant rod and a compression-resistant polymer is accommodated to the rod. 16. - A cable according to claim 1, further comprising a soft jacket that houses the shirt resistant to compression and slip, comprising a fibxa carbon material. 17. A cable according to claim 16, wherein the soft shirt and the shirt Resistant to compression and slippage comprise the same polymeric material, and wherein the soft jacket and the shirt resistant to compression and slippage are bonded. 18. A cable according to claim 16, wherein the soft jacket, the compression and slip resistant jacket comprise the same polymeric material, and wherein the soft jacket and the compression resistant jacket are not bonded. 19. A cable according to claim 1, which is a mono cable, a cable, a heptacable or a coaxial cable. 20. A cable according to claim 1, wherein at least one layer of shield wires comprises a first internal layer of shield wire and a second external layer of shield wire. 21. An electric cable comprising: (a) more than one insulated conductor and at least one interstitial compression rod resistant to compression; (b) a fiber reinforced tape surrounding the insulated conductors and compression-resistant interstitial filling rod; (c) a polymeric shirt comprising a material polymeric and a carbon fiber material, wherein the polymer jacket houses the fiber reinforced tape, insulated conductors, and compression-resistant interstitial filling rod; (d) a non-compressible filler material that fills the interstices formed between the insulated conductor, compression-resistant interstitial filling rod, and fiber-reinforced tape; (e) a soft jacket comprising a polymeric material that houses and is bonded to the polymeric jacket; and (f) a first layer of internal shield wire and a second layer of external shield wire surround the soft jacket. 22. A cable in accordance with claim 1, as used in wellbore operations, well registration operations, or seismic operations. 23. A method for manufacturing a borehole cable comprising: (a) providing at least one insulated conductor comprising a polymeric insulating material, wherein the insulating material is formed by extruding a first layer of polymeric material having a first dielectric constant on a conductor, and then extruding a second layer of polymeric material having a second dielectric constant on the first layer of polymeric material; (b) providing at least one compression rod resistant to compression; (c) arranging a filling material in the interstitial volumetric spaces formed between a compression-resistant jacket containing carbon fibers, the compression-resistant filling rod, and the insulated conductor; (d) serving a glass fiber reinforced polymer tape over a cable core containing the insulated conductor, filler material, and compression-resistant filling rods; (e) extruding a compression and slip resistant jacket comprising carbon fibers on the belt and cable core; (f) Extrude a soft jacket that uses the same polymeric material as the compression and slip resistant jacket that contains carbon fibers on the sleeve resistant to compression and slip that contains carbon fibers; and (g) serving two layers of opposing helical metal shield wire over the soft jacket.