MXPA00011138A - Transgenic plants with a modified activity of a plastidial adp/atp translocator - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to transgenic plant cells and plants which, compared to wild type cells or plants, exhibit an increased yield, especially an increased oil and/or starch content, and which preferably synthesize a modified starch. The described plants exhibit an increase or a decrease of the plastidial ADP/ATP translocator activity.

Description

TRANSGENIC PLANTS WITH MODIFIED ACTIVITY OF A PLASTIC ADP / ATP TRANSLOCATOR The present invention relates to cells of transgenic plants and plants with increased activity of plastidary ADP / ATP translocator. These cells and plants exhibit an increased yield, preferably an increased content of oil and / or starch, and preferably synthesize a starch with increased content of amylose. In addition, the present invention relates to transgenic plant cells and plants with decreased ADP / ATP translocator activity. These cells and plants synthesize a starch with decreased amylose content. In the field of agriculture and forestry there have been ongoing efforts to provide plants with increased yields, in particular, in order to ensure the food supply of the constantly growing world population, and to guarantee the supply of regenerative raw materials. Traditionally, they have tried to obtain high-yield plants by means of reproduction. This, however, is time consuming and expensive. In addition, the corresponding reproduction programs have to be carried out for each species of plant of interest. Progress has been made, in part, by genetic manipulation of the plants, that is, by the purposeful introduction and expression of recombinant nucleic acid molecules in the plants. Approaches of this kind have the advantage that these, in general, are not limited to one species of plant, but can be transferred to other plant species as well. In EP-A 0 511 979, for example, it was described that the expression of a procaryotic asparagin synthetase in plant cells leads to an increased biomass yield, among others. WO 96/21737 describes, for example, the increase in the yield of plants by the expression of 1, 6-bisphosphatase of unregulated or unregulated fructose, due to the increase in the speed of photosynthesis. However, there is still a need for generally applicable methods for improving performance in plants of interest to agriculture or forestry. In addition, with respect to the fact that the substances contained in plants play a more and more important role as renewable sources of raw material, one of the problems in biotechnological research is the adjustment of these raw plant materials to the requirements of the processing industry. In order to allow the application of regenerative raw materials in as many fields as possible, it is more necessary to achieve a wide range of substances. On the other hand, it is necessary to increase the yield of these substances of vegetable content, in order to increase the efficiency of the production of renewable sources of raw material from the plants. Apart from fats and proteins, oils and polysaccharides are the raw regenerative plant raw materials. A central role with polysaccharides, apart from cellulose, is played by starch, which is one of the most important reserve substances in higher plants. Among these, potatoes and corn, in particular, are interesting plants, since these are cultivated plants important for the production of starch.

The polysaccharide starch, which is one of the most important reserve substances in the vegetable world, is, apart from its use in the food industry, widely used as a raw regenerative material for the production of industrial products. The starch industry has a great interest in plants with increased starch content which, as a rule, means an increased dry weight. An increased dry weight increases the value of processed plants in the starch industry (corn, potato, tapioca, wheat, barley, rice, etc.), due to the increased yield of starch. In additionCells or plant organs that contain higher amounts of starch offer advantages for processing in the food industry, since they absorb less fat or frying oil and, consequently, lead to "healthier" products with reduced caloric content. This property is of great importance, for example, in the production of corn popcorn, maize corn flakes, or potato chips, potato chips in thin slices, or fried potato potatoes. For the industry that processes potato starch, the dry weight (starch content) is of crucial importance, since it determines the processing costs. An increased dry weight (starch content) means that, with the same yield, the water content of the potato tuber is reduced. The reduced water content leads to reduced transportation costs, and a reduction in the exact cooking period necessary for cooking. Therefore, it seems desirable to provide plant and plant cells that exhibit an increased starch content, as well as methods for the production of those plant and plant cells. On the other hand, it seems desirable to provide starches whose content of amylose and amylopectin meet the requirements of the processing industry. In this context, both starches with an increased content of amylose, and starches with a reduced content of amylose are of interest, since they are particularly suitable for special uses each. Therefore, the underlying problem of the present invention is to provide plant cells and plants which, in comparison with the corresponding unmodified wild-type plant cells and wild-type plants, exhibit an increased yield of oil preference and / or starch and / or synthesize a starch with a modified amylose content. This problem is solved by the provision of the modalities characterized in the claims. Therefore, the present invention relates to cells of transgenic plants that are genetically modified, where the genetic modification is the introduction of a foreign nucleic acid molecule, whose presence or expression leads to an increase in ADP / translocator activity. Plastidary ATP in the transgenic cells, as compared to the corresponding non-genetically modified plant cells of the wild-type plants. In this context, the genetic modification can be any genetic modification that leads to an increase in the activity of the plastidary ADP / ATP translocator. One possibility, for example, is the so-called "in situ activation", where the genetic modification is a change of the regulatory regions of. the endogenous ADP / ATP translocator genes, which leads to an increased expression of those genes. This can be achieved, for example, by introducing a very strong promoter in front of the corresponding genes, for example, by means of homologous recombination. In addition, there is the possibility of applying the so-called "activation labeling" method (see, for example, Walden et al., Plant J. (1991), 281-288).; Walden et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 26 (1994), 1521-1528). This method is based on the activation of endogenous promoters by means of enhancer elements, such as the enhancer of the 35S RNA promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus or the octopine synthase improver. In a preferred embodiment the genetic modification comprises, however, the introduction of a foreign nucleic acid molecule encoding a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator into the genome of the plant cell. The term "transgenic", therefore, means that the cell of the plant of the invention contains at least one foreign nucleic acid molecule encoding a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator, stably integrated into the genome, preferably a molecule of nucleic acid.

The term "foreign nucleic acid molecule" preferably means a nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein with the biological activity of a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator, I do not occur naturally in the corresponding plant cells, or it does not occur naturally in the precise spatial order in the plant cells, or that is located in a place in the genome of the cell of the plant, where it does not occur naturally. Preferably, the foreign nucleic acid molecule is a recombinant molecule consisting of different elements, and whose combination or specific spatial configuration does not occur naturally in the plant cells. The cells of transgenic plants of the invention contain at least one foreign nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein with the biological activity of a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is preferably connected to DNA regulatory elements that they ensure transcription in plant cells, in particular with a promoter. In principle, the foreign nucleic acid molecule can be any nucleic acid molecule encoding an ADP / ATP translocator which, after expression, is located in the internal membrane of the plastids. In this context, a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator is a protein that catalyzes the transport of ATP within the plastids and ADP outside the plastids. These nucleic acid molecules are known, for example, from Arabidopsis thaliana (Kampfenkel et al., FEBS Lett 374 (1995), 351-355, Genebank Acc. No. X94626 and Acc. No. Z49227) or potato (Genebank Acc. No. Y10821). By means of those known nucleic acid molecules, the person skilled in the art can isolate the corresponding sequences from other organisms, particularly plants, according to standard methods, for example, by heterologous classification. In particular, non-plant nucleic acid molecules, which code for an ADP / ATP translocator, can also be used and are connected with a target sequence, ensuring the location in the membrane of the internal plastid. In this context, for example, an ADP / ATP translocator of Rickettsia prowazekii (Williamson et al., Gene 80 (1989), 269-278) and Chlamydia trachomatis is known. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an ADP / ATP translocator plastidary of Arabidopsis thaliana, in particular the AATP1 protein described in Kampfenkel et al. (1995, loc. Cit.). The cells of the invention can be distinguished from the cells of naturally occurring plants, among others, in the sense that they contain a foreign nucleic acid molecule that does not occur naturally in those cells, or in the sense that that molecule is integrated in a place in the genome of the cell, where it does not normally occur, that is, in another genomic environment. In addition, the cells of transgenic plants of the invention can be differentiated from naturally occurring plant cells in the sense that they contain at least one copy of the foreign nucleic acid molecule stably integrated into their genome, optionally in addition to the copies of the naturally occurring molecule in the cells. If the nucleic acid molecule (s) introduced into the cells is / are in additional copy (s) of the naturally occurring molecules in the cells, the plant cells of the invention can be distinguished from the cells of naturally occurring plants particularly in the sense that the additional copy (s) are / are located in places in the genome, where this (s) does not naturally occur. This can be determined, for example, by means of a Southern blot analysis. The plant cells of the invention can be further differentiated from naturally occurring plant cells, preferably by one of the following characteristics: If the nucleic acid molecule is heterologous with respect to the plant cell, the cells of transgenic plants exhibit transcripts of the introduced nucleic acid molecule, which can be detected by means of, for example, Northern blot analysis. Preferably, the plant cells of the invention contain a protein that is encoded by means of an introduced nucleic acid molecule. This can be detected by, for example, immunological methods, particularly by Western blot analysis. If the nucleic acid molecule is homologous with respect to the plant cell, the cells of the invention can be differentiated from the naturally occurring cells, for example, due to the additional expression of the introduced foreign nucleic acid molecules. Preferably, the cells of transgenic plants contain more transcripts of the foreign nucleic acid molecules. This can be detected by means of, for example, Northern blot analysis. The term "genetically modified" means that the plant cell is modified in its genetic information, by introducing a foreign nucleic acid molecule, and that the presence or expression of the foreign nucleic acid molecule leads to a phenotypic change. In this context, the phenotypic change preferably means a measurable change of one or more functions of the cells. For example, the cells of genetically modified plants of the invention exhibit an increase in the activity of a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator, due to the presence or on the expression of the introduced foreign nucleic acid molecule.

In the context of the present invention the term "increase in activity" means an increase in the expression of a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator gene, an increase in the amount of plastidary ADP / ATP translocator protein and / or an increase in the activity of an ADP / ATP translocator plastidary in cells. The increase in expression can be determined, for example, by measuring the amount of transcripts encoding the ADP / ATP translocator, for example, by Northern blot analysis. In this context, an increase preferably means an increase in the amount of transcripts, compared to the corresponding non-genetically modified cells, at least 10 percent, preferably at least 20 percent, particularly at least 50 percent, and particularly preferred at least 75 percent. The increase in the amount of ADP / ATP translocator protein can be determined, for example, by Western blot analysis. In this context, an increase preferably means an increase in the amount of ADP / ATP translocator protein, as compared to the corresponding non-genetically modified cells, at least 10 percent, preferably at least 20 percent , in particular at least 50 percent, and particularly preferred at least 75 percent.

The activity of the plastidary ADP / ATP translocator can be determined, for example, by the isolation of the plastids from the corresponding tissue, and by determining the Vmax values of the ATP import, by means of the silicone oil filtration method. The purification of different types of plastids is described in, for example, Neuhaus et al. (Biochem. J. 296 (1993), 395-401). The silicone oil filtration method is described, for example, in Quick et al. (Plant Physiol. 109 (113-121). Surprisingly it was found that with plants containing these plant cells with increased ADP / translocator activity. Plastidary ATP, the yield of the content of substances and / or biomass was increased, in comparison with the corresponding unmodified wild type plants It was found, for example, that the oil content and / or the content of starch in the plants was increased , according to the invention, and / or that the amylose content of these starches was also increased compared to unmodified wild-type plants In this context, the term "wild-type plant" refers to plants that serve as starting material for the production of the described plants, that is, the plants from which the genetic information - apart from the genetic modification introduced ida- is identical to the genetic information of a plant of the invention. The term "increased yield" means that the portion of the contained substances, preferably starch or oil, in the plant cells of the invention, is increased by at least 10 percent, preferably by at least 20 percent, more preferably at least 30 percent, and more preferably at least 40 percent, compared to plant cells of unmodified wild-type plants. The term "increased starch content" means that the portion of starch in plant cells, according to the invention, is increased by at least 10 percent, preferably by at least 20 percent, most preferably by at least 30 percent, and more preferably at least 40 percent, compared to plant cells of unmodified wild-type plants. The determination of the starch portion is carried out in accordance with the methods described in the appended Examples. The term "increased amylose content" means that the amylose content of the starch synthesized in the plant cells of the invention is increased by at least 10 percent, preferably at least 20 percent, more preferably at least 30 percent, and most preferably at least 40 percent, compared to the plant cells of wild-type unmodified plants. The amylose content is determined by performing the methods described in the appended Examples. As mentioned above, the plastidary ADP / ATP translocator is a transport protein that is located in the inner membrane of plastids (Heldt et al., FEBS Lett.5 (1969), 11-14).; Pozueta-Romero et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991), 5769-5773; Neuhaus, Plant Physiol. 101 (1993) 573-578; Schúnemann et al., Plant Physiol. 103 (1993), 131-137), and that it catalyzes the transport of ATP within the plastids and of ADP outside the plastids. In this way, the plastidary ADP / ATP translocator provides the stroma with cytosolic ATP. Kampfenkel et al. (FEBS Lett 374 (1995), 351-355) were the first to isolate a cDNA encoding an ADP / ATP translocator (AATP1) from Arabidopsis thaliana (Neuhaus et al., Plant J. 11 (1997), 73-82), which exhibits great similarity (66.2 percent similarity) with the ADP / ATP translocator of the Gram-negative bacterium.

Rickettsia prowazekii. The AATP1 cDNA of A. thaliana encodes a highly hydrophobic protein consisting of 589 amino acids that exhibit 12 potential transmembrane helices (Kampfenkel et al., FEBS Lett 374 (1995), 351-355). That cDNA can be functionally expressed in baker's yeast and E. coli. After extraction of the protein and reconstitution in proteoliposomes, an increase in the transport rate of ATP can be determined (Neuhaus et al., Plant J. 11 (1997), 73-82). By means of antibodies against a peptide fragment of the AATP1 of A. Thaliana, it can be shown that the ADP / ATP AATP1 translocator is localized in the inner chloroplast envelope membrane (Neuhaus et al., Plant J. 11 (1997) , 73-82). Until now it has not been possible to definitively clarify the role of the ADP / ATP translocator plastidary for the metabolism of the plant. Different functions have been taken into consideration, for example, that the supply of the stroma with the cytosolic ATP may have an influence on the importation of proteins within the plastids, on the biosynthesis of amino acids, the metabolism of the fatty acid, or the metabolism of the starch (Flügge and Hinz, Eur. J. Biochem., 160 (1986), 563-570; Tetlow et al., Plant 194 (1994), 454-460; Hill and Smith, Plant 185 (1991), 91-96; Kleppinger; -Sparace et al, Plant Physiol. 98 (1992), 723-727). However, it was completely surprising that an increase in plastidary ADP / ATP translocator activity leads to an increase in the starch content in the corresponding transgenic plants. Equally surprising was the finding that the increase in plastidary ADP / ATP translocator activity had an effect on the molecular composition of the produced starch. The starch of the tubers of the potato plants, according to the invention, for example, exhibits an increased content of amylose, in comparison with the starches of the tubers of the non-transformed potato plants. Until now, it has been assumed that the molecular properties of starch are determined exclusively by the interaction of starch synthesizing enzymes, such as branching enzymes (EC 2.4.1.18), starch synthases (EC 2.4.1.21). and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.27). However, it is completely surprising that the expression of a plastidary transport protein has an influence on the structure of the starch. The plant cells of the invention can be derived from any plant species, i.e. from both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Preferably, the plant cells are from agricultural crop plants, that is, from plants grown by humans for the purpose of nutrition or for technical purposes, particularly industrial purposes. Plant cells of oil and / or starch synthesizing plants, or storage of oil and / or starch are generally preferred. In this way, the invention preferably relates to plant cells of starch-synthesizing plants, or storage of starch such as cereals (rye, barley, oats, wheat, millet, sago, etc.), rice, peas, corn, marrow peas, cassava, potatoes, turnips, soybeans, hemp, flax, sunflower, or vegetables (tomato, chicory, cucumber, lettuce, etc.). Plant cells of potato, sunflower, soybean, rice are preferred. Corn, wheat, turnip and rice plant cells are particularly preferred. In addition, the subject matter of the invention are transgenic plants that contain the cells of transgenic plants that were described above. These plants can be produced, for example, by the regeneration of plant cells of the invention. Transgenic plants can, in principle, be plants of any species, ie plants both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous. Preferably, these are useful plants, that is, plants grown by humans for the purpose of nutrition, or for technical purposes, particularly industrial purposes. These plants may be plants that synthesize oil and / or starch, or store oil and / or starch. The invention relates preferably to plants such as cereals (rye, barley, oats, wheat, millet, sago, etc.), rice, peas, corn, marrow peas, cassava, potatoes, turnips, soybeans, hemp, flax, sunflower, or vegetables (tomato, chicory, cucumber, lettuce, etc.). Potatoes, sunflower, soybeans, rice are preferred. Corn, wheat, turnip and rice are particularly preferred. As mentioned above, it was surprisingly found that in the starch storage plants containing plant cells of the invention with increased activity of the plastidary ADP / ATP translocator, the starch content was increased as compared to the wild-type plants, and In addition, the amylose content of these starches was increased in comparison with the corresponding unmodified wild-type plants. Therefore, a preferred embodiment of the present invention also relates to starch storage plants containing the plant cells of the invention, and which exhibit an increased content of starch compared to unmodified wild-type plants, and / or an increased amylose content of that starch compared to the corresponding unmodified wild-type plants. The term "starch storage plants" includes all plants with starch storage tissues such as corn, wheat, rice, potatoes, rye, barley, oats. Rice, barley and potatoes are preferred. Particularly corn and wheat are preferred. In this context, an increase in "yield" ("increased yield"), an increase in starch content ("increased starch content"), an increase in amylose content ("increased amylose content"), and the term "wild-type plant" is used within the meaning of the above definitions, and is used within the same meaning also for the following embodiments of the invention. The term "increased yield" preferably means an increase in the production of the contained substances and / or the biomass, in particular, if this is measured by means of fresh weight per plant. That increase in yield preference is related to parts of the harvestable plants such as seeds, fruits, storage roots, roots, tubers, buds, shoots, shoots, stems or wood. According to the invention, the increase in yield is at least 3 percent with respect to the biomass and / or the contained substances, in comparison with the corresponding non-transformed plants of the same genotype, if those plants are grown under the same conditions, preferably at least 10 percent, more preferably at least 20 percent, and most preferred at least 30 percent, or up to 40 percent, compared to plants of the same type wild. Those plants, according to the invention, have, for example, in comparison with other plants that synthesize starch with increased amylose content, such as • the amylose and dull extender mutants of corn, the advantage of which apart from an increased content of amylose, these do not exhibit a reduced starch content, but rather increased. On the other hand, the subject matter of the present invention are oil storage plants which contain the plant cells of the invention, and which exhibit an increased oil content as compared to the cells of unmodified wild-type plants., preferably in the cells of the oil-storage fabric. The term "oil storage plants" includes all plants capable of storing oil such as turnip, sugarcane, soybean, sunflower, corn, peanut, wheat, cotton, oil palms, olive trees and avocado. Corn, wheat and soy are preferred. Particularly preferred are turnip and cañola.

The term "increased oil content" means that the oil content in the plant cells of the invention is increased by at least 10 percent, preferably by at least 20 percent, more preferably by less than 30 percent. percent, and more preferably at least 40 percent, compared to the plant cells of the unmodified wild-type plants. The methods for determining the oil content are known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, Matthaeus and Bruehl. GIT Labor-Fachz, 43 (1999), 151-152, 154-155; Matthaeus, Laborpraxis 22 (1998), 52-55. The determination of the oil content can also be carried out by means of non-aggressive nearby IR spectroscopy, which is a method of analysis (commonly used in reproduction) and is described, for example, by Schulz et al., J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 6 (1998), A125-A130; Starr et al., J. Agrie. Sci. 104 (1985), 317-323. Plants that exhibit an increased concentration of oil are of great commercial interest. Corn plants, for example, whose grains exhibit a high level of starch, but also an increased content of the secondary product oil, are of great interest to the wet milling industry, since the secondary product is of high value.

The food industry is also interested in food plants with increased oil content since these plants have an increased nutritional value. For the oil plant processing industry an increase in oil content means an increase in the efficiency of the oil extraction process. The present invention also relates to a method for the production of transgenic plants which, when compared to wild-type plants, exhibit increased yield, wherein (a) a plant cell is genetically modified by the introduction of a molecule of foreign nucleic acid, and the genetic modification leads to an increase in the activity of a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator; and (b) a plant is regenerated from the cell; and optionally (c) other plants are produced from the plant in accordance with (b). The present invention also relates to a method for the production of transgenic plants which, compared to wild-type plants, exhibit an increased content of starch and / or whose starch exhibits an increased content of amylose compared to wild-type plants. corresponding, wherein (a) a plant cell is genetically modified by the introduction of a foreign nucleic acid molecule, and the genetic modification leads to an increase in the activity of a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator; and (b) a plant is regenerated from the cell; and optionally (c) other plants are produced from the plant in accordance with (b). On the other hand, the subject matter of the present invention is a method for the production of transgenic plants which, compared to wild-type plants, exhibit an increased oil content, wherein (a) a plant cell is genetically modified by means of of the introduction of a foreign nucleic acid molecule, and the genetic modification leads to an increase in the activity of a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator; and (b) a plant is regenerated from the cell; and optionally (c) other plants are produced from the plant in accordance with (b). For the modification introduced into the plant cell according to step (a), the same applies, as described above, with respect to the plant and plant cells of the invention. The regeneration of the plants according to step (b) can be carried out in accordance with methods known to the person skilled in the art. The generation of additional plants in accordance with step (c) of the methods of the invention, can be achieved, for example, by means of vegetative propagation (for example, by means of the cultivation and regeneration of rampollos, tubers or by means of the callus of the whole plants) or by sexual reproduction. Preferably, sexual reproduction takes place in a controlled manner, that is, selected plants with specific properties are crossed with one another and propagated. The present invention also relates to plants that can be obtained by the method of the invention. The present invention also relates to plant propagation material according to the invention, as well as to the transgenic plants' produced according to the methods of the invention, which contains the genetically modified cells of the invention. In this context, the term propagating material comprises those components of the plant that are suitable for the generation of descendants by means of a vegetative or sexual manner. They are suitable for vegetative propagation, for example, rampollos, calluses, crops, rhizomes, or tubers. Another propagation material comprises, for example, fruit, seeds, seedlings, protoplasts, cell cultures, and so on. Preferably, the propagation material is tubers, particularly seeds are preferred. The present invention also relates to the use of nucleic acid molecules encoding a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator for the production of transgenic plants with increased yield compared to wild-type plants. The present invention also relates to the use of nucleic acid molecules encoding a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator for the production of plants which, in comparison with wild-type plants, have an increased content of starch in the synthesizing tissue and / or starch storage, or for the production of plants that synthesize a starch which, compared to the starch of wild type plants, exhibits an increased content of amylose. Preferably, the nucleic acid molecules mentioned above are used in connection with the cells of the invention. The present invention also relates to the use of nucleic acid molecules encoding a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator for the production of transgenic plants which, compared to wild-type plants, have an increased oil content. The present invention also relates to cells of transgenic plants that are genetically modified, wherein the genetic modification leads to the decrease of the activity of a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator present endogenously in the plant cell, in comparison with the cells of non-genetically modified plants of corresponding wild-type plants. The term "transgenic", as used herein, means that the plant cells of the invention deviate in their genetic information from the corresponding unmodified plant cells, due to a genetic modification, particularly the introduction of a molecule of strange nucleic acid. In this context, the term "genetically modified" means that the plant cell is modified in its genetic information due to the introduction of a foreign nucleic acid molecule, and that the presence or expression of the foreign nucleic acid molecule leads to a phenotypic change. The phenotypic change preferably means a change that can be measured from one or more functions of the cells. For example, the genetically modified plant cells of the invention exhibit a decrease in the activity of a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator. The production of those plant cells of the invention with a decreased activity of an ADP / ATP translocator can be achieved by means of different methods known to the person skilled in the art, for example, by methods which lead to an inhibition of the expression of endogenous genes that code a translocator ADP / plastidary ATP. These methods include, for example, the expression of a corresponding anti-sense RNA, the expression of a sense RNA to achieve a cosuppression effect, the expression of a correspondingly constructed ribozyme that specifically dissociates the transcripts encoding an ADP / ATP translocator, or the so-called "in-vivo mutagenesis". For the reduction of the activity of an ADP / ATP translocator in the cells of the invention, an anti-sense RNA is preferably expressed. For expression, either a DNA molecule comprising the entire sequence coding for an ADP / ATP translocator, including flanking sequences that are possibly present, or DNA molecules comprising only parts of the coding sequence, may be used. parts have to be long enough to carry an anti-sense effect on the cells. In general, the sequences can be used up to a minimum length of 15 bp, preferably a length of 100-500 bp, for efficient antisense inhibition, particularly, sequences with a length of more than 500 bp. DNA molecules shorter than 5000 bp, preferably sequences shorter than 2500 bp, are commonly used. It is also possible to use DNA sequences having a high degree of homology with the sequences that occur endogenously in the plant cell, and which encode a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator. The minimum homology should be higher than approximately 65 percent. The use of sequences with homologies between 95 and 100 percent will be preferred. Alternatively, the reduction of ADP / ATP translocator activity in plant cells of the invention can also be achieved by means of a cosuppression effect. The method is known to the person skilled in the art, and is described, for example, in Jorgensen (Trends Biotechnol., 8 (1990), 340-344). Niebel et al. (Curr. Top, Microbiol. Immunol., 197 (1995), 91-103), Flavell et al. (Curr. Top, Microbiol. Immunol., 197 (1995), 43-46), Palaqui and Vaucheret (Plant. Mol. Biol. 29 (1995), 149-159), Vaucheret et al. (Mol. Gen. Genet. 248 (1995), 311-317), Borne et al. (Mol. Gen. Genet. 243 (1994), 613-621) and other sources.

The expression of ribozymes for the reduction of the activity of specific proteins in cells is also known to the person skilled in the art, and is described, for example, in EP-B1 0 321 201. The expression of the ribozymes in the Plant cells were described, for example, in Feyter et al. (Mol. Gen. Genet, 250 (1996), 329-338). On the other hand, the reduction of ADP / ATP translocator activity in the plant cells of the invention can also be achieved by means of so-called "in vivo mutagenesis", where a hybrid RNA-DNA oligonucleotide is introduced ( "chemoplast") within the cells, by means of the transformation of the cells (Kipp, PB and collaborators, Poster Session in the "5th International Congress of Molecular Biology of Plants", 21-27, September 1997, Singapore; Dixon and CJ Arntzen, report of Meeting on "Metabolic Engineering in Transgenic Plants", Keystone Symposia, Cooper Mountain, CO, USA, TIBTECH 15 (1997), 441-447, international patent application WO 95/15972, Kren et al, Hepatology 25 (1997), 1462-1468; Cole-Strauss et al., Science 273 (1996), 1386-1389). A part of the DNA component of the RNA-DNA oligonucleotide is homologous to a nucleic acid sequence of an endogenous ADP / ATP translocator but, as compared to the nucleic acid sequence of the endogenous ADP / ATP translocator, exhibits a mutation or contains a region heterologo that is enclosed by the homologous regions. By placing in base pairs the homologous regions of the RNA-DNA oligonucleotide and the endogenous nucleic acid molecule, followed by the homologous recombination, the mutation or heterologous region contained in the DNA component of the RNA-DNA oligonucleotide can be transferred., inside the genome of a plant cell. This leads to a decrease in the activity of the plastidary ADP / ATP translocator. Therefore, the subject matter of the present invention are transgenic plant cells, (a) which contain a DNA molecule that can lead to the synthesis of an anti-sense RNA, causing a decrease in the expression of endogenous genes that encode a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator; I (b) containing a DNA molecule that can lead to the synthesis of a cosuppression RNA, causing a decrease in the expression of endogenous genes encoding a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator; I (c) which contain a DNA molecule that can lead to the synthesis of a ribozyme that can specifically dissociate endogenous gene transcripts encoding a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator; and / or (d) that, due to an in vivo mutagenesis, they exhibit a mutation or an insertion of a heterologous DNA sequence in at least one endogenous gene encoding a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator, wherein the mutation or insertion causes a decrease in gene expression, or the synthesis of an inactive carrier molecule. The term "activity decrease" in the present invention means a decrease in the expression of endogenous genes encoding an ADP / ATP translocator, a reduction in the amount of ADP / ATP translocator protein in cells and / or a decrease in the biological activity of the ADP / ATP translocator protein in cells. The decrease in expression can be determined, for example, by measuring the amount of transcripts encoding the ADP / ATP translocator, for example, by Northern blot analysis. A decrease preferably means a decrease in the amount of transcripts compared to genetically unmodified cells by at least 30 percent, preferably by at least 50 percent, more preferably by at least 70 percent, particularly preferably at least the 85 percent, and more preferably at least 95 percent. The decrease in the amount of ADP / ATP translocator protein can be determined, for example, by Western blot analysis. A decrease in preference means a decrease in the amount of ADP / ATP translocator protein compared to the corresponding genetically unmodified cells at least 30 percent, preferably at least 50 percent, more preferably at least 70 percent, particularly preferably at least 85 percent, and most preferably at least 95 percent. Surprisingly, it was found that the starch content of plant cells having a decreased expression and, therefore, a decreased activity of the plastidary ADP / ATP translocator, compared to the corresponding unmodified plant cells of wild-type plants , it is reduced, and that in addition the amylose content of these starches, in comparison with the corresponding unmodified plant cells of wild-type plants, is reduced. The fact that the starches of the plants of the invention have a modified structure is particularly surprising, since it has been assumed up to now that the molecular properties of the starches are determined exclusively by the interaction of starch-synthesizing enzymes such as branching enzymes (EC 2.4.1.18), and starch synthases (EC 2.4.1.21). It is absolutely surprising that the expression of a plastidary transport protein has an influence on the structure of the starch. The term "decreased starch content" in the present invention means that the starch content in the plant cells of the invention is reduced by at least 15 percent, preferably by at least 30 percent, most preferably by at least 40 percent, and more preferably at least 50 percent, compared to the plant cells of the unmodified wild-type plants. The starch content is determined in accordance with the methods described in the Examples. The term "decreased amylose content" means that the amylose content in the plant cells of the invention, compared to the plant cells of the unmodified wild-type plants, is reduced by at least 10 percent, preferably by at least 20 percent, more preferably by at least 30 percent, and by greater preference at least 40 percent. The amylose content is determined in accordance with the methods described in the Examples. The term "wild-type plant" has the meaning defined above. The plant cells of the invention can be derived from any plant species, i.e. from both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Preferably, these are plant cells of agricultural crop plants, that is, plants grown by humans for the purpose of nutrition or for technical purposes, particularly industrial purposes. Preferably, therefore, the invention relates to plant cells of starch synthesizing plants, or storage of starch, such as cereals (rye, barley, oats, wheat, millet, sago, etc.), rice, peas, corn, vetch, cassava, potato, tomato, turnip, soy, hemp, flax, sunflower, cowpea and maranta. Particularly preferred are potato plant cells. In addition, the subject matter of the invention are transgenic plants that contain the cells of transgenic plants that were described above. Those plants can be produced by the regeneration of plant cells of the invention. Transgenic plants can, in principle, be plants of any species, ie plants both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous. Preferably, these are plant cells of agricultural crop plants, that is, of plants grown by humans for the purpose of nutrition, or for technical, particularly industrial, purposes. Preferably these are starch-synthesizing plants, or starch-storage plants, such as cereals (rye, barley, oats, wheat, millet, sago, etc.), rice, peas, corn, marrow peas, cassava, potato, tomato, turnip. , soy, hemp, flax, sunflower, cowpea and maranta. The potato is particularly preferred. Those plants of the invention synthesize a starch which, in comparison with the starch of corresponding wild-type plants, exhibits a reduced content of amylose. The terms "reduction of amylose content" and "wild-type plants" are defined as described above. In addition, the present invention also relates to a method for the production of transgenic plants whose starch, compared to the starch of the corresponding wild type plants, exhibits a reduced content of amylose wherein (a) a plant cell is genetically modified by the introduction of a foreign nucleic acid molecule, and the genetic modification leads to a decrease in the activity of a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator, present endogenously in plant cells; and (b) a plant is regenerated from the cell produced in accordance with step (a); and optionally (c) other plants are produced from the plant produced in accordance with step (b).

For the modification introduced into the plant cell according to step (a), the same applies as described above in connection with the plant cells and plants of the invention. The regeneration of the plants according to step C can be carried out in accordance with methods known to the person skilled in the art. The production of additional plants according to step (c) of the method of the invention can be achieved, for example, by means of vegetative propagation (for example, by means of the culture and regeneration of rampollos, tubers or by means of the callus of the whole plants) or by means of sexual reproduction. Preferably, sexual reproduction takes place in a controlled manner, that is, selected plants with specific properties are crossed with one another and propagated. In a preferred embodiment the method of the invention is used for the production of transgenic potato plants. The present invention also relates to plants obtainable by the method of the invention. The present invention also relates to plant propagation material according to the invention, as well as to the transgenic plants produced in accordance with the methods of the invention, which contains the genetically modified cells of the invention. In this context, the term propagating material comprises those components of the plant that are suitable for the generation of descendants by means of a vegetative or sexual manner. They are suitable for vegetative propagation, for example, rampollos, calluses, crops, rhizomes, or tubers. Another propagation material comprises, for example, fruit, seeds, seedlings, protoplasts, cell cultures, and so on. Preferably, the propagation material is seeds, particularly tubers are preferred. In addition, the present invention relates to the use of nucleic acid molecules encoding a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator, of complements thereof, or of parts of those molecules for the production of plants that synthesize a starch with, as compared to starch from wild-type plants, reduced amylose content. Preferably, the aforementioned nucleic acid molecules will be used in connection with the plant cells of the invention exhibiting increased activity of the ADP / ATP translocator. A variety of techniques for the introduction of DNA into a plant host cell are available. These techniques include the transformation of plant cells with T-DNA using Agrobacteria tumefaciens or rhizogens of Agrobacteria as transformation agent, protoplast fusion, injection, electroporation of DNA, introduction of DNA through the biolistic approach and other possibilities . The use of the Agrobacteria-mediated transformation of the plant cells has been analyzed in detail and sufficiently described in EP 120516; Hoekema, In: The Binary Plant Vector System Offsetdrukkerij Kanters B.V., Alblasserdam (1985), Chapter V; Fraley et al., Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 4, 1-46 and An et al., EMBO J. 4 (1985), 277-287. For the transformation of potatoes, see for example Rocha-Sosa et al., EMBO J. 8 (1989), 29-33.

The transformation of monocotyledonous plants by means of Agrobacteria-based vectors (Chan et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 22 (1993), 491-506; Hiei et al., Plant J. 6 (1994) 271-282; Deng et al., Science in China 33 (1990), 28-34 Wilmink et al., Plant Cell Reports 11 (1992), 76-80 May et al., Bio / Technology 13 (1995), 486-492 Connor and Domisse, Int. J. Plant Sci. 153 (1992), 550-555 Ritchie et al., Transgenic Res. 2 (1993), 252-265).

An alternative system for the transformation of monocotyledonous plants is the transformation through the biolistic approach (Wan and Lemaux, Plant Physiol. (1994), 37-48; Vasil et al., Bio / Technology 11 (1993), 1553-1558; Rítala and collaborators, Plant Mol. Biol. 24 (1994), 317-325; Spencer and collaborators, Theor. Appl. Genet 79 (1990), 625-631), the transformation of protoplasts, the electroporation of partially permeabilized cells, the introduction of DNA by means of glass fibers. The transformation of corn, in particular, is described many times in the literature (see, for example, WO 95/06128, EP 0513849, EO 0465875, EP 292435 Fromm et al., Biotechnology 8 (1990), 833- 844 Gordon-Kamm et al., Plant Cell 2 (1990), 603-618 Koziel et al., Biotechnology 11 (1993), 194-200 Moroc et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 80 (1990), 721-726). The successful transformation of other cereals has also been described, for example for barley (Wan and Lemaux, loe. Cit., Krens et al., Nature 296 (1982), 72-74) and for wheat (Nehra et al. Plant J. 5 (1994), 285-297). For the expression of nucleic acid molecules encoding an ADP / ATP translocator in sense or antisense orientation in plant cells, preferably the nucleic acid molecules are linked to regulatory DNA elements that ensure transcription in the cells of plant. These elements include, in particular, promoters. Generally, any active promoter in plant cells is suitable.

The promoter can be selected in such a way that the expression takes place constitutively or only in a specific tissue, at a specific point at the time of the development of the plant, or at a point in time determined by external factors. Both with respect to the plant, and with respect to the nucleic acid molecule, the promoter can be homologous or heterologous. Suitable promoters are, for example, the 35S RNA promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus, and the ubiquitin promoter of maize for constitutive expression, the B33 promoter of the patatin gene (Rocha-Sosa et al., EMBO J. ( 1989), 23-29) for potato-specific expression of the tuber, and a promoter that ensures expression only in photosynthetically active tissue, for example, the ST-LS1 promoter (Stockhaus et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 84 (1987), 7943-7947, Stockhaus et al., EMBO J. 8 (1989), 2445-2451) or, for a specific expression of the endosperm, the HMG promoter of wheat, the USP promoter, the promoter of phaseolin, promoters of maize zein genes (Pedersen et al., Cell 29 (1982), 1015-1026; Quatroccio et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 15 (1990), 81-93), the glutelin promoter (Leisy et al. collaborators, Plant Mol. Biol. 14 (1990), 41-50; Zheng et al., Plant J. 4 (1993), 357-366; Yoshiha ra et al., FEBS Lett. 383 (1996), 213-218) or the shrinkage promoter-1 (Werr et al., EMBO J. 4 (1985), 1373-1380). However, promoters that are activated only at a point in time determined by external factors can also be used (see, for example, WO 9307279). In this context, promoters of heat shock proteins that allow simple induction may be of particular interest. On the other hand, seed-specific promoters such as the Vicia faba USP promoter can be used, which ensures specific expression of the seed in Vicia faba and other plants (Fiedler et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 22 (1993 ), 669-679, Baumlein et al., Mol. Gen. Genet 225 (1991), 459-467). The abovementioned modalities with the endosperm-specific promoters are suitable, in particular, for increasing the starch content in the endosperm. In contrast to the same, the use of specific promoters to the embryo is of interest, in particular, to increase the oil content, since, as a rule, the oil is stored mainly in the embryo. Therefore, preferably a promoter according to the present invention is used., that ensures the expression in the embryo or in the seed. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the promoter is the globulin-1 (glbl) promoter of corn (Styer and Cantliffe, Plant Physiol. 76 (1984), 196-200). In another embodiment of the invention, the embryo-specific promoter is from plants, preferably from Cuphea lanceola ta, Brassica rapa or Brassica napus. Particularly preferred are the promoters pCIFatB3 and pCIFatB4 (WO 95/07357). These are promoters of the CIFatB3y CIFatB4 genes, respectively, which have already been used successfully in transgenic turnip for medium chain fatty acid biosynthesis and, therefore, have an adequate window of expression for the solution of the present problem. In another preferred embodiment, the promoter pCIGPDH (WO 95/06733), napin (described, for example, by Kridl, Seed Sci. Res. 1 (1991), 209-219) is used.; Ellerstrom et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 32 (1996), 1019-1027; Stalberg et al., Planta 199 (1996), 515-519) or the oleosin promoter (described, for example, by Keddie, Plant Mol. Biol 24 (1994), 327-340, Plant et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 25 (1994), 193-205). On the other hand, a terminator sequence, which serves the correct termination of the transcript, and the addition of a poly-A-tail to the transcript considered to have a function to stabilize the transcripts may be present. These elements are described in the literature (see, for example, Gielen et al., EMBO J. 8 (1989), 23-29) and are interchangeable as desired. The cells of transgenic plants and the plants of the invention synthesize, preferably due to the increase or decrease in the activity of a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator, a starch which, compared to the starch synthesized in wild-type plants, is modified in its physiochemical properties, in particular the ratio of amylose / amylopectin. In particular, that starch can, in comparison with the wild-type starch, be modified with respect to the viscosity and / or the gel-forming properties of the gums of that starch. Therefore, the present invention relates to methods for the production of a modified starch, comprising the step of extracting the starch from one of the plants described above and / or starch storage portions of that plant. Preferably, the method also comprises the step of harvesting the cultivated plants and / or the starch storage portions of those plants, prior to the extraction of the starch and furthermore, particularly preferred, the step of growing the plants of the invention before Harvest. The methods for the extraction of the starch from the plants, or the starch storage portions of the plants are known to the person skilled in the art. On the other hand, methods for the extraction of starch from other different starch storage plants are described, for example, in "Starch: Chemistry and Technology" (eds .: Whistler, BeMiller and Paschall (1994), 2nd edition, Academic Press Inc. London Ltd, ISBN 0-12-746270-8, see, for example, chapter XII, pages 412-468: corn starch and sorghum: production, by Watson, chapter XII, pages 469-479: starches from tapioca, maranta, and sago: production, Corbishley and Miller, chapter XIV, pages 491-506, wheat starch: production, modification and uses, Knight and Oson, and chapter XVI, pages 507 to 528: rice starch: production and uses, Rohmer and Klem, corn starch: Eckhoff et al., Cereal Chem. 73 (1996) 54-57, the extraction of starch from maize to industrial standard is usually achieved by the so-called "wet milling"). The apparatuses that are usually used for the methods for the extraction of starch from plant material are separators, decanters, hydrocyclones, spray dryers, and fluidized bed dryers. In addition, the subject matter of the present invention is the starch obtainable from the transgenic plant cells, the plants and the propagation material of the invention, and the starch obtainable by the method of the invention described above. The starches of the invention can be modified in accordance with methods known to the person skilled in the art, and are suitable for different uses in the food or non-food industry in unmodified or modified form.

In principle, the possibilities of use can be divided into two large areas. One area comprises the hydrolysis products of starch, mainly glucose and glucan, which constitute the blocks obtained by means of enzymatic or chemical methods. These serve as starting material for other modifications and chemical processes such as fermentation. The simplicity and economic realization of a hydrolysis method can be of importance for cost reduction. At present, the method is essentially enzymatic with the use of amyloglucosidase. It would be possible to save costs by reducing the use of enzymes. This can be achieved by changing the structure of the starch, for example, the surface elongation of the grain, easier digestibility due to the low degree of branching or a spherical structure that limits the accessibility for the enzymes used. The other area where starch is used as the so-called native starch due to its polymer structure can be subdivided into two other fields of application: 1. Use in food products Starch is a classic additive for different food products, where it serves essentially the purpose of fixing aqueous additives and / or causes increased viscosity, or increased gel formation.

The important characteristic properties are the fluidity and absorption behavior, the temperature of swelling and plasticization, the operation of viscosity and thickening, the solubility of the starch, the transparency and the structure of the pulp, the heat, the resistance to the shear stress and the acid, retrogradation tendency, film forming capacity, freeze / thaw resistance, digestibility as well as complex forming capacity with, for example, inorganic or organic ions. 2. Use in non-food products The other main field of application is the use of starch as an auxiliary in different production processes, or as an additive in technical products. The main fields of application for the use of starch as an auxiliary are, first of all, the paper and cardboard industry. In this field, starch is used primarily for retention (hold the loin solids), to prime the filler and fine particles, as a solidifying substance and for dehydration. In addition, the advantageous properties of the starch are used with respect to stiffness, hardness, firmness, grip, gloss, softness, tear resistance, as well as the surfaces. 2. 1 Paper and cardboard industry Within the paper production process, a differentiation can be made between four fields of application, namely surface, coating, dough and spray. The requirements on the starch with respect to the surface treatment are essentially a high degree of brilliance, corresponding viscosity, high viscosity stability, good film formation, as well as low dusting. When used to coat the solid content, a corresponding viscosity, a high fixability, as well as a high affinity to the pigment play an important role. As an additive to the mass, loss-free, fast, uniform dispersion, high mechanical stability, and complete retention in the paper pulp are important. When the spray starch is used, the corresponding solids content, the high viscosity, as well as the high capacity to fix are also significant. 2. 2 Adhesive industry A main field of application is, for example, in the adhesives industry, where the fields of application are subdivided into four areas: the use as pure starch gum, the use in starch gums prepared with chemicals special, the use of starch as an additive to synthetic resins and polymer dispersions, as well as the use of starches as extenders for synthetic adhesives. 90 percent of all starch-based adhesives are used in the production of corrugated cardboard, bags and paper bags, composite materials for paper and aluminum, boxes and dampening gum for envelopes, stamps, and so on. 2. 3 Textiles and textile care products Another possible use as auxiliary and additive is in the production of textiles and textile care products. Within the textile industry, a differentiation can be made between the following four fields of application: the use of starch as a sizing agent, that is, as an auxiliary to soften and strengthen the roughness forming behavior for protection against tensile forces active in the fabric, as well as for the increase of wear resistance during weaving, as an agent for textile improvement, mainly after previous treatments that deteriorate the quality, such as bleaching, dyeing, etc., as a thickener in the production of dye pastes for the prevention of diffusion of the dye, and as an additive for wrapping agents for sewing threads. 2. 4 Construction industry In addition, starch can be used as an additive in building materials. An example is the production of gypsum plaster boards, in which the starch mixed in the thin plaster is matched with the water, diffuses on the surface of the plasterboard, and thus fixes the board to the plank. Other fields of application are to combine it with the plaster and mineral fibers. In ready mixed concrete, the starch can be used for deceleration of the sizing process. 2. 5 Soil stabilization In addition, starch is suitable for the production of soil stabilization media, which is used for the temporary protection of soil particles against water instead of artificial soil. In accordance with the state of the art, combination products consisting of starch and polymer emulsions can be considered to have the same erosion and embedding reduction effect as the products that have been used up to now; however, these are considerably less expensive. 2. 6 Use in plant protectants and fertilizers Another field of application is the use of starch in plant protectors for the modification of the specific properties of these preparations. For example, starch is used to improve the wetting of protectants and plant fertilizers, for the dosed release of the active ingredients, for the conversion of liquid, volatile and / or odorous active ingredients to stable, deformable, microcrystalline substances, for mixing incompatible compositions, and for the prolongation of the duration of the effect due to a reduced disintegration. 2. 7 Drugs, medicine and the cosmetics industry Starch can also be used in the fields of drugs, medicine and the cosmetics industry. In the pharmaceutical industry, the starch can be used as a binder for tablets, or for the dilution of the binder in capsules. In addition, starch is suitable as a disintegrant for tablets, since, after swallowing, it absorbs fluid and after a short time it swells so much that the active ingredient is released. For qualitative reasons, medical lubricant powders and dust removers are other fields of application. In the field of cosmetics, starch can be used, for example, as a carrier of powdered additives, such as fragrances, and salicylic acid. A relatively extensive field of application for starch is toothpaste. 2. 8 Starch as an additive in charcoal and briquettes Starch can also be used as an additive in charcoal and briquettes. By adding the starch, the coal can be agglomerated quantitatively and / or formed into briquettes in high quality, thus preventing the premature disintegration of the briquettes. Charcoal charcoal contains between 4 and 6 percent of added starch, coal valued between 0.1 and 0.5 percent. In addition, starch is suitable as a binder, since its addition to charcoal and briquettes can considerably reduce the emission of toxic substances. 2. 9 Processing of ore and coal slurry In addition, starch can be used as a flocculation agent in the processing of ore and coal slurry. 2. 10 Additive to empty materials Another field of application is the use as an additive to process materials in the emptying. For different emptying processes, cores produced from earth mixed with binding agents are needed. Today, the most commonly used binding agent is bentonite mixed with modified starches, mostly swelling starches. The purpose of adding starch is increased resistance to flow, as well as improved binder resistance. On the other hand, swelling starches can fill more prerequisites for the production process, such as dispersibility in cold water, the ability to re-hydrate, good ability to mix on land, and high capacity to bind water. 2. 11 Rubber industry In the rubber industry, starch can be used to improve technical and optical quality. The reasons for this are improved surface gloss, grip and appearance. ' For this purpose, the starch is dispersed on the impregnated rubber impregnated surfaces of rubber substances, prior to cold vulcanization. This can also be used to improve the ability to print rubber. 2. 12 Production of skin substitutes Another field of application for modified starch is the production of skin substitutes. 2. 13 Starch in synthetic polymers The following fields of application are emerging in the plastics market: the integration of starch-derived products into the processing process (starch is only a filler, there is no direct link between the synthetic polymer and the starch) or, alternatively, the integration of starch-derived products into the production of polymers (the starch and the polymer form a stable bond). The use of starch as a pure filler can not compete with other substances such as talc. This situation is different when the specific properties of the starch become effective, and the profile of properties of the final products is thus clearly changed. An example is the use of starch products in the processing of thermoplastic materials, such as polyethylene. By the same, the starch and the synthetic polymer are combined in a ratio of 1: 1 by means of coexpression to form a "master batch", from which different products are produced by means of common techniques, using granulated polyethylene. The integration of starch into polyethylene films can result in increased substance permeability in hollow bodies, improved water vapor permeability, improved antistatic performance, improved antiblock performance, as well as improved printing ability with aqueous dyes. Another possibility is the use of starch in polyurethane foams. Due to the adaptation of starch derivatives, as well as due to the optimization of the processing techniques, it is possible to specifically control the reaction between synthetic polymers and the hydroxy groups of the starch. The results are polyurethane films having the following properties profiles due to the use of starch: a reduced coefficient of thermal expansion, decreased shrinkage behavior, improved pressure / voltage behavior, increased water vapor permeability, without any change in the acceptance of water, flammability, and reduced fracture density, no decrease in combustible parts, no halides and reduced aging. The inconveniences that still exist today are the reduced pressure and impact resistance. Film development of the product is not the only option. Solid plastic products, such as pots, plates and bowls, can also be produced by means of a starch content of more than 50 percent. further, starch / polymer mixtures offer the advantage that they are much more easily biodegradable. In addition, due to its high capacity to fix water, starch graft polymers have gained maximum importance. These are products that have a base structure of starch and a lateral lattice of a synthetic monomer grafted in accordance with the principle of the radical chain mechanism. The starch graft polymers currently available are characterized by an improved fixation and holding capacity of up to 1000 grams of water per gram of starch at a high viscosity. These superabsorbers are used mainly in the field of hygiene, for example, in products such as diapers and sheets, as well as in the agricultural sector, for example, in seed pill. What is decisive for the use of the modified novel starch by recombinant DNA techniques is, on the one hand, the structure, the water content, the protein content, the lipid content, the fiber content, the ash content. phosphate, the ratio of amylose / amylopectin, the distribution of the relative molar mass, the degree of branching, the size and shape of the granule, as well as the crystallization, and on the other hand, the properties that result in the following characteristics: flow and absorption behavior, plasticizing temperature, viscosity, thickening performance, solubility, paste structure, transparency, heat, tear and acid resistance, tendency to retrograde, the ability to gel formation, freeze / thaw resistance, complex forming ability, ion fixation, film formation, adhesive strength, l to enzyme stability, digestibility and reactivity.

The production of modified starch by means of operating genetically with a transgenic plant can modify the properties of the starch obtained from the plant, in such a way as to produce further modifications by means of superfluous chemical or physical methods. On the other hand, modified starches by means of recombinant DNA techniques, can be subjected to additional chemical modification, which will result in further quality improvement for certain of the fields of application described above. These chemical modifications are mainly known. These are particularly modifications by means of heat treatment, acid-oxidation and esterification treatment leading to the formation of phosphate, nitrate, sulfate, xanthate, acetate and citrate starches. Other organic acids can also be used for esterification: starch alkyl ether ether starch ether, O-allyl ether, hydroxyalkyl ether, O-carboxylmethyl ether, N-containing starch ethers, P-containing starch ethers, and starch ethers containing S. formation of branched starches formation of starch graft polymers.

Figure 1 illustrates schematically the plasmid pJT31 (AATP1 (Arabidopsis thaliana) sense) Figure 2 schematically illustrates the plasmid pJT32 (AATP1 (Solanum tuberosum) anti-sense). Figure 3 shows the comparison of the amino acid sequence of the AATP2 of Arabidopsis thaliana with the AATP1 (A. thaliana) and a homologous protein of Rickettsia pro azekki (Wi-lliamson et al., Gene 80 (1989), 269-278). ). Figure 4 is a hydropathy analysis of the AATP2 (A. thaliana), the AATP1 (A. thaliana) and the ADP / ATP translocator of Rickettsia, performed in accordance with the method of von Heijne et al. (Eur. J. Biochem 180 (1989), 535-545). Figure 5 shows a Northern blot analysis of the expression of AATPl (Solanum tuberosum) in the leaves and tubers of the anti-sense ADP / ATP translocator plants. Figure 6 shows a Northern blot analysis of the expression of AATPl (Arabidopsis thaliana) in the leaves and tubers of ADP / ATP translocator overexpression plants. Figure 7 is a schematic map of the pTE200 cartridge for the expression of the embryo-specific gene. EcoRl, Smal, BamHl, Xhol Notl, XbaI, Sacl, Kpnl, Apal, SalI and Sfil mark the recognition sites for restriction endonucleases. For practical reasons, Sfil (A) and Sfil (B) differ in the variable nucleotide sequence within the recognition sequence. The abbreviations code as follows: FClFa tB4 = promoter ClFatB4, tCIFati34 terminator ClFatB4, amp = bacterial resistance against ampicillin, ColEl ori = "replication origin" of plasmid ColEl, fl (-) ori = "replication origin" of phage fl . Figure 8 is a schematic map of the ADP / ATP translocator expression pTE208 cartridge: this derivative of the pTE200 vector (Figure 7) carries a cDNA encoding an ADP / ATP translocator plastidary of Solanum tuberosum in sense orientation. Figure 9 is a schematic map of the binary vector pMH000-0. Sfil, Salí, Clal, Hindlll, EcoRl, Nsil, Smal, BamHl, Spel, Notl, Kpnl, Bglll, Apal, Xhol, Xbal and BstEll mark the recognition sites for restriction endonucleases. Sfil (A) and Sfil (B) differ in the variable nucleotide sequence of their recognition sequence as declared. This is the reason why recircularization of the starting plasmid is avoided after the dissociation of Sfil and a targeted insertion of the expression cartridge of the derivative pTE200 is possible. The abbreviations encode as follows: RB, LB = right and left border region, t35S - termination signal of the 35S ma gene of CaMV, pat = fofinotricin-acetyl transferase gene, p35S = promoter of the 35S ma gene of CaMV, p35S (min) = minimal promoter of the 35S ma gene of CaMV, tp-sul = sulfonamide resistance gene with transit peptide, tnos = termination signal of the nopaline synthase gene, Sm / Sp = bacterial resistance against streptomycin and spectinomycin, parA, parB and parR = multiplication functions of the plasmid of plasmid pVSl with large host area i. to. for Agroba cteri um tumefaciens and Escherichia coli. The following examples illustrate the invention.

Example 1 Construction of the bacterial expression vector pJTlld and transformation of E. Coli The AATP2 protein (gene library X94626) from Arabidopsis thaliana was terminally fused at N with a "histidine tag" comprising 10 amino acids. For this, the cDNA encoding the complete AATP2 protein of Arabidopsis thaliana was isolated by means of a PCR approach. The following oligonucleotide served as a sense primer which, in addition, had an Xhol restriction site: Cgtgagagatagagagctcgagggtctgattcaaacc (SEQ ID NO: 1); which comprised the base pairs 66-102). An oligonucleotide carrying an additional BamHI restriction site served as an anti-sense primer: gatacaacaggaatcctggatgaagc (SEQ ID NO: 2); which comprised the base pairs (1863-1835). The obtained PCR product was purified by means of an agarose gel, cut with the restriction enzymes Xhol / BamHl and introduced "in frame" in the plasmid pET16b (Novagene, Heidelberg, Germany). This leads to the display of a histidine tag of 10 amino acids in the N-terminus of the cDNA encoding the complete AATP2 protein of Arabidopsis thaliana (His-AATP2). That vector was called pJTlld. The sequence of the PCR product was determined by sequencing both nucleotide chains (Eurogentec). Transformation of E. Coli C43 (Miroux and Walker, J. Mol. Biol. 260 (1996), 289-298) was performed in accordance with standard methods. Strain C43 of E. coli allowed heterologous expression of animal membrane proteins (Miroux and Walker, loe. Cit.) And plant (Tjaden et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1998) (in press)). After the transformation of this strain with the pJT118 vector, recovery studies were carried out with radiolabeled ADP and ATP. Through these studies it was possible to demonstrate that HIS-AATP2 can be expressed functionally in E. Coli C43 in the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli. This showed that the AATP2 indeed encodes an ADP / ATP translocator. The presence of a N-terminal histidine tag leads to an increase (2x-3x) of the AATP2 transport activity of A. thaliana in E. coli, compared to the unlabeled AATP2 of N-terminal histidine.

Example 2 Construction of plasmid pJT31 and introduction of the plasmid into the genome of potato plants For the construction of a plant transformation vector an EcoRV / BamHI fragment was ligated from the AATP1 cDNA of A. thaliana (Kampfenkel et al., FEBS Letters 374 (1995), 351-355) with a length of 2230 bp within the pBinAR vector cut with Smal / EcoRV and BamHl (Hofgen and Willmitzer, Plant Sci. 66 (1990), 221-230). By inserting the cDNA fragment an expression cartridge (pJT31) is formed which is constructed from fragments A, B and C as follows (see Figure 1): Fragment A (540 bp) contains the 35S promoter from the Cauliflower mosaic. Fragment B contains, in addition to the flanking regions, the protein coding region of an ADP / ATP translocator of A. thaliana (AATP1). That region was isolated as described above, and fused in the sense orientation to the 35S promoter in pBinAR. Fragment C (215 bp) contains the polyadenylation signal of the octopine synthase gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The size of plasmid pJT31 is approximately 14.2 kb. The plasmid was transferred into potato plants by means of Agrobacteria as they are said by Rocha-Sosa et al. (EMBO J. 8 (1989), 23-29). As a result of the transformation, the transgenic potato plants exhibited an increase in the mRNA of a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator. This was detected by Northern blot analysis (see Figure 6). The RNA was isolated in accordance with standard tissue protocols of leaves and tubers of potato plants. 50 μg of RNA were separated on an agarose gel (1.5 percent agarose, lx MEN swell, 16.6 percent formaldehyde). After electrophoresis, the RNA was transferred with 20x SSC on a Hybond N nylon membrane (Amersham, United Kingdom) by means of a capillary spot. The RNA was fixed in the membrane by means of ultraviolet radiation. The membrane was previously hybridized for 2 hours in pH buffer of phosphate hybridization (Sambrook et al., Loe. cit.) and subsequently hybridized for 10 hours by the addition of the radioactively labeled probe.

Example 3 Construction of plasmid pJT32 and introduction of the plasmid into the genome of potato plants For the construction of a plant transformation vector a BamHl / Ndel fragment was ligated from the coding region of the AATP1 cDNA of S. Tuberosum (GenBank Y 10821) with a length of 1265 bp, within the vector pBinAR (H? Fgen and Willmitzer, Plant Sci. 66 (1990), 221-230) cut with Smal / Ndel and BamHl. By inserting the cDNA fragment an expression cartridge was formed which was constructed from fragments A, B and C as follows (see Figure 2): Fragment A (540 bp) contains the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus . Fragment B contains a region of an ADP / ATP translocator of S. tuberosum (AATPl S.t.) with a length of 1265 bp. This region was fused in anti-sense orientation to the 35S promoter in pBinAR. Fragment C (215 bp) contains the polyadenylation signal of the octopine synthase gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The size of plasmid pJT32 is approximately 13.3 kb. The plasmid was transferred in potato plants by means of Agrobacteria as they say Rocha-Sosa et al. (EMBO J. 8 (1989), 23-29). As a result of the transformation the transgenic potato plants exhibited a decrease in the mRNA of a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator. This was detected by Northern blot analysis (see Figure 5). The RNA was isolated in accordance with standard tissue protocols of leaves and tubers of potato plants. 50 μg of RNA were separated on an agarose gel (1.5 percent agarose, lx MEN swell, 16.6 percent formaldehyde). After electrophoresis, the RNA was transferred with 20x SSC on a Hybond N nylon membrane (Amersham, United Kingdom) by means of a capillary spot. The RNA was fixed in the membrane by means of ultraviolet radiation. The membrane was previously hybridized for 2 hours in phosphate hybridization pH regulator (Sambrook et al., Loc.) And subsequently hybridized for 10 hours by the addition of the radioactively labeled probe.

EXAMPLE 4 Analysis of Starch, Amylose and Sugar Content of Transgenic Potato Plants Determination of the content of soluble sugars was carried out as described by Lowry and Passonneau in "A Flexible System of Enzyme Analysis", Academic Press, New York, USA (1972). The determination of the starch content was carried out as described by Batz et al. (Plant Physiol., 100 (1992), 184-190).

Table 1: The determination of the amylose content was carried out as described by Hovenkamp-Hermelink et al. (Potato Res. 31 (1988), 241-246) Example 5 Production of an expression and transformation cartridge of turnip plants The expression cartridge pTE200 in a derivative of pBluescript (Short et al., Nucí Acid Res. 16 (1988), 7583-7600) carries the promoter and terminator sequences of the thiaesterase gene CIFatB4 (access to GenBank: AJ131741) of Cuphea lanceola ta and suitable polylinker sequences for the insertion of different useful genes. The peripheral Sfil recognition sites with non-compatible nucleotides in the variable recognition regions allow a targeted transfer of the entire expression cartridge, including the useful gene within the corresponding restriction sites of the binary plasmid vector pMH000-0, further development of pLH9000 (Hausmann and Tópfer, (1999): 9th chapter: "Entwicklung von Plasmid-Vektoren" in Bioengineering für Rapssorten nach Maß, D. Brauer, G. Robbelen and R. Topfer (eds.), Vortrage für Planzenzüchtung, Volume 45, 155-172), and prevent recircularization of the DNA in the recipient vector. For the production of the expression cartridge pTE200, first, a Sall-Bbvl fragment carrying a promoter with an appropriate length of 3.3 kb was isolated., of the CITEgl6 genomic clone (WO95 / 07357) which carries the complete gene CIFatB4 of C. lanceola ta. In order to achieve this, the Bbvl restriction site was opened at the 3 'end of the promoter, and was modified in such a way that the fragment can then be recovered by the pBluescript (stratagen) cut with Sali and Smal. An internal EcoR restriction site of the localized fragment of 1211 nucleotides 5 'was deleted by opening it, modifying it by means of T4 polymerase and subsequently shutting it down again. The terminator sequence was amplified by means of the polymerase chain reaction and specific oligonucleotide primers in the CITEgl6 matrix (WO95 / 07357), and was provided with different polylinker restriction sites (MCS) by means of the primers. The sequences of the primers are: 5 'GATTCCTGCAGCCCGGGGATCCACTAGTCTCGAGAAGTGGCTGGGGGCCTTTCC3' (SEQ ID NO: 3) = 5 'primer: (MCS: EcoRl, Pstl, Smal, BamHl, Spel Xhol, terminator CIFatB4: from pos 35-56) and 5'TCTAGAGGCCAAGGCGGCCGCTTCAACGGACTGCAGTGC3' (SEQ ID NO: 4) = primer 3 ': terminator CIFatB4: from pos. 22-39, MCS: Notl, Styl, Sfil, Xbal. The amplified was cut with EcoRl and NotI and inserted into the corresponding restriction sites of pBlueSfi BA (Hausmann and Tpfer, see above). The fragment carrying the promoter was opened with BamHl, modified and subsequently cut with Sali to place it in the vector pBlueSfi BA by means of Salí, and the modified Hindlll restriction site in front of the terminator. The result is the pTE200 expression cartridge (see Figure 7). For the construction of a plant transformation vector, an EcoR1 fragment of the AATP1 cDNA of Solanum tuberosum (pTMl, Tjaden et al., The Plant Journal 16 (1998) 531-540) with a length of 2270 bp, was ligated into the vector pTE200 opened with EcoRl. The orientation was controlled by means of a restriction digest. The result was plasmid pTE208 (Figure 8). In the next step, the Sfil fragment of pTE208 was inserted into the restriction sites of the polylinker of the binary vector pMHOOO-O (Figure 9) in a directed manner. The result was the vector pMH 0208. The binary plasmid vector pMHOOO-0 of pLH9000 (Hausmann and Topfer, see above) has been further developed with alternative selection markers for the transformation of the plant. The sulfonamide (sul) gene was isolated together with the signal peptide sequence (tp) for the plastidary amount of the small subunit of the ribulosebiphosphate carboxylase of the pSOOl precursor plasmid (Reiss et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci USA 93, (1996), 3094-3098) after modification of Asp718- to the Xhol restriction site. The Xhol-Sall fragment was inserted into the restriction sites Xhol and BamHl of a pBluescript derivative in front of the terminator of the nopaline synthase gene (pAnos) after modification of Salí and BamHi. In a subsequent ligation of three fragments, the resulting fragment tpsul-pAnos (Xhol-Xbal) and the Xhol-Hindlll fragment of pRT103pat (Tpfer et al., Methods in Enzymol. 217, (1993), 66-78) were ligated with the pK18 plasmid (Pridmore, Gene 56, (1987), 309-312 opened by Hindlll and Xbal.) As a result, the gene for phosphinothricin acetyltransferase with the terminator of the CaMV35S ma gene of pRT103pat was placed in opposite orientation to the tpsul unit -pAns A double promoter of the CaMV35S ma gene was inserted as the Xhol fragment of a descendant of pROA93 (Ott et al., Mol.Gen.Genet. 221, (1990), 121-124) into the Xhol restriction site, between the sequences of genes that mediate the resistance to complete the double unit of selection (for resistance against the herbicide Basta and the sulfadiazine of sulfonamide.) After the corresponding modifications in the adjacent polylinker, the double-selection cartridge was exchanged. was obtained by means of Xbal and Hindlll against the kanamycin cartridge in the pLH9000 precursor plasmid (Hausmann and Topfer, see above). The result was the binary plasmid vector pMH000-0. Transformation of hypocotyl explanations of turnip of the variety Drakkar was carried out in accordance with the De Block protocol (Plant Physiol. 91 (1989), 694-701) by means of Agrobacteria (strain GV 3101 C58C1 Rifr) carrying the binary vector pMH0208 (ATP / ADP sense conveyor). Sprouts were regenerated in selective nutrient medium (sulfonamide), and were grown in the greenhouse until the seed matured. By means of PCR and sheet test (tolerance against glufosinammonium (BASTA®)) was tested which plants contained the transgene. The maturing embryos were harvested at different stages of plant development, and stored in liquid nitrogen.

For the determination of mature seeds of oil content, the mature seeds of transgenic turnip lines and of control lines were analyzed by means of non-invasive near-infrared spectroscopy (described, for example, by Schulz et al., J. Near Infrared Spectrosc., 6 (1998), A125-A130, Starr et al., J. Agrie, Sci. 104 (2), (1985), 317-323).

LIST OF SEQUENCES < 110 > PlantTec Biotechnologie GmbH Forschung & Entwicklung Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Fórderung der Wissenschaften < 120 > Transgenic plants with modified activity of a translocator ADP / plastidary ATP < 130 > C 1540 PCT < 140 > < 141 > < 160 > 7 < 170 > Patentln Ver. 2.1 < 210 > 1 < 211 > 37 < 212 > DNA < 213 > Artificial sequence < 220 > < 223 > Description of the artificial sequence: artificial < 400 > 1 cgtgagagat agagageteg agggtctgat tcaaacc 37 < 210 > 2 < 211 > 26 < 212 > DNA < 213 > Artificial sequence < 220 > < 223 > Description of the artificial sequence: artificial < 400 > 2 gatacaacag gaatcctgga tgaagc 26 < 210 > 3 < 211 > 56 < 212 > DNA < 213 > Artificial sequence < 220 > < 223 > Description of the artificial sequence: artificial < 400 > 3 gaattcctgc agcccggggg atccactagt ctcgagaagt ggctgggggc ctttcc 56 < 210 > 4 < 211 > 39 < 212 > DNA < 213 > Artificial sequence < 220 > < 223 > Description of the artificial sequence: artificial < 400 > 4 tctagaggcc aaggcggccg cttcaacgga ctgcagtgc 39 < 210 > 5 < 211 > 589 < 212 > PRT < 213 > Arabidopsis thaliana < 400 > 5 Met Glu Ala Val lie Gln Thr Arg Gly Leu Leu Ser Leu Pro Thr Lys 1 5 10 15 Pro lie Gly Val Arg Ser Gln Leu Gln Pro Ser His Gly Leu Lys Gln 20 25 30 Arg Leu Phe Ala Ala Lys Pro Arg Asn Leu His Gly Cys Leu Tyr Pro 35 40 45 Leu Thr Gly Thr Arg Asn Phe Lys Pro Leu Ser Gln Pro Cys Met Gly 50 55 60 Phe Arg Phe Pro Thr Lys Arg Glu Ala Pro Ser Ser Tyr Ala Arg Arg 65 70 75 80 Arg Arg Gly Cys Trp Arg Arg Ser Cys Leu Arg Arg Ser Asp Ser Wing 85 90 95 Wing Val Val Wing Being Arg Lys He Phe Gly Val Glu Val Wing Thr Leu 100 105 110 Lys Lys He He Pro Leu Gly Leu Met Phe Phe Cys He Leu Phe Asn 115 120 125 Tyr Thr He Leu Arg Asp Thr Lys Asp Val Leu Val Val Thr Ala Lys 130 135 140 Gly Be Ser Wing Glu He He Pro Phe Leu Lys Thr Trp Val Asn Leu 145 150 155 160 Pro Met Wing He Gly Phe Met Leu Leu Tyr Thr Lys Leu Ser Asn Val 165 170 175 Leu Ser Lys Lys Wing Leu Phe Tyr Thr Val He Val Pro Phe He He 180 185 190 Tyr Phe Gly Gly Phe Gly Phe Val Met Tyr Pro Leu Ser Asn Tyr He 195 200 205 His Pro Glu Ala Leu Ala Asp Lys Leu Leu Thr Thr Leu Gly Pro Arg 210 215 220 Phe Met Gly Pro He Wing He Leu Arg He Trp Ser Phe Cys Leu Phe 225 230 235 240 Tyr Val Met Wing Glu Leu Trp Gly Ser Val Val Val Ser Val Leu Phe 245 250 255 Trp Gly Phe Wing Asn Gln He Thr Thr Val Asp Glu Wing Lys Lys Phe 260 265 270 Tyr Pro Leu Phe Gly He Gly Wing Asn Val Wing Leu He Phe Ser Gly 275 280 285 Arg Thr Val Lys Tyr Phe Ser Asn Leu Arg Lys Asn Leu Gly Pro Gly 290 295 300 Val Asp Gly Ser Phe Val Glu Ser His Asp Glu His Cys Gly Gly Asn 305 310 315 320 Gly Thr Arg He Cys Leu Ser He Gly Gly Ser Asn Arg Tyr Val Pro 325 330 335 Leu Pro Thr Arg Ser Lys Asn Lys Lys Glu Lys Pro Lys Met Gly Thr 340 345 350 Met Glu Ser Leu Lys Phe Leu Val Ser Ser Pro Tyr He Arg Asp Leu 355 360 365 Wing Thr Leu Val Val Wing Tyr Gly He Ser He Asn Leu Val Glu Val 370 375 380 Thr Trp Lys Ser Lys Leu Lys Wing Gln Phe Pro Ser Pro Asn Glu Tyr 385 390 395 400 Be Wing Phe Met Gly Wing Phe Ser Thr Cys Thr Gly Val Wing Thr Phe 405 410 415 Thr Met Met Leu Leu Ser Gln Tyr Val Phe Asn Lys Tyr Gly Trp Gly 420 425 430 Val Ala Ala Lys He Thr Pro Thr Val Leu Leu Leu Thr Gly Val Ala 435 440 445 Phe Phe Ser Leu He Leu Phe Gly Pro Phe Ala Pro Leu Val Wing 450 455 460 Lys Leu Gly Met Thr Pro Leu Leu Wing Ala Val Tyr Val Gly Ala Leu 465 470 475 480 Gln Asn He Phe Ser Lys Ser Wing Lys Tyr Ser Leu Phe Asp Pro Cys 485 490 495 Lys Glu Met Wing Tyr He Pro Leu Asp Glu Asp Thr Lys Val Lys Gly 500 505 510 Lys Wing Wing Asp Val Val Cys Asn Pro Leu Gly Lys Ser Gly Gly 515 520 525 Wing Leu He Gln Gln Phe Met He Leu Ser Phe Gly Ser Leu Wing Asn 530 535 540 Ser Thr Pro Tyr Leu Gly Met He Leu Leu Val He Val Thr Wing Trp 545 550 555 560 Leu Ala Ala Ala Lys Ser Leu Glu Gly Gln Phe Asn Ser Leu Arg Leu 565 570 575 Lys Lys Ser Leu Arg Arg Lys Trp Arg Glu Leu His Arg 580 585 < 210 > 6 < 211 > 569 < 212 > PRT < 213 > Arabidopsis thaliana < 400 > 6 Met Glu Gly Leu He Gln Thr Arg Gly He Leu Ser Leu Pro Wing Ser 1 5 10 15 His Arg Ser Glu Lys Val Leu Gln Pro Ser His Gly Leu Lys Gln Arg 20 25 30 Leu Phe Thr Thr Asn Leu Pro Wing Leu Ser Leu Ser Leu Met Val Thr 35 40 45 Arg Asn Phe Lys Pro Phe Ser Lys Ser His Leu Gly Phe Arg Phe Pro 50 55 60 Thr Arg Arg Glu Wing Glu Asp Ser Leu Wing Arg Arg Lys Leu Arg Arg 65 70 75 80 Pro Arg Arg Lys Cys Val Asp Glu Gly Asp Thr Ala Ala Met Ala Val 85 90 95 Ser Pro Lys He Phe Gly Val Glu Val Thr Thr Leu Lys Lys He Val 100 105 110 Pro Leu Gly Leu Met Phe Phe Cys He Leu Phe Asn Tyr Thr He Leu 115 120 125 Arg Asp Thr Lys Asp Val Leu Val Val Thr Ala Lys Gly Ser Ser Ala 130 135 140 Glu He He Pro Phe Leu Lys Thr Trp Val Asn Val Pro Met Wing He 145 150 155 160 Gly Phe Met Leu Leu Tyr Thr Lys Leu Ser Asn Val Leu Ser Lys Lys 165 170 175 Wing Leu Phe Tyr Thr Val He Val Pro Phe He Val Tyr Phe Gly Wing 180 185 190 Phe Gly Phe Val Met Tyr Pro Arg Ser Asn Leu He Gln Pro Glu Wing 195 200 205 Leu Wing Asp Lys Leu Leu Wing Thr Leu Gly Pro Arg Phe Met Gly Pro 210 215 220 Leu Ala He Met Arg He Trp Ser Phe Cys Leu Phe Tyr Val Met Wing 225 230 235 240 Glu Leu Trp Gly Ser Val Val Val Ser Val Leu Phe Trp Gly Phe Wing 245 250 255 Asn Gln He Thr Thr Val Asp Glu Wing Lys Lys Phe Tyr Pro Leu Phe 260 265 270 Gly Leu Gly Wing Asn Val Wing Leu He Phe Ser Gly Arg Thr Val Lys 275 280 285 Tyr Phe Ser Asn Met Arg Lys Asn Leu Gly Pro Gly Val Asp Gly Trp 290 295 300 Wing Val Ser Leu Lys Wing Met Met Ser Val Val Val Gly Met Gly Leu 305 310 315 320 Ala He Cys Phe Leu Tyr Trp Trp Val Asn Arg Tyr Val Pro Leu Pro 325 330 335 Thr Arg Ser Lys Lys Lys Lys Val Lys Pro Gln Met Gly Thr Met Glu 340 345 350 Ser Leu Lys Phe Leu Val Ser Ser Pro Tyr He Arg Asp Leu Wing Thr 355 360 365 Leu Val Val Wing Tyr Gly He Ser He Asn Leu Val Glu Val Thr Trp 370 375 380 Lys Ser Lys Leu Lys Ser Gln Phe Pro Ser Pro Asn Glu Tyr Ser Wing 385 390 395 400 Phe Met Gly Asp Phe Ser Thr Cys Thr Gly He Wing Thr Phe Thr Met 405 410 415 Met Leu Leu Ser Gln Tyr Val Phe Lys Lys Tyr Gly Trp Gly Val Wing 420 425 430 Wing Lys He Thr Pro Thr Val Leu Leu Leu Thr Gly Val Wing Phe Phe 435 440 445 Ser Leu He Leu Phe Gly Pro Phe Ala Pro Leu Val Ala Lys Leu 450 455 460 Gly Met Thr Pro Leu Leu Ala Wing Val Tyr Val Val Pro Pro Glu Val 465 470 475 480 Be Ser Wing Arg Val Gln Val Gln His Ser Ser Thr Pro Ser Wing Met 485 490 495 Gln Glu Cys Leu Tyr Pro Leu Asp Glu Val Ser Lys Val Lys Wing Lys 500 505 510 Leu Gln Leu Met Trp Ser Wing Thr He Gly Lys Ser Gly Gly Wing Leu 515 520 525 He Gln Gln Phe Met He Leu Thr Phe Gly Ser Leu Wing Asn Ser Thr 530 535 540 Pro Tyr Leu Gly Val He Leu Leu Gly He Val Thr Ala Trp Leu Ala 545 550 555 560 Wing Ala Lys Ser Leu Glu Gly Pro Val 565 < 210 > 7 < 211 > 498 < 212 > PRT < 213 > Rickettsia prowazekii < 400 > 7 Met Ser Thr Ser Lys Ser Glu Asn Tyr Leu Ser Glu Leu Arg Lys He 1 5 10 15 He Trp Pro He Glu Gln Tyr Glu Asn Lys Lys Phe Leu Pro Leu Wing 20 25 30 Phe Met Met Phe Cys He Leu Leu Asn Tyr Ser Thr Leu Arg Ser He 35 40 45 Lys Asp Gly Phe Val Val Thr Asp He Gly Thr Glu Being He Is Phe 50 55 60 Leu Lys Thr Tyr He Val Leu Pro Being Wing Val He Wing Met He He 65 70 75 80 Tyr Val Lys Leu Cys Asp He Leu Lys Gln Glu Asn Val Phe Tyr Val 85 90 95 He Thr Ser Phe > Phe Leu Gly Tyr Phe Ala Leu Phe Ala Phe Val Leu 100 105 110 Tyr Pro Tyr Pro Asp Leu Val His Pro Asp His Lys Thr He Glu Ser 115 120 125 Leu Ser Leu Ala Tyr Pro Asn Phe Lys Trp Phe He Lys He Val Gly 130 135 140 Lys Trp Ser Phe Wing Ser Phe Tyr Thr He Wing Glu Leu Trp Gly Thr 145 150 155 160 Met Met Leu Ser Leu Leu Phe Trp Gln Phe Wing Asn Gln He Thr Lys 165 170 175 He Ala Glu Ala Lys Arg Phe Tyr Ser Met Phe Gly Leu Leu Ala Asn 180 185 190 Leu Ala Leu Pro Val Thr Ser Val Val He Gly Tyr Phe Leu His Glu 195 200 205 Lys Thr Gln He Val Wing Glu His Leu Lys Phe Val Pro Leu Phe Val 210 215 220 He Met He Thr Ser Ser Phe Leu He He Leu Thr Tyr Arg Trp Met 225 230 235 240 Asn Lys Asn Val Leu Thr Asp Pro Arg Leu Tyr Asp Pro Wing Leu Val 245 250 255 Lys Glu Lys Lys Thr Lys Wing Lys Leu Ser Phe He Glu Ser Leu Lys 260 265 270 Met He Phe Thr Ser Lys Tyr Val Gly Tyr He Ala Leu Leu He He 275 280 285 Wing Tyr Gly Val Ser Val Valn Val Glu Gly Val Trp Lys Ser Lys 290 295 300 Val Lys Glu Leu Tyr Pro Thr Lys Glu Wing Tyr Thr He Tyr Met Gly 305 310 315 320 Gln Phe Gln Phe Tyr Gln Gly Trp Val Wing He Wing Phe Met Leu He 325 330 335 Gly Being Asn He Leu Arg Lys Val Being Trp Leu Thr Wing Wing Met He 340 345 350 Thr Pro Leu Met Met Phe He Thr Gly Wing Ala Phe Phe Ser Phe He 355 360 365 Phe Phe Asp Ser Val He Wing Met Asn Leu Thr Gly He Leu Wing Ser 370 375 380 Ser Pro Leu Thr Leu Ala Val Met He Gly Met He Gln Asn Val Leu 385 390 395 400 Ser Lys Gly Val Lys Tyr Ser Leu Phe Asp Wing Thr Lys Asn Met Wing 405 410 415 Tyr He Pro Leu Asp Lys Asp Leu Arg Val Lys Gly Gln Wing Wing Val 420 425 430 Glu Val He Gly Gly Arg Leu Gly Lys Ser Gly Gly Ala He He Gln 435 440 445 Be Thr Phe Phe He Leu Phe Pro Val Phe Gly Phe He Glu Ala Thr 450 455 460 Pro Tyr Phe Wing Being He Phe Phe He He Val He Leu Trp He Phe 465 470 475 480 Wing Val Lys Gly Leu Asn Lys Glu Tyr Gln Val Leu Val Asn Lys Asn 485 490 495 Glu Lys

Claims (16)

1. CLAIMS 1. A transgenic plant cell that is genetically modified, where the genetic modification is an introduction of a nucleic acid molecule whose presence or expression leads to an increase in the activity of the plastidary ADP / ATP translocator compared to the cells of non-genetically modified plant corresponding to wild-type plants.
2. 2. The transgenic plant cell according to claim 1, wherein the foreign unicole acid molecule encodes a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator.
3. 3. The transgenic plant cell according to claim 2, wherein the foreign nucleic acid molecule encodes an ADP / ATP translocator plastidary of Arabidopsis thaliana.
4. 4. The transgenic plant cell according to any of claims 1 to 3, which exhibits an increased yield, as compared to the corresponding non-genetically modified plant cells.
5. 5. The transgenic plant cell according to any of claims 1 to 4, which exhibits an increased oil and / or starch content, as compared to the corresponding non-genetically modified plant cells. The transgenic plant cell according to any of claims 1 to 5, which synthesizes a starch exhibiting an increased content of amylose, as compared to the starch of the corresponding non-genetically modified plant cells. 7. A transgenic plant containing transgenic plant cells according to any of claims 1 to
6. 6. 8. The transgenic plant according to claim 7, which is an oil and / or starch storage plant. 9. The transgenic plant according to claim 8, which is a corn, turnip, wheat or potato plant. 10. A method for the production of a transgenic plant that exhibits increased yield, as compared to wild-type plants, wherein (a) a plant cell is genetically modified by the introduction of a foreign nucleic acid molecule, whose presence or expression leads to an increase in the activity of a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator in the cell; (b) a plant is regenerated from the cell produced in accordance with step (a); and (c) optionally other plants are produced from the plant produced in accordance with (b). The method according to claim 10, wherein the transgenic plant exhibits an increased content of oil and / or starch, as compared to wild-type plants and / or whose starch exhibits an increased content of amylose, as compared to the starch of wild type plants. 12. A transgenic plant obtainable by the method according to claim 10 or 11. 13. Plant propagation material according to any of claims 7 to 9 or 12, wherein said propagation material contains transgenic cells. according to any of claims 1 to 6. 14. The use of nucleic acid molecules encoding a plastidary ADP / ATP translocator for the production of transgenic plants that exhibit increased yield, as compared to wild-type plants. 15. The use according to claim 14, wherein the transgenic plant exhibits an increased content of oil and / or starch and / or synthesizes a starch exhibiting an increased content of amylose, as compared to the starch of wild-type plants. . 16. A method for the production of a modified starch, comprising the extraction of the starch from a plant according to any of claims 7 to 9, or according to claim 12.