MXPA00008952A - Absorbent articles with improved distribution properties under sub-saturation - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention is an absorbent article, containing at least one fluid storage member and at least one fluid distribution member. The fluid distribution member has an improved fluid handling property especially under sub-saturation conditions. Such members exhibit at 50%of their saturation capacity an increased permeability of at least about 14%of the one at saturation. The fluid storage member has a higher Capillary Sorption Absorbency Height than the fluid distribution member.

Description

ABSORBENT ARTICLES WITH DISTRIBUTION PROPERTIES IMPROVED UNDER SUBSATURATION GENERAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to hygienic absorbent articles, such as disposable baby diapers, training pants, adult incontinence articles, feminine hygiene articles and the like, which comprise fluid distribution members that exhibit improved performance to distribute the liquid inside those items.

BACKGROUND / PREVIOUS ART In the general field of disposable absorbent articles and structures, materials exhibiting specific fluid distribution properties are well known. These materials become more and more relevant with the introduction of highly absorbent materials, also called absorbent gelling materials or superabsorbent or briefly superabsorbent materials, which provide a useful means to store aqueous fluids such as urine, but do not improve transport. of fluid, and even the reduction of fluid transport can occur, when below-optimal designs and / or materials below optimal ones are used, and the phenomenon frequently referred to as "gel blocking" takes place. For example, in structures where the superabsorbent is homogeneously mixed with the cellulose fibers, a certain critical concentration, which is strongly dependent on the choice of superabsorbent material, should not be exceeded in order not to affect the efficiency of the absorbent core. As a consequence, a vast number of absorbent core designs have emerged with a separate functionality, such as comprising not only liquid storage regions or materials, but also with specialized properties for improved fluid acquisition and / or distribution. Frequently, a region aims to improve acquisition and distribution at the same time. Initially, the requirements for a dispensing material, and the standard tissue paper materials as used as wrapping sheets in the cores and described for example in U.S. Patent No. 3,952,745 (Duncan) were not very high. ), were applied to improve also the distribution of fluid, as described in European patent 0343 941 (Reising) or in United States patent No. 4,578,068 (Kramer). Further developments can be exemplified by European patent 0.397.110 (Latimer) disclosing an absorbent article comprising a cargo handling part for improved fluid handling, having specific basis weights, acquisition times and residual moisture. U.S. Patent No. 4,898,642 (Moore et al.) Discloses chemically hardened, especially twisted cellulosic fibers and absorbent structures made therefrom; European Patent 0,640,330 (Bewick-Sonntag et al.) discloses the use of these fibers in a specific arrangement with specific superabsorbent materials. Additional approaches are intended to improve the penetration properties of cellulose fiber-based materials, such as U.S. Patent No. 3,575,174 or U.S. Patent No. 4,781,710, whereby portions of the The structures are compressed to a higher density, thus creating smaller pores for the increased penetration height for example along the "penetration lines" or in closed mesh patterns. Since some of these materials exhibited an undesirable hard feeling, methods for post-training treatments to improve softness were well known. "Post-formation treatment" refers to the fact that, instead of or in addition to increasing softness during the making or forming of the tissue, the tissue is mechanically treated in a separate step of the process after forming and drying the tissue, often just before further processing such as combining the tissue with other materials to form a core or absorbent article. Examples of these treatments are in U.S. Patent No. 5,117,540 (Walton) or U.S. Patent No. 4,440,597 (Wells). Other attempts to improve the pore size of the distribution materials are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,244,482 (Hassenboehler), which aims to reduce the maximum pore size by stretching a fibrous structure comprising fibers capable of melting. in one direction and "freeze" the deformation by thermal curing. Special material compounds were also developed, aiming to allow tailor-made pore size and pore size distribution. Examples for these improvements are described in greater detail in U.S. Patent No. 5,549,589 (Horney et al.) Or in PCT application WO 97/38654 (Seger et al.). Both essentially aim to provide an elastic structure using specially hardened cellulosic fibers such as crosslinked soft cellulose wood fibers, and filling the large pores with small, thin cellulosic fibers such as eucalyptus fibers. Both applications further add elements to provide sufficient integrity and strength to the structure, the first U.S. Patent No. (5,549,589) by adding thermoplastic fibers and partially fusing these, the second (WO 97/38654) adding a chemical binder . A further approach as disclosed in European patent application EP-AO.810.078 (d'Acchioli, et al.) Uses a special mechanical treatment subsequent to the formation of the wefts, thus imparting the improved fluid handling properties as described by liquid flow rates above certain penetration heights.

Although the desire to improve the functionality of the absorbent articles, more specific requirements were developed for the distribution materials, such as porous materials that were investigated more in depth. In order to improve the longitudinal distribution of the fluid, synthetic fibers of high surface area were applied within the structures, as described in the United States Statutory Invention Register No. H1511. Another class of materials are foamed structures, such as cellulosic foams such as are commercially available from Spontex SA, France. Other polymeric foams were disclosed for use in absorbent articles in U.S. Patent No. 5,268,224 (DesMarais), especially high internal phase polymerized materials, which can be used to store liquids, and have at the same time the ability to avoid localized saturation, separating the fluid stored in the entire material. However, all these investigations up to now have sought to improve the penetration properties of the distribution materials such as flow, penetration height and penetration times, but failed to recognize the importance of the dewatering mechanism of the distribution materials by the materials of liquid storage, especially when these materials are not fully saturated, as may be relevant in absorbent articles between multiple loads.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION In the following, it is an object of the present invention to provide improved absorbent articles having improved dewatering functionality of the distribution members, especially under conditions of low saturation. It is another object of the present invention to provide improved absorbent articles comprising materials that allow the liquid to be transported throughout the absorbent article even when saturated to a low degree of saturation. It is a further object of the present invention to provide these articles comprising liquid storage materials having a good capillary desorption absorption operation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention is an absorbent article containing a fluid distribution member, which has a relatively high permeability even under subsaturation conditions, and which has a capillary desorption absorption height less than 50% of its capacity at 0 cm , which is greater than the capillary desorption absorption height at 50% of its capacity at 0 cm from a fluid storage member in liquid communication with this distribution member within this article.

Therefore, the distribution member has a permeability at 50% of its saturation, which is at least greater than about 14%, preferably greater than 18%, even more preferably greater than 25% or even greater than 35% of the permeability at 100% saturation. In this way, the first fluid storage member has a CSAH 50 greater than about 15 cm, preferably greater than about 23 cm, even more preferably greater than about 27 cm, or even greater than about 30 cm, and most preferably greater than 47 cm. In a further preferred embodiment, the absorbent article comprises a fluid distribution member having a 30% permeability of its saturation k (30) which is greater than about 3% of k (100), preferably greater than about 5%, preferably even greater than about 10% of k (100). In the further preferred embodiments, the fluid distribution member has a CSDH value of less than about 150 cm, more preferably less than about 100 cm, even more preferably less than about 75 cm, and most preferably less than about 50 cm. cm. In a specific preferred execution, the fluid distribution member comprises an open cell foam, which can expand upon wetting, and which can re-crush upon losing the liquid. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the fluid distribution member comprises a flexible, hydrophilic polymeric foam structure of interconnected open cells, even more preferably of the HIPE type. In a further execution, the absorbent article has at least two storage regions liquid, whereby both regions liquid storage are in liquid communication with the distribution member fluid, wherein preferably at least one of the Liquid storage regions comprises material exhibiting a capillary desorption absorption height at 50% of its maximum capacity (CSAH 50) of at least about 40 cm. In a further aspect of the invention, the absorbent article having said dispensing member can be described by a crotch region and one or more waist regions, whereby the crotch region has a lower final fluid storage capacity than said one or more waist regions together, which can be described as having less than 0.9 times the base most preferably even smaller storage capacity average absorbent core end fluid so 0.5 times the base storage capacity average end fluid of the absorbent core, even more preferably less than 0.3 times the base storage capacity of the average final fluid of the absorbent core. In a further aspect, the absorbent article has a crotch region having a storage capacity final fluid lower branch 49% of the storage capacity final fluid of the total core, preferably less than 41% of the total storage capacity final core fluid, even more preferably less than 23% of the total final fluid storage capacity of the core. In a still further aspect of the present invention, the absorbent article has a final liquid storage material that provides at least 80% of the total final storage capacity of the absorbent core, preferably more than 90% of the total storage capacity end of the absorbent core. In an even further aspect of the present invention, the absorbent article has very little liquid absorbent capacity in the crotch region, preferably at least 50% of the crotch region contain essentially no ultimate storage capacity. In addition, the absorbent article may have less than 50% of the final storage capacity placed forward from the crotch area in the front half of the article, and more than 50% of the final storage capacity placed in the rear half from the article. Even more preferably, the absorbent article may have less than 33% of the final storage capacity placed forward of the crotch area in the front half of the article, and more than 67% of the final storage capacity is placed in the back half of the article.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figures 1 to 4 show different executions of the permeability test arrangement. Figures 1 and 2 are related to a simplified test. Figures 3 and 4 are related to a general test. Figures 1 and 3 relate to the measurement of transplanar permeability, and Figures 2 and 4 relate to the permeability within the plane. Figure 5 shows the support of the capillary absorption test (capillary absorption). Figure 6 shows a diaper as an example for an absorbent article.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION As used herein, the term "fluid handling member" refers to the components of the absorbent article that typically provide at least the fluid handling functionality. An absorbent article may comprise one or more of the various fluid handling members, such as one or more fluid acquisition members, one or more fluid distribution members and / or one or more fluid storage members. Each of these members may comprise one or more sub-elements, which may be homogeneous or not, that is, each member may be made from one material or from several materials. For example, these materials may be layered, optionally consisting of sublayers, and / or optionally having different composition, or density, or thickness. Each of these members can have a specialized functionality, mainly such that it provides the acquisition functionality or mainly by providing the fluid storage functionality. Alternatively, the members may have multiple functionality, such as the very primitive "cellulose only" diapers wherein the cellulose fluff performed the acquisition, distribution and final storage functionality at the same time. The "storage absorbent member" refers to the absorbent member or members of the absorbent core that function primarily to store the absorbed fluids. A "fluid distribution member" in the meaning of the present invention is a member, which satisfies the requirements as set forth for the fluid distribution functionality, without considering whether the member also has some other fluid handling functionality. A "fluid acquisition member" refers to the parts or absorbent core, which are primarily designed to receive the liquid as it reaches the absorbent article. As used herein, the term "absorbent core" refers to members of the absorbent article that are primarily responsible for the fluid handling of the article, thus including the "fluid handling member or members". As such, the absorbent core typically does not include the topsheet or the backsheet of the absorbent article, although in certain instances the topsheet may be considered, for example, to provide specific fluid acquisition performance. An absorbent core can be divided into "regions" of the core, wherein these "regions" can perform the functionality of one or more of the members as defined above. Therefore, an acquisition region may comprise an acquisition member (and also comprise other members, this may consist of an acquisition member (and nothing else), which may consist of an acquisition material, or an acquisition region. / distribution may comprise both as an acquisition member and a distribution member As used herein, the term "absorbent articles" refers to devices that absorb and contain body exudates, and, more specifically refers to devices that they are placed against or close to the user's body to absorb and contain the various exudates discarded from the body.As used herein, the term "body fluids" includes, but is not limited to,, urine, menstruation and vaginal discharges, sweat and feces. The term "disposable" is used herein to describe absorbent articles that are not intended to be washed or otherwise restored or reused as an absorbent article (i.e., are intended to be discarded after use, and, preferably, to be recirculated). , formed in compost or otherwise disposed of in an environmentally compatible manner). As used herein, the term "Z dimension" refers to the dimension orthogonal to the length and width of the member, core or article. The Z dimension usually corresponds to the thickness of member, core or article. As used herein, the term "X-Y dimension" refers to the plane orthogonal to the thickness of the member, core or article. The X-Y dimension usually corresponds to the length and width, respectively, of the member, core or article. As used herein, the terms "region (s)" or "zone (s)" refer to portions or sections of the absorbent member. In this way, the region (s) or zone (s) can have two-dimensional (front / rear) or can be three-dimensional (as a region of acquisition, even if it were in the form of a layer, a three-dimensional extension). As used herein, the term "layer" refers to an absorbent member, whose primary dimension is X-Y, that is, along its length and width. It should be understood that the term layer is not necessarily limited to individual layers or sheets of material. In this way, the layer may comprise sheets or combinations of several sheets or bands of the requisite type of materials. Accordingly, the term "layer" includes the terms "layers" and "layers". For the purposes of this invention, the term "upper" should be understood to refer to absorbent members, such as layers, that are very close to the wearer of the absorbent article, and typically look to the topsheet of an absorbent article.; conversely, the term "lower" refers to the absorbent members that are further away from the user of the absorbent article and typically look at the backing sheet. All percentages, ratios and proportions used here are calculated by weight, unless otherwise specified.

Absorbent articles, general description An absorbent article generally comprises: an absorbent core or core structure (which comprises the improved fluid distribution members according to the present invention, and which may consist of substructures); a top sheet permeable to the fluid; a backing sheet impervious to the fluid; optionally other aspects such as closure or elasticity elements. Figure 6 is a plan view of an illustrative embodiment of an absorbent article of the invention, which is a diaper. The diaper 20 is shown in Figure 6 in its contracted, planar state (ie, with elastic-induced shrinkage pulled, except in the side panels, where the elastic was left in its relaxed condition) with portions of the structure cut to show more clearly the construction of the diaper 20 and with the portion of the diaper 20 looking away from the wearer, the outer surface 52, facing the viewfinder. As shown in Figure 6, the diaper 20 comprises a containment assembly 22 preferably comprising a liquid-permeable top sheet 24, a liquid-impermeable backsheet 26 attached to the top sheet 24, and an absorbent core 28 positioned between the sheet top sheet 24 and back sheet 26; elastic side panels 30; elastic cuffs 32 for the legs; an elastic waist aspect 34; and a closure system comprising a multiple-pleated double tension fastening system generally designated 36. The dual tension fastening system 36 preferably comprises a primary fastening system 38 and a waist closure system 40. The fastening system primary 38 preferably comprises a pair of locking members 42 and a grip member 44. The waist closure system 40 is shown in Figure 6 and preferably comprises a pair of first attachment components 46 and a second attachment component 48. the diaper 20 preferably also comprises a locating patch 50 underlying each first attachment component 46. The diaper 20 is shown in Figure 6 having an outer surface 52 (facing the viewer in Figure 6), an inner surface 54 opposite the outer surface 52, a first waist region 56, a second waist region 58 opposite the first waist region 56, and a p eriferia 60, which is defined by the outer edges of the diaper 20, whe the longitudinal edges are designated 62 and the end edges are designated 64. The inner surface 54 of the diaper 20 comprises that portion of the diaper 20 that is placed adjacent to the diaper 20. to the user's body during use (i.e., the inner surface 54 is generally formed by at least a portion of the topsheet 24 and other components attached to the topsheet 24). The outer surface 52 comprises that portion of the diaper 20 that is positioned away from the wearer's body (i.e., the outer surface 52 is generally formed by at least a portion of the backsheet 26 and other components attached to the backsheet 26). ). The first waist region 56 and the second waist region 58 extend, respectively, from the end edges 64 of the periphery 60 to the lateral center line 66 of the diaper 20. The waist regions each comprise a central region 68 and a central region 68. pair of side panels, which typically comprise the outer side portions of the waist regions. The side panels placed in the first waist region 56 are designated 70, while the side panels in the second waist region 58 are designated 72, although it is not necessary that the pairs of side panels or each side panel be identical, preferably they are mirror images of each other. The side panels 72 placed in the second waist region 58 may extend elastically in the lateral direction (ie, elastic side panels 30). (The lateral direction (direction or width x) is defined as the direction parallel to the lateral centerline 66 of the diaper 20; the longitudinal direction (direction or length y) being defined as the direction parallel to the longitudinal center line 67; and the axial direction (direction or thickness Z) being defined as the direction extending through the thickness of the diaper 20). Figure 6 shows a specific diaper 20, in which the topsheet 24 and the backsheet 26 have length and width dimensions generally greater than those of the absorbent core 28. The topsheet 24 and the backsheet 26 extend beyond the edges of the absorbent core 28 to thereby form the periphery 60 of the diaper 20. The periphery 60 defines the outer perimeter or, in other words, the edges of the diaper 20. The periphery 60 comprises the longitudinal edges 62 and the end edges 64. Although each elastic leg cuff 32 can be configured in order to be similar to any of the leg bands, side flaps, barrier cuffs, or elastic cuffs described above, it is preferred that each elastic cuff 32 for legs comprises at least one internal barrier fist 84 comprising a barrier flap 85 and a spacing elastic member 86, as described in US Patent 4, 909.803 previously mentioned. In a preferred embodiment, the elastic cuff 32 for legs additionally comprises an elastic packing cuff 104 with one or more elastic filaments 105, positioned outside the barrier cuff 84 as described in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 4,695,278. The diaper 20 further comprises an elastic waist feature 34 that provides improved fit and containment. The elastic waist aspect 34 at least extends longitudinally outwardly from at least one of the waist edges 83 of the absorbent core 29 in at least the central region 68 and generally forms at least a portion of the end edge 64 of the diaper. 20. In this manner, the elastic waist aspect 34 comprises that portion of the diaper which at least extends from the waist edge 83 of the absorbent core 28 towards the end edge 64 of the diaper 20 and is intended to be placed adjacent to the waist of the diaper 20. user. Disposable diapers are generally constructed in order to have two elastic waist aspects, one placed in the first region placed and one placed in the second waist region. The elastic waist band 35 of the elastic waist feature 34 may comprise a portion of the topsheet 24, a portion of the backsheet 26 that has preferably been mechanically stretched and a two-layered material comprising an elastomeric member 76 positioned between upper sheet 24 and back sheet 26 and elastic member 77 positioned between back sheet 26 and elastomeric member 76. These as well as other components of the diaper are presented in more detail in WO 93/16669, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Absorbent core The absorbent core must be generally compressible, comfortable, non-irritating to the user's skin, and capable of absorbing and retaining fluids such as urine and certain other exudates from the body. As shown in Figure 6, the absorbent core has an undergarment surface (the "lower" or "lower" part), a body surface, side edges and waist edges. The absorbent core can - in addition to the fluid distribution member according to the present invention - understand a wide variety of liquid handling or liquid absorbent materials commonly used in disposable diapers and other absorbent articles such as - but not limited to - crushed wood pulp, which is generally referred to as an air filter; meltblown extrusion polymers including coform; chemically hardened, modified or crosslinked cellulosic fibers; tissue that includes tissue wrapping or tissue laminates. General examples of absorbent structures are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,610,678 entitled "High Density Absorbent Structures" issued to Weisman et al. On September 9, 1986, U.S. Patent No. 4,673,402 entitled "Absorbent Articles. with Dual Layer Cores "issued to Weisman et al. on June 16, 1987, U.S. Patent No. 4,888,231 entitled" Absorbent Core Having a Fine Dust Layer "issued to Angstadt on December 19, 1989; EP-A-0 640 330 to Bewick-Sonntag et al .; U.S. Patent No. 5,180,622 (Berg et al.); U.S. Patent No. 5,102,597 (Roe et al.); U.S. Patent No. 5,387,207 (LaVon). Such structures must be adopted to be compatible with the requirements outlined below to be used as the absorbent core 28. The absorbent core 28 can be a unitary core structure, or it can be a combination of several absorbent structures, which in turn can consist of of one or more substructures. Each of the structures or substructures can have an essentially two-dimensional extension (i.e., be a layer) or a three-dimensional configuration.

Regions of absorbent articles In general, absorbent articles are intended to be worn around the lower end of the body torso. It is an essential design feature of these articles to cover the regions of the body where the discharges occur ("unloading regions"), which extend around the respective openings of the body. The respective zones of the absorbent article covering the discharge regions correspondingly are referred to as "loading zones". In this way, during use, the articles are generally arranged on the user, so that they extend (for a standing position of the user) from the crotch between the legs upwards, both on the front and the back of the user. user. In general, such articles have a length dimension exceeding their width dimension, whereby the article is used so that the axis of the length dimension is aligned with the height dimension of the user when standing, while the The article's width direction is aligned with a line that extends from the user's left to right. Due to the anatomy of the user being human, the space between the user's legs usually confines the space available for the article in this region. For a good fit, an absorbent article must be designed so that it fits well in the crotch region. If the width of the article is too wide relative to the crotch width of the wearer, the article may be deformed, which may result in impaired operation and reduced user comfort. The point, where the article has its smallest width to fix better between the legs of the user then coincides with the point in the user, wherein the distance between the legs is the narrowest, and, for the scope of the present invention, is referred to as the "crotch point". If the crotch point of an article is not obvious from its form, it can be determined by placing the article on a user of the intended user group (for example, a child who starts walking) preferably in a standing position, and then placing a filament of extension around the legs in a configuration in the form of eight, the point in the article corresponding to the point of intersection of the filament is considered to be the crotch point of the article and consequently also of the absorbent core being fixed within this Article.Although this crotch point of the article is usually in the middle of the article (in the longitudinal direction), this is not necessarily the case. It may very well be that part of the article that is intended to be used opposite in smaller than the back (or rear) part, either in its length dimension, or width, or both, or the surface area. Also, the crotch point need not be placed in the middle of the absorbent core, particularly when the absorbent core is not placed longitudinally centered within the article. The crotch region is the area surrounding the crotch point, in order to cover the respective body openings, respectively the unloading regions. Unless otherwise mentioned, this region extends over a length of 50% of the total core length (which, in turn, is defined as the distance between the front and back waist edges of the core, which can be approximated by straight lines perpendicular to the longitudinal centerline). If the crotch point is placed in the middle of the article, then the crotch region begins (when counting from the front core edge) to 25% of the total length and extends to 75% of the total length of the crotch. core. Or, the front and rear quarter of the length of the absorbent core do not belong to the crotch region, where it rests. The length of the crotch region being 50% of the total length of the absorbent core has been derived for baby diapers, where it has been confirmed that there is an adequate means to describe the phenomenon of fluid handling. If the present invention is applied to articles having drastically different dimensions, it may be necessary to reduce this 50% (as in the case of articles of severe incontinence) or increase this ratio (as in the case of ultralight or lightweight incontinence articles). More generally, this crotch region of the article should not be extended beyond the user's download region. If the crotch point is positioned deviated from the midpoint of the article, the crotch region still covers 50% of the total length of the article (in the longitudinal direction), however, not uniformly distributed between the front and back, but proportionally adjusted to this deviation. As an example of an article having a total core length of 500 mm, and having a crotch point, which is placed in a centered manner, the crotch region will extend from 125 mm from the front edge to 375 mm from the front edge. Or, if the crotch point lies 50 mm away from the front core edge (ie, 200 mm away from the front core edge), the crotch region extends from 100 mm to 350 mm. Generally speaking, for an article having a total core length of Lc, a crotch point being at a distance Lcp away from the front core edge, and a crotch length length of Lcz, the front edge of said crotch zone Crotch will be placed at a distance of: l-fecz - L-cp 1 -Lcz / Lc.

For example, the absorbent article can be a baby diaper, to be used by children who start to walk (ie, with a baby weight of approximately 12 to 18 kilograms), so the size of the item on the market is generally it is referred to as MAXI size. The article must then be able to receive and retain both fecal and urine materials, while for the context of the present invention, the crotch region must be capable of receiving primarily urine loads. The area and total sizes of the crotch region, of course, also depends on the respective width of the absorbent core, i.e., if the core is narrower in the crotch region than outside the crotch region., the crotch region has a smaller area (surface) than the remaining area of the absorbent core. Although it can be contemplated that the boundaries between the crotch region and the rest of the article may also be curvilinear, they are approximated within the present description to be straight lines, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the article. The "crotch region" is further confined by the width of the core in this respective region and the "crotch region area" by the surface being defined by the length of the crotch region and the respective width. As an element complementary to the crotch region, the absorbent core also comprises at least one, but mostly two waist regions, extending towards the front and / or back of the absorbent core outside the crotch region.

Design Capacity and Final Storage Capacity In order to be able to compare absorbent articles varying extreme conditions of use, or items with different sizes, the "design capacity" has been found to be a convenient measure. For example babies that are representing a typical user group, but even within this group the amount of urine load, frequency of load, composition of urine will vary widely from the smallest babies (newborn babies) to children starting to walk, on one side, or also for example between several individual children who start walking. Another group of users may be older children, who still suffer from some form of incontinence. Also, incontinent adults can use such items, again with a wide range of load conditions, generally referred to as light incontinence ranging up to severe incontinence. While the person skilled in the art will easily be able to transfer the teachings to other sizes for later discussions, attention will be placed on babies the size of children who are just beginning to walk. For such users urine loads above 75 ml. by evacuation, with an average of four evacuations per period of use resulting in a 300 ml fecal load, and evacuation rates of 15 ml / sec have been found to be sufficiently representative. Therefore, such items being able to get ahead with such requirements must have the ability to collect such amounts of urine, which will be referred to for later discussions as "design capacity". These quantities of fluids have to be absorbed by materials that can ultimately store the body fluids, or at least the aqueous parts of them, in such a way that - if there is one - only little fluid deposited on the surface of the article towards the user's skin. . The term "last or final" refers in one respect to the situation of the absorbent article in long times of use, in the other respect to absorbent materials that reach their "final" capacity when they are balanced with their environment. This may be in such an absorbent article under actual conditions of use after long periods of use, or this may also be in a test procedure for pure materials or composite materials. Since many of the processes under consideration have an asymptotic kinetic behavior, one skilled in the art will readily consider that the "final" capacities are reached when the current capacity has reached a value sufficiently close to the asymptotic endpoint, for example, relative to the precision of the measuring equipment. As an absorbent article may comprise materials that are primarily designed to store fluids lately, and other materials that are designed primarily to satisfy other functions such as fluid acquisition and / or distribution, but may still have some ultimate storage capacity, convenient for Core materials according to the present invention are described without intending to artificially separate such functions. However, the ultimate storage capacity can be determined by total absorbent core, for the above regions, for the absorbent structures, or even substructures, but also for materials as used in any of the permeable ones. As discussed above to vary the dimensions of the article, one skilled in the art will be able to easily adopt the appropriate design capabilities for other proposed user groups.

Materials to be used in absorbent cores The absorbent core for the present invention may comprise fibrous materials to form fibrous webs or fibrous matrices. Fibers useful in the present invention include those that are naturally occurring fibers (modified or unmodified), such as synthetically made fibers. Examples of convenient fibers that occur naturally unmodified / modified include cotton, esparto, bagasse, kemp, flax, silk, wool, wood pulp, chemically modified wood pulp, jute, rayon, ethyl cellulose, and cellulose acetate . Convenient synthetic fibers can be polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl diene chloride, polyacrylics such as ORLON®, polyvinyl acetate, pohyl vinyl acetate, soluble or insoluble polyvinyl alcohol, poliefines such as pohylene (e.g. PULPEX®) and polypropylene, polyamides such as nylon, poters such as DACRON® OR KODEL®, polyurethanes, poters, and the like. The fibers used can comprise only naturally occurring fibers, only synthetic fibers or any compatible combination of synthetic fibers or that occur naturally. The fibers used in the present invention may be hydrophilic, or may be a combination of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic fibers. For many absorbent cores or core structures according to the present invention, the use of hydrophilic fibers is preferred. Suitable hydrophilic fibers for use in the present invention include cellulosic fibers, modified cellulosic fibers, rayon, poter fibers such as pohylene terephthalate (for example DACRON®), hydrophilic nylon (HYDROFIL®) and the like. Suitable hydrophilic fibers can also be obtained by hydrophilizing the hydrophobic fibers, such as thermoplastic fibers treated by surfactants or treated by silica derived from, for example, polyolefins such as pohylene or polypropylene, polyacrylics, polyamides, polystyrenes, polyurethanes and the like. Suitable wood pulp fibers can be obtained from well-known chemical processes such as - but not limited to - the Kraft and sulfite processes. An additional suitable fiber type is chemically hardened cellulose. As used herein, the term "chemically hardened cellulose fibers" means cellulosic fibers that have been hardened by chemical means to increase the hardness of the fibers under both dry and aqueous conditions. Such means may include the addition of a thermal curing agent which, for example, covers and / or impregnates the fibers. Such means may also include hardening the fibers alternating the chemical structure, for example by crosslinking the polymer chains. Polymeric curing agents that cover or impregnate cellulose fibers include: cationic modified starches having nitrogen-containing groups (e.g., amino groups) such as those available from National Starch and Chemical Corp., Bridgewater, NJ, USA, latex, moisture resistant resins such as polyamideepichlorohydrin resin (for example Kymene® 557H, Hercules, Inc. Wilmington, Delawaare, USA), polyacrylamide resins described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 3,556,932 (Coscia et al. ), issued on January 19, 1971; commercially available polyacrylamides distributed by American Cyanamide Co., Stanford, CT, USA, under the trademark Parez® 631 NC; resins of formaldehyde of urea and formaldehyde of melamine, and resins of polyethyleneimine. These fibers can also harden by chemical reaction. For example, crosslinking agents can be applied to the fibers, which subsequent to the application, are chemically caused by crosslinked bonds between the fibers. These crosslinked bonds can increase the hardness of the fibers. While the use of crosslinked bonds between the fibers is preferred to chemically harden the fiber, it is not intended to exclude other types of reaction for chemical hardening of the fibers. Fibers hardened by individually crosslinked bonds (for example, hardened individualized fibers, as well as the process for their preparation) are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 3,224,926 (Bernardin) issued on December 21 of 1965, U.S. Patent No. 3,440,135 (Chung), issued April 22, 1969; U.S. Patent No. 3,932,209 (Chatterjee), issued January 13, 1976; and U.S. Patent No. 4,035,147 (Sangenis et al.), issued December 19, 1989; U.S. Patent No. 4,898,642d (Moore et al.) issued February 6, 1990; and U.S. Patent No. 5,137,537 (Herron et al.), issued August 11, 1992. In the currently preferred hardened fibers, the chemical process includes crosslinking between the fibers with crosslinking agents while such fibers are in a condition relatively dehydrated, defibrated (for example, individualized), twisted, curled. Chemical hardening agents are typically crosslinked agents which include especially C2-C9 polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid. Preferably, these hardened fibers are twisted and crimped as described in greater detail in U.S. Patent No. 4,898,642. These chemically hardened cellulosic fibers have certain properties that make them particularly useful in certain absorbent structures according to the present invention, relative to uncured cellulosic fibers. In addition to being hydrophilic, these hardened fibers have unique combinations of hardness and resilience. Additionally or alternatively the thermoplastic or synthetic fibers can be comprised in the absorbent structures, being made of any thermoplastic polymer that can be melted at temperatures that extensively damage the fibers. Preferably, the melting point of this thermoplastic material will be less than about 190 ° C and preferably between about 75 ° and about 175 ° C. In any event, the melting point of this thermoplastic material should not be less than the temperature at which thermally bonded absorbent structures, when used in absorbent articles, are likely to be stored. The melting point of the thermoplastic material is typically not less than about 50 ° C. The thermoplastic materials, and in particular the thermoplastic fibers may be made from a variety of thermoplastic polymers, including polyolefins such as polyethylene, (eg, PULPEX®) and polypropylene, polyesters, copolyesters, polyvinyl acetate, polyamides, copolyamides, polystyrenes , polyurethanes, and copolymers of any of the foregoing such as vinyl chloride / vinyl acetate, and the like. Suitable thermoplastic materials include hydrophobic fibers that have been made hydrophilic, such as thermoplastic fibers treated by surfactants or treated with silica derived from, for example, polyolefins such as polyethylene or polypropylene, polyacrylics, polyamides, polystyrenes, polyurethanes, and the like. The surface of the hydrophobic thermoplastic fiber can be converted into hydrophilic by treatment with a surfactant, such as a nonionic or anionic surfactant, for example, by spraying the fiber with a surfactant, bathing the fiber within a surfactant or including the surfactant as part of the molten polymer in the production of the thermoplastic fiber. Upon melting and resolidification, the surfactant will tend to remain on the surface of the thermoplastic fiber. Surfactants may also be used including nonionic surfactants such as Brij® 76 manufactured by ICI Americas, Ine, of Wilmington, Delawer, and various surfactants sold under the tradename Pegosperse® by Glyco Chemical Inc. of Greenwich, Connecticut. . In addition to the nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants can also be used. These surfactants can be applied to the thermoplastic fibers at the levels of, for example, from about 0.2 to about 1 gram square centimeter of thermoplastic fiber. Convenient thermoplastic fibers may be made of a single polymer, (monocomponent fibers), or they may be made of more than one polymer (for example bicomponent fibers). For example, "bicomponent fibers" can refer to thermoplastic fibers comprising a fiber core made of a polymer that is enclosed within a thermoplastic shell made of a different polymer. The polymer comprising the shell always melts at a different temperature, typically lower, than that of the polymer comprising the core. As a result, these bicomponent fibers provide thermal bonding due to fusion of the shell polymer, while retaining the desirable strength characteristics of the core polymer. Suitable bicomponent fibers for the present invention may include shell / core fibers having the following polymer combinations: polyethylene / polypropylene, polyethyl vinyl / polypropylene acetate, polyethylene / polyester, polypropylene / polyester, copolyester / polyester, and the like. Particularly, the bicomponent thermoplastic fibers suitable for use herein are those having a core of polypropylene or polyester, and a lower melting shell of copolyester, polyethyl vinyl acetate or polyethylene (eg fibers of DANACLON®, CELBOND® or CHISSO®) . These bicomponent fibers can be concentric or eccentric. As used herein, the terms "concentric" and "eccentric" refer to whether the shell has a thickness that is flat, or not flat, across the cross-sectional area of the bicomponent fiber. The bicomponent eccentric fibers may be desirable in providing more compressive strength at lower fiber thicknesses. Suitable bicomponent fibers for use therein may be either uncurled (eg curled). The bicomponent fibers may be crimped by typical textile means such as, for example, a Stuffer child method or the method of curling garments to achieve a predominantly two-dimensional or "flat" curl. In the case of thermoplastic fibers, their length may vary depending on the particular melting point and other properties desired for these fibers. Typically, these thermoplastic fibers have a length of from about 0.3 to about 7.5 cm in length, preferably from about 0.4 to about 3.0 cm in length. The properties, including the melting point, of these thermoplastic fibers can also be adjusted by varying the diameter (gauge) of the fibers. The diameter of these thermoplastic fibers is typically defined in terms of either denier (grams per 900 meters) or decitex (grams per 10,000 meters decitex.) Depending on the specific arrangement within the structure, suitable thermoplastic fibers may have a decitex in the interval from well below 1 decitex, such as 0.4 decitex to about 20 dtex. Such fibrous materials can be used in an individualized way when the absorbent articles are being produced, and a fibrous structure placed by air is formed on the line. Said fibers can also be used as a preformed fibrous web or tissue. Then, the structures are supplied to the production of the article essentially in very long or extreme form (for example in a roll, reel) and then it will be cut into the appropriate size. This can be done in each of such materials individually before they are combined with other materials to form the absorbent core, or when the core itself is cut and said materials are coextensive with the core. There is a wide variety of such bands or tissues, and such processes are well known in the art. With respect to the fibers used to produce such bands, in principle there is no close limitation - it is thought that certain processes of bonding and formation of specific bands must not be completely compatible with certain types of materials or fibers.

When individualized fibers are observed as starting materials to make a band, they can be deposited in a fluid medium - if it is gaseous (air), such structures are generally referred to as "placed by air", if this is liquid such structures are generally referred to as "wet laid". "Wet-laid" is widely used to produce paper tissues with a wide range of properties. This term is most commonly used with cellulosic materials, however synthetic materials may also be included. "Dry-laid" is widely used for non-woven webs and the carding process can always be used to form such bands. Also the commonly known "tissues placed by air" falls into this category. A molten polymer can be extruded into fibers which can then directly form a web (for example, bypassing the process of making individual fibers which are then formed into a web in a separate step of the process). The resulting structures are commonly referred to as non-wovens of the melt-blow-extrusion type or - if the fibers are significantly more pourable - strips of bonded yarn. On the other hand, bands can also be formed by combining one or more of the training technologies. In order to give certain properties of integrity and resistance to the structures of the band, they are generally joined. The most widely used technologies are (a) chemical bonding or (b) thermo bonding, melting a part of the band. For the later, the fibers can be compressed, resulting in different points of union, which, for example for the non-woven materials, can cover a significant portion of the total area, are not unes 20% values. Or it can be applied - particularly useful in materials in which low densities are desired - the "through air" bond, where the polymer arts, for example the shell material of a BiCo fiber, are melted by means of heated air that passes through the band (always placed by air). After the bands are formed and joined, they can be further treated to modify the specific properties. This can be - as one of several possible examples - additional surfactant to convert the more hydrophilic hydrophobic fibers, or vice versa. Also, post-formation mechanical treatment, as disclosed in European application 96108427.4, can be used to impart particularly useful properties for such materials. Additionally or alternatively to the fibrous webs, the absorbent cores may comprise other waste materials, such as foams. Preferred foams are open cell absorbent polymeric foam materials being derived by polymerizing an Internal High-Phase Water Emulsion (hereinafter referred to as HIPE). Such polymeric foams to provide the required storage properties, as well as the distribution properties that are required. The HIPE-derived foams that provide both the storage and distribution properties required for their use are described herein in the copending United States Patent Application Serial Number 08 / 563,866 (DesMarais et al.), Filed on November 25, 1995 (hereinafter referred to as "application 866"), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference; U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 08 / 542,497, filed October 13, 1995 (Dyer et al.); U.S. Patent No. 5,387,207 (Dyer et al.) issued February 7, 1995; and U.S. Patent No. 5,260,345 (DesMarais et al.) issued November 9, 1993, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference. The polymeric foams useful in the present invention are those of relatively open cell. This means that the individual cells of the foam are in unobstructed communication, complete, with the adjoining cells. The cells in such foam structures of substantially open cells have intracellular openings or "windows" that are long enough to allow easy transfer from one cell to the other within the structure of the foam structure. These relatively open cell foam structures will generally have a cross-linked character with the individual cells being defined by a plurality of mutually connected three-dimensional branched bands. The filaments of the polymeric material produced by these branched bands can be referred to as "struts". As used herein, a foam material is an "open cell" if at least 80% of the cells in the foam structure that are at least 1 micron in size are in fluid communication with at least one cell adjacent. In addition to being open cell, these polymeric foams are sufficiently hydrophilic to allow the foam to absorb the aqueous fluids in the successive specified amounts. The outer surfaces of the foam structures are converted into hydrophilic by hydrophilizing residual surfactants deposited in the polymer structure after the polymerization, or by selected processes of foam treatment after polymerization. Polymeric foams can be prepared in the collapsed form (eg unexpanded), polymeric foams which, upon contact with the aqueous fluids, expand and absorb such fluids. See, for example, U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 08 / 563,8766 and U.S. Patent No. 5,387,207. These collapsed polymeric foams are usually obtained by rapidly transporting the water phase from the polymerized HIPE foam through compressible forces and / or thermal drying, and / or vacuum draining. After compression and / or thermal drying / vacuum draining, the polymeric foam is in a collapsed or unexpanded state. Alternatively, these foams may be non-collapsible foams, such as those described in co-pending United States Patent Application Serial Number 08 / 542,497 and U.S. Patent No. 5,260,345.

Superabsorbent Polymers or Hydrogel Optionally, and always preferable, the absorbent structures according to the present invention may comprise superabsorbent polymers or hydrogels. The hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers useful in the present invention include a variety of substantially water-insoluble but water-swellable polymers capable of absorbing large quantities of liquids. Such polymeric materials are also commonly referred to as "hydrocolloid" or "superabsorbent" materials. These hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers have a multiplicity of functional groups, anionic, such as sulfonic acid, and more typically carboxyl groups. Examples of suitable polymers for use herein include those which are prepared from the acid-containing, unsaturated, polymerizable monomers. Some non-acidic monomers may also be included there, usually in minor amounts, in the preparation of hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers. Some non-acidic monomers may include, for example, the water-soluble or water-dispersible esters of the acid-containing monomers, as well as the monomers which do not contain sulfonic or carboxylic acid groups at all. Examples of such well-known materials are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 4,076,663 (Masuda et al.), Issued February 18, 1978, and U.S. Patent No. 4,062,817 (Westerman), issued at December 13, 1977. Suitable hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers suitable for the present invention contain carboxyl groups. These polymers include acrylonitrile-hydrolyzed starch copolymers, acrylonitrile-partially neutralized starch copolymer copolymers, acrylic acid-starch insert copolymers, partially neutralized acrylic acid-starch copolymer copolymers, acrylic ester-vinyl acetate copolymers saponified, hydrolyzed acrylamide or acrylonitrile copolymers, softly crosslinked network polymers of any of the foregoing copolymers, partially neutralized polyacrylic acid, and cross-linked network copolymers of partially neutralized polyacrylic acid. These polymers can be used either alone or in the form of a mixture of two or more different polymers. Examples of these polymeric materials are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,661,875, U.S. Patent No. 4,076,663, U.S. Patent No. 4,093,776, U.S. Patent No. 4,666,983, and U.S. Pat. United States No. 4,734,478. The most preferred polymer materials for use in the manufacture of hydrogel-forming particles are softly cross-linked network polymers of partially neutralized polyacrylic acids and starches derived from the foregoing. More preferably, the hydrogel forming particles comprise from about 50 to about 95%, preferably about 75%, of polyacrylic acid, of gently crosslinked, neutralized network (e.g., poly (acrylic acid-sodium acrylate)). As described above, the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers are preferably smoothly cross-linked network. Reticularizing the network serves to convert the substantially insoluble polymer into water and, in parts, determine the absorbent capacity and the characteristics of the extractable polymer content of the precursor particles and the resulting macrostructures. The processes for network cross-linking, polymers and typical network crosslinking agents are described in greater detail in the above-referenced U.S. Patent No. 4,076,663, and in DE-A-4020780 (Dahmen). The superabsorbent materials can be used in the form of particles or fibrous form and other elements can also be combined to form preformed structures. While the individual elements have been separately disclosed, and their absorbent structures can be made by combining one or more of those elements. Without pretending a limiting effect, the following describes suitable combinations: i) Particular Superabsorbent Polymer (PSP) mixed with cellulose or other fibers. By basic principle it is well stabilized and known, however in the attempt to reduce the thinness of the articles, higher and higher proportions of PSP weights to fibers have recently been employed. Within this matter, combinations of the PSP with binders such as hot melt adhesives, (such as those disclosed in EP-AO.695.541) or with meltable polymeric material (such as PE particles) can be a convenient tool for immobilizing the PSP; ii) PSP that form a structure by the cross-links between the particles; iii) fibrous PSP being mixed with other fibers, or forming a fibrous PSP screen; iv) Foam structure comprising differences in pore size, etc.

Improved absorbent articles Having described the absorbent articles and the generally suitable members, materials, structures, components or sub-components, the following will describe the requirements for the fluid storage and fluid distribution members according to the present invention, as well as the suitable materials to be used in these members.

Member of distributed distribution The requirements for distribution members can be determined either by observing the member or the materials contained within that member. Therefore, the requirements as provided in the present description have to be satisfied by either the total member or the respective materials therein. Therefore, the members or distribution materials useful for these members according to the present invention can be described by the following important parameter: First, the permeability to the total saturation (k100) of the member or material. Conventional distribution materials have this balanced permeability to find the optimum between having little resistance to fluid flow (ie, high permeability) and sufficient capillary pressure to provide the penetration properties, such as result from the smaller sizes of pore (ie, lower permeability). The total saturation permeability (k100) should generally be greater than 1 Darcy (with 1 Darcy corresponding to 9,869 * 10"13 m2), preferably greater than 2 Darcy, or even 8 Darcy, or even more preferably greater than 100. Darcy The total saturation can be determined by the capillary absorption test as described hereinafter as the maximum uptake, corresponding to the capillary desorption absorption capacity at the height of 0 cm (CSAC 0) resulting. Permeability in the degree of saturation This property has not been considered in the previous considerations of the material design, and conventional materials have a strongly subproportional behavior, that is, the actual permeability at a degree of saturation lower than 100% is significantly lower that which would be for a linear correlation between real permeability and saturation Third, special capillary absorption pressure The absorption, capillary absorption desorption pressure is measured as measured in the capillary absorption test as described hereinafter. This parameter describes the ability of the materials or members to release liquids to fulfill their role as a distribution element in an absorbent article. Additionally and often preferable, the distribution materials can meet the requirement of high fluid flow rates in the vertical penetration flow test as described hereinafter. Preferably, the materials provide at a penetration height of 15 cm a flow of at least 0.045 g / cm2 / sec, preferably greater than 0.06 g / cm2 / sec, and even more preferably greater than 0.10 g / cm2 / sec. With the careful selection of materials that satisfy the correct balance of these parameters, significant benefits can be obtained for the absorbent structures and / or the respective articles. First, the liquid distribution materials are easily dehydrated after they have been charged such as with a stream of urine. This is relevant to allow these materials to be ready to receive a subsequent charge as often happens in actual use. Second, these materials allow a more uniform fluid distribution of liquids, even at loads that are relatively small compared to the design capacity. This is even more important for designs that aim to maintain an improved fit in the user avoiding the high accumulation of liquids to certain regions of the article, but instead they are directed by a uniform distribution of stored liquid. Third, if the materials also satisfy high flow requirements, the liquid can be distributed well and quickly even against gravity. This becomes particularly relevant, if the final storage of fluid is intended to be distant from the area or loading area. These materials are therefore especially useful in core designs as described in PCT patent application WO 97/05046 filed on March 27, 1997.

The permeability of the materials or members is determined by the permeability tests as described hereinafter. Without wishing to be bound by the theory, it is believed, that the real permeability k. { S.}. it has a dependency from the degree of saturation, which for many relevant systems can be approximated by the following equation (see also "Dynamics of fluids in porous media" by J. Bear, Haifa, publ. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1988, especially pages 461 ff, 491ff): K { S.}. = k. { 100.}. *. { SSDP} where k denotes the permeability in Darcy units; and SDP represent the dimensionless exponent or the saturation dependency parameter that describes the subproportional behavior. S means the degree of saturation, varying from 0 to 1, where the value of 1 corresponds to the total saturation (that is, 100% saturation) under capillary and / or external pressure null). The conventional design criteria for distribution materials focuses on the high values for saturation permeability (k100), which can of course lead to structures that have little or no penetration capacity, thus being adequate as acquisition material, where the free flow regime must be controlled, but not for distribution materials. These materials would have very poor transport properties under penetrating conditions such as transport against gravity. These extreme properties are found in conventional procurement materials, although the distribution materials as described in the European patent application EP-A-O. 809,991 provide a combination of a penetration capacity and free flow control, but still under conditions of total saturation.

The materials according to the present invention exhibit a permeability k (100) of at least 1 Darcy, preferably at least 2 Darcy. Higher values for permeability provide reduced and even lower resistance to fluid transport, and are preferred while this is achieved without violating additional requirements as provided herein. In particular, materials having a permeability greater than 8 Darcy or even greater than 100 Darcy may be very suitable. As can be seen from the equation, a higher value for the SDP parameter describes systems with a stronger subproportional behavior, if SDP were equal to one, there would be a linear relationship. Conventional distribution materials exhibit pronounced subproportional behavior, as can be described by SDP having values of 3 or greater. For this value, the permeability at 50% of subsaturation is only 12.5% of the permeability at 100% saturation, thus also the capacity to receive and distribute more the liquid charge is dramatically reduced. Therefore, the materials according to the present invention have an SDP value less than 3, preferably less than 2.75, still more preferably less than 2.5, and values less than 2 are even better. These values correspond to a permeability at 50% saturation greater than 14% of the permeability at 100% saturation, preferably greater than approximately 18%, even more preferably greater than approximately 25%, and values greater than 35% are even top. These values correspond to a permeability at 30% saturation greater than about 3.5% of the permeability at 100% saturation, more preferably greater than about 5%, even more preferably greater than about 10%. The simplified permeability test as shown here below can measure the "transplanar" permeability, ie the permeability in the thickness dimension of the sample as determined and, with a modified sample cell, also the permeability "in the flat". For a number of materials, such as isotropically foamed foams, the transplanar and plane permeability will be essentially identical. This simplified permeability test provides a simple test fixation to measure permeability for two special conditions: any of the permeability can be measured for a wide range of porous materials (such as nonwovens made from synthetic fibers or cellulosic structures) 100% saturation, or stop materials, which reach different degrees of saturation with a proportional change in the gauge without being filled with air (respectively the external vapor phase) for which the permeability to variable degree of saturation can be easily measured different thicknesses. For example, the described collapsible foams exhibit a thickness or caliper, which is dependent on the degree of fluid load or saturation that is, they have a certain thickness at saturation which is reduced when removing the fluid, since the pores of The foam is of such a size that they crush when the liquid is removed from them. Conversely, a certain caliber can be set to define a certain degree of charge. Therefore, such materials can easily be applied the simplified permeability test to determine the dependence of saturation permeability. The general permeability test as described hereinafter is useful for determining the dependence of permeability on saturation for porous materials in the general sense such as fibrous webs or structures, or foams that maintain their pore size essentially independent of the degree of moistened An additional important requirement for the materials or members according to the present invention is their ability to release the fluid into a storage medium. This reflects the fact that the distributing materials or members must not retain the liquid for too long periods, but only for the time required to transport the fluid to the appropriate storage material of the member. A suitable parameter that describes is owned by the Capillary Absorption Absorption pressure, as determined by the member's ability to receive and release the fluid at variable capillary pressures, determined here in units of water column height ("height"). capillary "), which are usually found when the member is placed in an absorbent article. The Capillary Absorption Absorbent Capacity test (also referred to herein as the capillary absorption test) measures the amount of test fluid per gram of an absorbent member or material that is taken or released when the material or member is placed at heights. variables on a capillary absorption apparatus. The Capillary Absorption Absorbent Capacity test is described in more detail in the test methods section presented below, producing the Capillary Absorption Absorption Height at which the material has released 50% of the amount of fluid to the absorption height of 0 cm (CSDH 50). The materials useful within the context of the present invention should have a CSDH 50 less than 150 cm, preferably less than 100 cm, even more preferably less than 75 cm or even less than 50 cm. Particularly useful materials for use by the present invention are the flexible, hydrophilic, open cell, interconnected polymeric foam structures. For such foams, the mechanical strength of the foam can be such that, after giving its liquid, the foam collapses under the capillary pressures involved. The crushing process reduces the effective capacity of the foam by a substantial factor in relation to the density of the foam, as described below. Crushing, if relatively uniform across the structure, also reduces the amount of liquid held in place at the liquid point of attack. In this regard, the resistance of the foams is less than the capillary pressure exerted by the foams, so that the foams will be crushed when the aqueous liquids are removed by the storage component of the core. The capillary pressure is controlled in the present mainly by adjusting the cell size of the foam (which is inversely related to the surface area per unit volume). Resistance is controlled through the combination of crosslink density and foam density, which can be expressed as crosslink density per unit volume as defined below. The type of crosslinker and other comonomers may also have influence. The polymeric foams useful herein are those that have relatively open cells. The cells in said substantially open cell foam structures have intercellular openings or "windows" that are large enough to allow easy liquid transfer from one cell to another within the foam structure. These substantially open cell foam structures will generally have a cross-linked character with the individual cells being defined by a plurality of three-dimensionally branched, mutually connected bands. The filaments of the polymer material forming these branched bands can be referred to as "poles". For the purposes of the present invention, a foam material is an "open cell" if at least 80% of the cells in the foam structure have a size of at least 1 μm and are in fluid communication with minus one adjacent cell. In addition to being open cell, these polymeric foams are sufficiently hydrophilic to allow the foam to absorb aqueous liquids. The internal surfaces of the foam structures are made hydrophilic through residual hydrophilizing surfactants and / or salts left in the foam structure after polymerization, or by selected post-polymerization foam treatment processes, as described later. The degree to which these polymeric foams are "hydrophilic" can be quantified through the value of "adhesion stress" exhibited when in contact with a test liquid that can be absorbed.The adhesion stress exhibited by these foams can be determined experimentally. using a method wherein the weight consumption of a test liquid, eg, synthetic urine, is measured for a sample of known capillary suction specific surface dimensions and surface area.This procedure is described in more detail in the methods section US Patent 5,387,207 (Dyer et al.) issued February 7, 1995, which is incorporated herein by reference, The foams which are useful as distribution materials of the present invention are generally those exhibiting a value of adhesion tension of about 15 to about 65 dynes / cm, most preferably about 20 to 65 dyne s / cm, as determined through capillary suction consumption of synthetic urine having a surface tension of 65; H5 dynes / cm. An important aspect of these foams is their glass transition temperature (Tg). The Tg represents the midpoint of the transition between the vitreous and rubber states of the polymer. Foams that have a Tg greater than the temperature of use can be very strong but can also be very rigid and are potentially prone to fracture. Said foams. Such fractures also tend to curl under tension and are poorly elastic when used at temperatures colder than the Tg of the polymer. The desired combination of mechanical properties, specifically strength and elasticity, typically need an absolutely selective scale of types and levels of monomer to achieve these desired properties. For distribution foams useful for the present invention, the Tg should be as low as possible, as long as the foam has an acceptable strength. Accordingly, monomers are selected which most likely provide corresponding homopolymers having lower glass transition temperatures. The shape of the glass transition region of the polymer can also be important, i.e., whether it is narrow or wide as a function of temperature. This form of glass transition region is particularly important where the temperature in use (usually ambient or body temperature) of the polymer is at or near the Tg. For example, a wider transition region may mean that the transition is incomplete at usage temperatures. Typically, if the transition is incomplete at the use temperature, the polymer will show greater rigidity and will be less elastic. Conversely, if the transition is complete at the temperature of use, then the polymer will exhibit a more rapid recovery of compression. Accordingly, it is desirable to control the glass transition temperature and the breathe of the transition region of the polymer to achieve the desired mechanical properties. In general, it is preferred that the Tg of the polymer be at least about 10 ° C lower than the use temperature. (The Tg and the width of the transition region are derived from the loss tangent against the temperature curve of a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measurement, as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,563,179 (Stone et al.) issued on October 8, 1996). The polymeric foams useful for the present invention can be described through a number of parameters. The foams useful in the present invention are capable of penetrating aqueous liquids at a significant height against the force of gravity, for example, at least about 15 cm. The column of liquid held within the foam exerts a significant contractile capillary pressure. At a height determined both by the strength of the foam (in compression) and the surface area per unit volume of the foam, the foam will be crushed. This height is the Capillary Crush Pressure (CCP) expressed in centimeters where the 505 volume of foam has a head pressure of zero is lost. Preferred distribution foams useful in the present invention will have a CCP of at least about 15 cm, most preferably at least about 20 cm, most preferably at least 25 cm. Typically, preferred distribution foams will have a capillary crush pressure of from about 15 cm to about 50 cm, preferably around 20 cm to 45 cm, and most preferably from about 25 to 40 cm. One aspect that may be useful in defining the preferred polymeric foams is the cell structure. The cells of the foam, and especially the cells that are formed by polymerizing an oil phase containing monomer surrounding water phase droplets relatively free of monomer, will often have a substantially spherical shape. These spherical cells are connected to each other through openings, which are referred to hereinafter as holes between cells. Both the size or "diameter" of said spherical cells and the diameter of the openings (hole) between the cells are commonly characterized to characterize the foams in general. Since the cells, and the holes between the cells, in a given sample of polymer foam will not necessarily be about the same size, average cell sizes and holes, ie, cell diameters and average holes, will usually be specific. The cell and hole sizes are parameters that can impact a number of important mechanical and operational aspects of the "including the liquid penetration properties of these foams, as well as the capillary pressure that is developed within the foam structure. A number of techniques are available to determine the average cell and hole sizes of the foams.A useful technique involves a simple measurement based on scanning electron photomicrographs of a foam sample.The foams useful as absorbents for aqueous liquids according to the present invention will preferably have a number average cell size of from about 20 μm to about 60 μm, and typically from about 30 μm to about 50 μm, and a number average hole size from about 5 μm to about 15 μm, and typically about 12 μm. "Specific surface area capillary suction ica "is a measure of the surface area accessible to the test liquid of the polymer network accessible to the test liquid. The specific surface area of capillary suction is determined both by the dimensions of the cellular units in the foam and by the density of the polymer, and in this way is a way of quantifying the total amount of the solid surface provided by the foam network to the degree that said surface participates in the absorbency.

For the purposes of this invention, the specific surface area of capillary suction is determined by measuring the amount of capillary consumption of a low surface tension liquid (e.g., ethanol), which occurs within a foam sample of a mass and dimensions known. A detailed description of said method for determining the specific surface area of the foam through the capillary suction method is set forth in the test methods section of the U.S. Patent No. 5,387,207, supra. Any reasonable alternative method to determine the specific surface area of capillary suction can also be used. The distribution foams useful in the present invention will preferably have a capillary suction specific surface area of at least about 0.01 m2 / ml, most preferably at least 0.03 m2 / ml. Typically, the capillary suction specific surface area is in the range of from about 0.01 to about 0.20 m2 / ml, preferably from about 0.03 to about 0.10 m2 / ml, and most preferably from 0.04 to about 0.08 m2 / ml.

The "foam density" (ie, in grams of foam per cubic centimeter of foam volume in air) is specified herein at a dry weight. The density of the foam, such as the specific surface area of capillary suction, can influence a number of operating and mechanical characteristics of the absorbent foams. These include the absorbent capacity for aqueous liquids and the characteristics of compression deflection. The foam density will vary according to the state of the foam. The foams in the crushed state obviously have a higher density than the foam itself in the fully expanded state. In general, the foams in the crushed state useful for the present invention will have a dry density of about 0.11 g / cm 3. Any suitable gravimetric method that provides a mass determination of the solid foam material per unit volume of the foam structure can be used to measure the foam density. For example, an ASTM gravimetric process described more fully in the test methods section of the U.S. Patent No. 5,387,207 supra is a method that can be employed for density determination. The foam density belongs to the weight per unit volume of a washed foam free of emulsifiers, fillers, surface treatments such as salts, and the like. The foams useful in the present invention will preferably have dry densities of about 8 mg / cm3 to about 77 mg / cm2, preferably from about 11 mg / cm3 to about 63 mg / cm3 and still most preferably from about 13 mg / cm3 to about 48cm3. The foams useful for the present invention can be obtained by polymerizing a specific type of water-in-oil emulsion or HIPE having a relatively small amount of an oil phase and a relatively larger amount of a water phase. This process comprises the steps of: forming a water-in-oil emulsion at a specific temperature and under specific shear mixing of: 1) an oil phase comprising: a) from about 85 to about 98% by weight of a component of monomer capable of forming a copolymer having a glass transition temperature of about 35 ° C or less, the monomer component comprising: i) from about 30 to about 80% by weight of at least one monofunctional monomer substantially insoluble in water capable of forming an atactic amorphous polymer having a glass transition temperature of about 25 ° C or less; ii) from about 5 to about 40% by weight of at least one monofunctional comonomer substantially insoluble in water capable of imparting rigidity approximately equivalent to that provided by styrene; iii) from about 5 to about 30% by weight of a first polyfunctional crosslinking agent, substantially insoluble in water selected from divinylbenzenes, trivinylbenzenes, divinyl toluens, divinylxylenes, divinylnaphthalenes, divinylkylbenzenes, divinylphenanthrenes, d ivi and Ibifen, divinyl diphenylmethane , divinylbenzyl, divinylphenyl ethers, divinyldiphenyl sulphides, divinylfurans, divinyl sulfide, divinyl sulfone, and mixtures thereof; and v) from about 0 to about 15% by weight of a second polyfunctional crosslinking agent, substantially insoluble in water selected from acrylates, methacrylates, acrylamides, methacrylamides, polyfunctionals, and mixtures thereof; and b) of about 2 about 15% by weight of an emulsifying component, which is soluble in the oil phase and which is suitable for forming a stable water-in-oil emulsion, the emulsion component comprising: (i) a primary emulsifier having at least about 40% by weight components emulsifiers selected from diglycerol monoesters of fatty acids of 16 to 22 linear unsaturated carbon atoms, diglycerol monoesters of fatty acids of 16 to 24 branched carbon atoms, monoaliphatic ethers Diglycerolics of alcohols of 16 to 24 branched carbon atoms, monoaliphatic diglycerol ethers of fatty alcohols of 16 to 22 linear carbon atoms, unsaturated, monoaliphatic diglycerol ethers of alcohols of 12 to 14 saturated linear carbon atoms, sorbitan monoesters of acids fatty acids of 16 to 22 linear unsaturated carbon atoms, sorbitan monoesters of fatty acids of 16 to 24 branched carbon atoms and mixtures thereof; or (ii) the combination of a primary emulsifier having at least 205 by weight of these emulsifying components and certain secondary emulsifiers in a primary to secondary emulsifier weight ratio of about 50: 1 to about 1: 4; and 2) a water phase comprising an aqueous solution containing: (i) from about 0.2 to about 20% by weight of a water soluble electrolyte; and (ii) an effective amount of a polymerization initiator; 3) a volume to weight ratio of the water phase to the oil phase in the range of about 12: 1 to about 125: 1; B) polymerizing the monomer component in the oil phase of the water-in-oil emulsion to form a polymeric foam material; and C) optionally dehydrating the polymeric foam material. The process allows the formation of these absorbent foams which are capable of distributing liquids as a result of having carefully balanced properties as described herein. These properties are achieved through the careful selection of crosslinkers and types and monomer levels and emulsion formation parameters, specifically the amount of shear mixing, temperature, and water to oil ratio (which translates to the final density of the dry foam). Polymeric foams according to the present invention useful therefor can be prepared through the polymerization of certain water-in-oil emulsions having a relatively high ratio of water phase to oil phase commonly known in the art as "HIPEs". . The polymeric foam materials resulting from the polymerization of said emulsions are hereinafter referred to as "HIPE foams". A detailed description of the general preparation of said HIPEs is presented in the patent of E. U. A. 5,563,179 and the patent of E. U. A. No. 5,387,207, infra. The relative amounts of the water and oil phases used to form the HIPEs are, among many other parameters, important for determining the structural, mechanical and operational properties of the resulting polymeric foams. In particular, the water to oil ratio ("W: O" ratio) in the emulsion varies inversely with the final density of the foam and may influence the size of the cell and the specific surface area of suction capillary foam and dimensions of the poles that form the foam. The emulsions used to prepare the HIPE foams useful for this invention will generally have a volume to weight ratio of water to oil phase in the range from about 12: 1 to about 126: 1, and most typically about 15: 1. at approximately 90: 1. Particularly preferred foams can be made from HIPEs having ratios from about 20: 1 to about 75: 1. The major portion of the oil phase of the HIPEs will comprise monomers, comonomers and crosslinking agents such as those listed in the patent of US Pat. No. 5,387,207, infra. It is essential that these monomers, comonomers and crosslinking agents are substantially insoluble in water, so that they are mainly soluble in the oil phase and not in the water phase. The use of such substantially insoluble monomers in water ensures that HIPEs of appropriate characteristics and stability will be realized. Of course, it is highly preferred that the monomers, comonomers, and crosslinking agents used herein be of the type such that the resulting polymeric foam is conveniently non-toxic and appropriate and chemically stable. These monomers, comonomers and crosslinking agents should preferably have little or no toxicity if present at very low residual concentrations during foam processing after polymerization and / or use. Another essential component of the oil phase is an emulsifying component that allows the formation of stable HIPEs. This emulsifying component comprises a primary emulsifier and optionally a secondary emulsifier, such as those listed in the patent of E. U. A. 5,387,207, infra. The oil phase used to form the HIPEs comprises from about 85 to about 98% by weight of the monomer component and from about 2 to about 15% by weight of the emulsifier component. Preferably, the oil phase will comprise about 90 to 98% by weight of the monomer component and about 3 to 10% by weight of the emulsifier component. The oil phase can also contain other optional components. One of these optional components is an oil-soluble polymerization initiator of the general type known to those skilled in the art, as described in US Patent 5,290,820 (Bass et al.) Issued March 1, 1994, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Incorporated here by reference. Another preferred optional component is an antioxidant such as a Disabled Amine Light Stabilizer (HALS) and Stored Phenolic Stabilizers (HPS) or any other antioxidant compatible with the initiator system employed. Other optional components include plasticizers, fillers, colorants, chain transfer agents, dissolved polymers, and the like. The discontinuous water internal phase of the HIPE is generally an aqueous solution containing one or more dissolved components such as those listed in the U. U. ,387,207, infra. An essential dissolved component of the water phase is a water soluble electrolyte. The dissolved electrolyte minimizes the tendency of the monomers, comonomers and crosslinkers that are mainly soluble in oil also to dissolve in the water phase. This, in turn, is believed to minimize the degree to which the polymeric material fills the cell windows in the adjoining oil / water surfaces formed by the water phase droplets during the polymerization. In this way, the presence of the electrolyte and the ionic strength resulting from the water phase is believed to determine whether and to what degree the resulting preferred polymeric foams can be of open cells. HIPEs will typically also contain a polymerization initiator. Said initiator component is generally added to the water phase of the HIPEs and can be any conventional water-soluble free radical initiator. These include peroxygen compounds such as sodium, potassium and ammonium persulfates, hydrogen peroxide, sodium peracetate, sodium percarbonate, and the like. Conventional redox initiator systems can also be used. Such systems are formed by combining the above peroxygen compounds with reducing agents such as sodium bisulfite, L-ascorbic acid or ferrous salts. The initiator may be present up to about 20 mole% based on the total moles of polymerizable monomers present in the oil phase. Most preferably, the initiator is present in an amount of about 0.001 to about 105 molar based on the total moles of the polymerizable monomers in the oil phase. The polymer that forms the foam structure of HIPE will preferably be substantially free of polar functional groups. This means that the polymeric foam will be relatively hydrophobic by character. These hydrophobic foams can find utility where the absorption of hydrophobic liquids is desired. Uses of this type include those in which an oily component is mixed with water and it is desired to separate and isolate the oily component, such as in the case of marine oil spills. When these foams are to be used as adsorbent products for aqueous liquids, such as spills of juice, milk, and the like, for cleaning and / or body fluids such as urine, they generally require additional treatment to make the foam relatively more hydrophilic The hydrophilization of the foam, if necessary, can generally be achieved by treating the HIPE foam with a hydrophilicizing surfactant in the manner described in U.S. Patent No. 5,387,207, infra. These hydrophilizing surfactants can be any material that improves the wettability of the water of the polymeric foam surface. These are well known in the art and can include a variety of surfactants, preferably of the non-ionic type, such as those listed in U.S. Patent No. 5,387,207, infra.

Another material that is typically incorporated into the foam structure of HIPE is a water-soluble, hydratable, and preferably hygroscopic or deliquescent inorganic salt. Said salts include, for example, toxicologically acceptable alkaline earth metal salts. Salts of this type and their use with oil-soluble surfactants as the foam hydrophilizing surfactant are described in greater detail in U.S. Patent No. 5,352,711 (DesMarais), issued October 4, 1994, the description of which is incorporated herein by reference. Preferred salts of this type include calcium halides such as calcium chloride which, as previously noted, can also be employed as the water phase electrolyte in the HIPE. The hydratable inorganic salts can easily be incorporated by treating the foams with aqueous solutions of said salts. These salt solutions can usually be used to treat the foams after the end of, or as part of the process to remove the residual water phase from the just polymerized foams. The treatment of foams with such solutions preferably deposits hydratable inorganic salts such as calcium chloride in residual amounts of at least about 0.01% by weight of the foam and typically in the range from about 0.1 to about 12%. The treatment of these relatively hydrophobic foams with hydrophilicizing surfactants (with or without hydratable salts) will typically be performed to the extent necessary to impart a suitable hydrophilic character to the foam. Some foams of the preferred type of HIPE, however, are conveniently hydrophilic in preparation, and may have sufficient amounts of hydratable salts incorporated therein, thus requiring no further treatment with hydrophilizing surfactants or hydratable salts. In particular, said preferred HIPE foams include those wherein certain previously described oil phase emulsifiers and calcium chloride are used in the HIPE. In those cases, the internally polymerized foam surfaces will conveniently be hydrophilic, and will include residual water phase liquid containing or depositing sufficient quantities of calcium chloride, even after the polymeric foams have been dehydrated to an practicable degree. The preparation of foams typically involves the steps of: 1) forming a stable high internal phase emulsion (HIPE); 2) polymerizing / cutting this stable emulsion under suitable conditions to form a polymeric foam structure; 3) optionally washing the polymeric foam structure to remove the original wastewater phase from the polymeric foam structure and, if necessary, treating the polymeric foam structure with a hydrophilizing surfactant and / or a hydratable salt to deposit any surfactant and hydrophilizing agent / hydratable salt required, and 4) then dehydrate this polymeric foam structure. The process is described more fully in the patent of US Pat. No. 5,387,207, supra. In order to use the respective materials within the absorbent structures, these materials can be combined with other elements to create a fluid handling member, which comprises materials according to the description as set forth above.

Requirements of the Storage Absorbing Member As described above, the distribution members exhibit certain desorption properties, which coincide through the absorption properties of the members or absorbent storage materials. In this way, the absorbent storage members suitable for the present invention exhibit high capillary suction capabilities. For purposes of the present invention, this high suction capacity is measured in terms of the ability of the member to consume the fluid at certain capillary heights, which are generally found when the member is placed in an absorbent article. The Capillary Absorption Absorbent Capacity Test (also referred to herein as the capillary absorption test) measures the amount of test fluid per gram of the absorbent storage member that is taken when the storage member is placed at varying heights on the capillary absorption apparatus. The Capillary Absorption Absorbent Capacity test is described in detail in the test methods section below. In one aspect, the high suction capillary suction storage absorbent member suitable for the present invention has a capillary absorbing absorptive capacity (CSAC) at a height of 35 cm of at least 15 g / g, preferably at least about 18 g / g, most preferably at least about 20 g / g, and most preferably at least about 22 g / g. Typically, these storage absorbent members will have a capillary absorption absorbent capacity at a height of 25 cm from about 15 g / g to about 60 g / g, very typically about 18 g / g to 50 g / g and more typically about 20 g. / g about 40 g / g- In another aspect, the high suction capillary suction storage absorbent member has a CSAC at a height of 50 cm of at least about 8 g / g, preferably at least about 11 g / g, most preferably at least about 15 g / g, and preferably at least about 19 g / g. Typically, these storage absorbent members will have a CSAC at a height of 50 cm from about 8 g / g to about 40 g / g, more typically from about 11 g / g to about 35 g / g, and most preferably about 15 g / g. ga 30 g / g. In yet another aspect, the high suction capillary suction storage absorbent member has a CSAC at a height of 80 cm of at least about 6 g / g, preferably at least about 9 g / g, preferably at least less 12 g / g, and most preferably at least 15 g / g. Typically, these storage absorbent members will have a capillary absorbing absorbent capacity at a height of 80 cm from "about 6 g / g to about 35 g / g, typically about 9 g / g to 30 g / g and very typically about 12 g. / g approximately 25 g / g In yet another aspect, the high suction capillary suction storage absorbent member has a CSAC at a height of 100 cm of at least about 5 g / g, preferably at least 7 g / g, preferably at least 10 g / g and most preferably at least about 14 g / g Typically, these storage absorbent members will have a capillary absorption absorbing capacity at a height of 100 cm of about 5 g / g about 30 g / g, typically about 7 g / g to 25 g / g, even more typically about 10 g / g to 20 g / g.Although not a requirement, the particularly preferred storage absorbent members will have n an initial effective consumption rate at 200 cm of at least about 3 g / g / hour, preferably around 4 g / g / hour, and most preferably at least 8 g / g / hour. Typically, the effective consumption rate at 200 cm will be from about 3 to about 15 g / g / hour, typically around 4 to 12 g / g / hour, even more typically from about 8 to about 12 g / g / hour. Although the above minimum capillary suction capabilities are important for the absorbent storage members 7 of the present invention, these members preferably also, but not necessarily, will have a capillary absorption absorbing capacity at a head pressure of zero (i.e. to 0 cm in the capillary absorption test) of at least about 15 g / g. In another preferred aspect, the storage absorbent members will concurrently exhibit the required consumption g / g of at least 2 suction heights discussed above. That is, for example, the preferred storage absorbent members will have two or more of the following properties: i) a capillary absorption absorbent capacity (CSAC) at a height of 35 cm of at least about 10 g / g, preferably at least about 13 g / g, preferably at least about 20 g / g, and most preferably at least about 22 g / g; I) a CSAC at a height of 50 cm of at least about 8 g / g, preferably at least about 11 g / g, preferably of at least about 15 g / g, and most preferably at least about 19 g / g; iii) a CSAC at a height of 80 cm of at least about 6 g / g, preferably at least 9 g / g, preferably at least about 12 g / g, and most preferably at least about 15 g / g; (iv) a CSAC at a height of 100 cm of at least about 5 g / g, preferably at least about 7 g / g, preferably at least 10 g / g, and most preferably at least about 14 g / g, and most preferably at least about 14 g / g. g / g Yet another way to describe the absorbent storage members suitable for the invention is that the high capillary suction storage absorbent member needs to have a high average absorption pressure. The average absorption pressure of the material is defined as the pressure at which the material has a capillary absorption efficiency of 50% and is measured in the capillary absorption test described in the test methods section, determining the height at which the material will obtain 50% of its maximum absorption capacity in this test, and is referred to as CSAH 50. Preferred storage absorbent members suitable for the present invention are high capacity capillary suction storage absorbent members having an absorbent capacity of capillary absorption at a height of 0 cm of at least 15 g / g, preferably at least about 20 g / g, preferably at least about 25 g / g, and most preferably at least about 35 g / g , and having a CSAH 50 of average capillary absorption height of at least 35 cm, preferably at least 45 cm, preferably of at least 60 cm and most preferably of at least 80 cm Materials to achieve the requirements of the absorbent storage member Materials with a high surface area The absorbent storage members useful for the present invention preferably comprise a high surface area material. This is the high surface area material that it provides, either by itself or in combination with other elements, such as a hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer, the members with high capillary absorption absorbing capacity. As discussed herein, high surface area materials are described in, at least in one aspect, terms of their capillary absorption absorbent capacity (measured without the hydrogel-forming polymer if present in the member or any other optional material contained in the actual storage absorbent member, such as adhesives, bonding agents, etc.). It is recognized that materials that have high surface areas can have consumption capacities at very high suction heights (100 cm or higher) this allows high surface area materials to provide one or both of the following functions: i) a capillary trajectory of the liquid towards the other absorbers, such as osmotic absorbers, and / or ii) additional absorbent capacity. Thus, although high surface area materials can be described in terms of their surface area by weight or volume, applicants hereby alternatively use the capillary absorbing absorbent capacity to describe the high surface area material, since the capillary absorption absorbent capacity is an operating parameter that will generally provide the absorbent members for the present invention with the requisite suction capabilities to provide improved absorbent articles. It will be recognized that certain high surface area materials, for example, glass microfibers, by themselves will not exhibit particularly high capillary absorption absorbing capacity at all heights, especially very high heights (e.g., 100 cm and higher) . However, said materials can provide the desired capillary path of the liquid toward the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer or other absorbers to provide the required capillary absorption absorber capabilities., even at relatively high heights. Any material having sufficient absorbent capillary absorption capacity will be useful in the absorbent storage members of the present invention. In this regard, the term "material with high surface area" refers to any material that by itself (ie, as measured without the osmotic absorbent or any other optional material forming the storage absorbent member) exhibits one or more of the following capillary absorption absorbing capacities: I) a capillary absorption absorbing capacity of at least about 2 g / g, a suction head of 100 cm, preferably at least about 3 g / g, preferably at least 4 g / g, and most preferably from at least about 6 g / g to a height of 100 cm; II) an absorbent capillary absorption capacity at a height of 35 cm of at least about 5 g / g, preferably at least about 8 g / g, most preferably at least about 12 g / g; lll) an absorbing capacity of capillary absorption at a height of 50 cm of at least about 4 g / g, preferably at least about 7 g / g, most preferably at least about 9 g / g; IV) a capillary absorption absorbent capacity at a height of 140 cm of at least about 1 g / g, preferably about 2 g / g, preferably at least about 3 g / g, and most preferably at least less about 5 g / g; or V) an absorbent capacity of capillary absorption at a height of 200 cm of at least about 1 g / g, preferably around 2 g / g, preferably at least about 3 g / g, most preferably at least around 5 g / g. In one embodiment, the high surface area material will be fibrous (hereinafter referred to as "high surface area fibers") in character, in order to provide a fibrous web or fibrous matrix when combined with another absorbent such as the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer or other osmotic absorbent. Alternatively, and in a particularly preferred embodiment, the high surface area material will be a hydrophilic, open cell polymer foam (hereinafter referred to as "high surface area polymer foams" or more generally as "polymeric foams") . These materials are described in detail later.

High Surface Area Fibers High surface area fibers useful in the present invention include those that are naturally occurring (modified or unmodified, as well as synthetically made fibers) High surface area fibers have many more surface areas larger than the fibers typically used in absorbent articles, such as wood pulp fibers The high surface area fibers used in the present invention will desirably be hydrophilic As used herein, the term "hydrophilic" describes fibers, or fiber surfaces, which are wettable by aqueous liquids (eg aqueous body fluids) deposited on these fibers.The hydrophilicity and wettability are typically defined in terms of contact angle and surface tension of the fibers. The liquids and solids involved are discussed in more detail in the publication. American Chemical Society entitled Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, edited by Robert F. Gould (Derechos 1964). A fiber, or surface of a fiber, is said to be moistened by a liquid (ie, hydrophilic) when either the contact angle between the liquid and the fiber, or its surface, is less than 90 °, or when the liquid has to spontaneously spread through the surface of the fiber, both conditions usually coexist. Conversely, a fiber or surface is considered to be hydrophobic if the contact angle is greater than 90 ° and the liquid does not spontaneously spread across the surface of the fiber. The hydrophilic character of the fibers useful herein may be inherent in the fibers, or the fibers may be naturally hydrophobic fibers that are treated to render them hydrophilic. The materials and methods for providing the hydrophilic character to naturally hydrophobic fibers are well known. The high surface area fibers useful herein will have specific surface areas of capillary suction on the same scale as the polymeric foams described below. Typically, however, high surface area fibers are characterized in terms of well-known BET surface area. High surface area fibers useful herein include such glass microfibers, for example, glass wool available from Evanite Fiber Copr. (Covallis, OR). Glass microfibers useful herein will typically have fiber diameters no greater than about 0.8 μm, more typically from about 0.1 μm to about 0.7 μm. These microfibers will have surface areas of at least about 2 m2 / g, preferably at least about 3 m2 / g. Typically, the surface area of glass microfibers will be from about 2 m2 / g to about 12 m2 / g. Representative glass microfibers for use herein are those available from Evanite Fiber Corp., such as type 104 glass fibers, which have a nominal fiber diameter of approximately 0.5 μm. These glass microfibers have a calculated surface area of approximately 3.1 m2 / g. Another type of high surface area fibers useful herein are fibrillated cellulose acetate fibers. These fibers (hereinafter referred to as "fibretas") have high surface areas relative to cellulose-derived fibers commonly used in the absorbent article technique. Said fibretas have regions of very small diameters, so that their particle size width is typically from about 0.5 to 5 μm. These fibretas typically have aggregate surface areas of approximately 20 m2 / g. Representative fibers useful as the high surface area materials herein are available from Hoechst Celanese Corp. (Charlotte, NC) as Fibrets® cellulose acetate. For a detailed discussion of fibretas, including their physical properties and methods for their preparation, see "Cellulose Acétate Fibrets: A Fibrillated Pulp With High Surface Area," Smith, J. E., Tappi, Journal, Dec. 1988, p. 237; and U.A. Patent No. 5,486,410 (Georger et al.) issued January 23, 1996; the description of which is incorporated herein by reference. In addition to these fibers, those skilled in the art will recognize that other fibers well known in the absorbency art can be modified to provide high surface area fibers for use herein. Representative fibers that can be modified to high surface areas required by the present invention are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,599,335, supra (see especially columns 21-24). Regardless of the nature of the high surface area fibers used, the fibers and the other absorbent material such as the osmotic absorbent will be discrete materials before the combination. As used herein, the term "discrete" means that the high surface area fibers and the other absorbers are each formed before they are combined to form the storage absorbent member. In other words, the high surface area fibers are not formed subsequent to mixing with the other absorbent (for example, hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer), nor is the other absorbent formed after the combination with the high surface area fibers. . The combination of the respective discrete components ensures that the fibers of high surface area will have the desired morphology and, importantly, the desired surface area.

High Surface Area Polymeric Foams The polymeric foams of high surface area useful in the present are described in some aspects below, in terms of physical properties. To ensure certain of these properties, it is necessary to perform an analysis on the foamed sheet. In this way, as far as a foam is used in the form of particles and is prepared from a previously formed sheet, the measurements of physical properties will be conducted in the foamed sheet (ie, before the formation of particle). When the foam is formed in situ in particles (or beads) during the polymerization process, a similar foam (in terms of chemical composition, cell size, WO: O ratio, etc.) can be formed to sheets for the purpose to make those measurements. High surface area polymeric foams useful in the high capillary suction absorbing storage members of the present invention are known in the art. Particularly preferred foams are those obtained by polymerizing a water-in-oil emulsion of high internal phase, as described in the patent of US Pat. No. 5,37,727 and patent of US Pat. No. 5,650,222. Other particularly preferred polymeric foams are described in more detail in the co-pending US patent application No. E., filed March 1998 by T. DesMarais et al., Entitled "HIGH SUCTION POLYMERIC FOAM MATERIALS" (High Polymer Foam Materials).

Suction) (Case P &G) and the patent application of E. U. A. copendiente series No., filed on March 1998 by DesMarais et al. Entitled "ABSORBENT MATERIALS FOR DISTRIBUTING AQUEOUS LIQUIDS" (Absorbent materials for Distribute Aqueous Liquids) (Case P &G), the description of each of which is incorporated herein by reference. (The specific preferred foams described in one or both of these co-pending applications are described in the examples section below). The polymeric foams useful herein are those that have relatively open cells. This means that many of the individual cells of the foam are in unobstructed communication with adjacent cells. The cells in such relatively open cell foam structures have openings or "windows" between cells that are large enough to allow easy transfer of liquid from one cell into the other within the foam structure. These foam structures with relatively open cells will generally have a cross-linked character with the individual cells being defined by a plurality of three-dimensionally branched, mutually connected bands. The rows of polymeric material forming these branched bands can be referred to as "poles". For the purposes of the present invention, a highly preferred foam material will have at least about 80% of the cells in the foam structure having a size of at least 1 μm in liquid communication with at least one cell adjacent. In addition to being open cells, these polymeric foams are sufficiently hydrophilic to allow the foam to absorb aqueous liquids. The outer surfaces of the foam structures are made hydrophilic through residual hydrophilizing surfactants left in the foam structure after polymerization, or through selected polymerization treatment processes after polymerization, as described further ahead. The degree to which these polymeric foams are "hydrophilic" can be quantified by the "adhesion stress" value exhibited when in contact with a test liquid that can be absorbed. The adhesion stress exhibited by these foams can be determined experimentally using a procedure wherein the weight consumption of a test liquid, for example, synthetic urine, is measured for a sample of known dimensions and specific surface area of capillary suction. Said process is described in greater detail in the section of test methods of the patent of E. U. A. 5,387,207, infra. The foams which are high surface area materials useful in the present invention are generally those which exhibit an adhesion tension value of about 15 to about 65 dynes / cm, most preferably about 20 to 65 dynes / cm, as determined by capillary absorption of synthetic urine having a surface tension of 65 ^ 5 dynes / cm. The polymeric foams useful herein are preferably prepared in the form of collapsible (ie unexpanded) polymeric foams, which, after contact with aqueous liquids, absorb said liquids and expand when the amount absorbed reduces the combined capillary pressure plus the confining pressure below the expansion pressure (described below) of the foam. These crushed polymeric foams are usually obtained by expressing the water phase of the polymerized HIPE foam through compressive forces, and / or thermal drying and / or vacuum dehydration. After compression, and / or thermal drying / vacuum dewatering, these polymeric foams are in a crushed, or unexpanded, state. The cellular structure of a representative squashed HIPE foam from which the water has been expressed by compression is shown in the photomicrograph of Figures 3 and 4 of the patent of US Pat. No. 5,650.22, discussed above. As shown in these figures, the cellular structure of the foam is deformed, especially when compared to the expanded HIPE foam structures shown in Figures 1 and 2 of '222. As can also be seen in Figures 3 and 4 of the '222 patent, the voids or pores (dark areas) in the crushed foam structure have been flattened or elongated. It is noted that the foams illustrated in the '222 patent are in the form of a sheet, as discussed below, while the foams in the sheet forms are useful herein, in a preferred embodiment, the foam will be in the form of a particle. ). The cellular structure of another foam derived from HIPE (in its expanded state) useful herein is illustrated in Figures 3 and 4 therefrom. The preparation of this particular foam and related forms is described in Examples 2 to 4, and these very high surface area foams are described in greater detail in the co-pending U. A. patent application, filed on March 1998 by T.

DesMarais et al, entitled "HIGH SUCTION POLYMERIC FOAM MATERIALS" (High Suction Polymer Foam Materials) (Case P &G) and the patent application of E. U. A. Copendent Series No., filed on March 1998 by DesMarais et al. Entitled "ABSORBENT MATERIALS FOR DISTRIBUTING AQUEOUS LIQUIDS" (Absorbent Materials for Distributing Liquids Aqueous) (Case P &G), the description of each of which is incorporated herein by reference. After compression and / or thermal drying / vacuum dewatering, the crushed polymer foam can be expanded again when wetted with aqueous liquids. Surprisingly, these polymeric foams remain in this crushed or unexpanded state for significant periods, for example, up to at least about a year. The ability of these polymeric foams to remain in this crushed / unexpanded state is believed to be due to capillary forces, and in particular the capillary pressures developed within the foam structure. As used herein, "capillary pressures" refers to the pressure differential across the surrounding liquid / air surface due to the meniscus curvature within the narrow confines of the pores in the foam, [see Chatterjee, " Absorbency ", Textile Science and Technology, Vol. 7, 1985, p. 36]. After compression, and / or thermal drying / vacuum dehydration to a practicable degree, these polymeric foams have residual water which includes both the water of hydration associated with the hydrated hygroscopic salt incorporated therein, as well as the free water absorbed within the foam. This waste water (assisted by the hydrated salts) is believed to exert capillary pressures on the resulting crushed foam structure The crushed polymeric foams of the present invention may have waste water contents of at least about 5%, typically about 4. at about 40% by weight of the foam when stored at ambient conditions of 22 ° C and 50% relative humidity.The preferred crushed polymeric foams have residual water contents of from about 5 to about 305 by weight of the foam. Key to these foams is their glass transition temperature, Tg represents the midpoint of the transition between the vitreous and rubber stages of the polymer.The foams that have a Tg higher than the temperature of use can be very strong, but also They will be rigid and potentially prone to fracture.These foams typically also have a long recovery expanded state when wetted with cooler aqueous liquids than the glass transition temperature of the polymer after being stored in the crushed state for long periods. The desired combination of mechanical properties, specifically strength and elasticity, typically needs an absolutely selective scale of type and monomer levels to achieve these desired properties. For foams useful in the present invention, the Tg should be as low as possible, as long as the foam has an acceptable strength at temperatures of use. Accordingly, monomers are most likely selected to provide corresponding homopolymers having a lower glass transition temperature. It has been found that the chain length of the alkyl group in the acrylate and methacrylate comonomers may be longer than one might think from the Tg of the homologous homopolymer series. Specifically, it has been found that the homologous series of alkyl acrylate or methacrylate homopolymers have a minimum Tg at a chain length of 8 carbon atoms, in contrast, the minimum Tg of the copolymers of the present invention occur at a length of chain of about 12 carbon atoms. (Although alkyl-substituted styrene monomers can be used in place of alkyl acrylates and methacrylates, its availability is currently limited in an extreme way). The shape of the glass transition region of the polymer can also be important, i.e., whether it is narrow or wide as a function of temperature. This form of glass transition region is particularly important when the temperature during use (usually ambient or body temperature) of the polymer is at or near the Tg. For example, a wider transition region may mean an incomplete transition to temperatures of use. Typically, if the transition is incomplete at the use temperature, the polymer will show greater rigidity and will be less elastic. Conversely, if the transition is completed at the temperature of use, then the polymer will exhibit a more rapid recovery of compression when wetted with aqueous liquids. Accordingly, it is desirable to control the Tg and respirations of the transition region of the polymer to achieve the desired mechanical properties. In general, it is preferred that the Tg of the polymer be at least about 10 ° C lower than the use temperature. (The Tg and the width of the transition region are derived from the curve of tangent loss against temperature of a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measurement, as described in the test methods section of US Patent No. 5,650.22). Although surface area materials in general have been described in terms of their capillary absorption absorbent capacity, the high surface area polymeric foams useful herein can also be described in terms of their specific surface area of capillary suction ( hereinafter referred to as "CSSSA"). In general, the CSSSA is a measure of the accessible liquid surface area of the polymer network that tests a particular foam per unit mass of the bulk foam material (polymer structural material plus solid residual material). The specific surface area of capillary suction is determined both by the dimensions of the cellular units in the foam and by the density of the polymer, and in this way is a way of quantifying the total amount of the solid surface provided by the foam network to the extent that said surface participates in the absorbency. For purposes of characterizing the foams useful herein, CSSSA is measured on a sheet of the foam in question, even where the foam is in the particle form when incorporated into an absorbent storage member. The CSSSA of a foam is particularly important if the foam provides the capillary suction requirement for use in the preparation of absorbent storage members of the present invention. This is because the capillary pressure developed within the foam structure is proportional to the specific surface area of capillary suction. In addition, the CSSSA is important for adjusting the capillary pressures that are developed within the foam structure to keep it in a crushed state until it is moistened with aqueous liquids. Assuming that other factors, such as foam density and adhesion stress, are constant, this means that, as the CSSSA is increased (or reduced), the capillary pressure within the foam structure also increases (or is reduced) proportionally. For the purposes of the present invention, the CSSSA is determined by measuring the amount of capillary consumption of a low surface tension liquid (e.g., ethanol) that occurs within a foam sample of a known mass and dimensions. A detailed dimension of said method for determining the specific surface area of foam is set forth in the test methods section of the U.S. Patent No. 5,387,207, which is incorporated herein by reference. Any alternative method to determine the CSSSA can be used as well. The crushed polymeric foams of the present invention useful as absorbent products are those having a CSSSA of at least about 3 m2 / g. Typically, the CSSSA is in the range from about 3 to about 30 m2 / g, preferably from about 4 to about 17 m2 / g, and most preferably about 5 to 15 m2 / g. Foams having said CSSSA values (with expanded state densities of from about 0.010 to about 0.033 g / cm 3) will generally possess a particularly desirable balance of absorbent capacity, liquid retention characteristics and penetration or liquid distribution for aqueous liquids such as urine. In addition, foams having said CSSSA can develop sufficient capillary pressure to maintain the foam in a crushed, unexpanded state until it is moistened with said aqueous liquids. As described above, for particularly preferred collapsible polymeric foams, in their crushed state, the capillary pressures developed within the foam structure at least equal to the forces exerted by the recovery or elastic modulus of the compressed polymer. In other words, the capillary pressure needed to maintain the relatively thin squashed foam is determined by the compensatory force exerted by the compressed polymer foam as it tries to "spring back". The elastic recovery tendency of polymeric foams can be estimated from stress-strain experiments, where the expanded foam is compressed to approximately 1/6 (17%) of its original, expanded thickness, and then maintained in this Compressed state until its relaxed tension value is measured. Alternatively, and for the purposes of the present invention, the relaxed tension value is estimated from measurements in the polymeric foam in its crushed state when in contact with aqueous liquids, e.g., water. This alternative relaxed tension value hereinafter is referred to as the "expansion pressure" of the foam. The expansion pressure of the crushed polymeric foams of the present invention is about 50 kilopascals (kPa) or less, and typically about 7 to about 40 kPa. A detailed description of a method for estimating foam expansion pressure is set forth in the test methods section of the U.S. Patent No. 5,387,207. Another important property of the high surface area polymeric foams useful in the present invention is their absorbent free capacity. "Absorbent free capacity" (or "FAC") is the total amount of test liquid (synthetic urine), which a given sample of foam will absorb its cellular structure per unit mass of the solid material in the sample. To be especially useful in the absorbent storage members of the present invention, the polymeric foams should have a free absorbent capacity of about 30 to about 100 ml, preferably about 30 to about 75 ml of synthetic urine per gram of the foam material dry. The method for determining the free absorbent capacity of the foam is described below in the test methods section of the U.S. Patent No. 5,650,222. After exposure to aqueous liquids, preferred crushed polymer foams absorb liquids and expand. The polymer forms, in their expended state, absorb more liquid than most other foams. The "expansion factor" for these foams is at least about 4X, that is, the thickness of the foam in its expanded state is at least about 4 times the thickness of the foam in its crushed state. The crushed foams preferably have an expansion factor in the scale of about 4X about 15X, most preferably about 5X to 10X. For the purposes of the present invention, the relationship between expanded and crushed thickness for compressively dewatered foams can be predicted empirically from the following equation: ThicknessXpand = thickcossingstarted x ((0.133 x W: O ratio) ± 2).

Where: Thickness is the thickness of the foam in its expanded state; Espesorap? Horned is the thickness of the foam in its crushed state; and the W: O ratio is the water to oil ratio of the HIPE from which the foam is made. In this manner, a typical polymeric foam made of an emulsion with a water to oil ratio of 60: 1 could have a predicted expansion factor of 8.0, ie, an expanded thickness 8 times the crushed thickness of the foam. The method for measuring the expansion factor is described later in the test methods section of the U.S. Patent No. 5,650,222. An important mechanical aspect of the high surface area polymeric foams useful in the present invention is its strength in its expanded state, as determined by the compression resistance deflection (RTCD). The RTCD exhibited by the foams herein is a function of the polymer module, as well as the density and structure of the foam network. The polymer module, in turn, is determined by: a) the polymer composition; b) the conditions under which the foam is polymerized (e.g., the complete appearance of the obtained polymerization, with respect to crosslinking); and c) the degree to which the polymer is plasticized through the waste material, for example, emulsifiers, left in the foam structure after processing. To make useful such as the high surface area portion of the absorbent members of the present invention, the polymeric foams must be suitably resistant to deformation or compression by forces encountered during use. Foams that do not possess sufficient foam strength in terms of RTCD can provide the requisite capillary suction capability under no-load conditions, but will not provide those capacities under the compressive stress caused by movement and user activity of the absorbent articles they contain. the foam. The RTCD exhibited by the polymeric foams useful in the present invention can be quantified by determining the amount of stress produced in a saturated foam sample held under a certain confining pressure for a specific temperature and period of time. The method for carrying out this particular type of test is described later in the test methods section of the U.S. Patent No. 5,650,222. The foams useful herein will preferably exhibit an RTCD so that a confining pressure of 5.1 kPa produces a stress typically of about 90% or less compression of the foam structure, when it has been saturated to its absorbent free capacity with synthetic urine having a surface tension of 65; t-5 dynes / cm. Preferably, the strength produced under said conditions will be in the range of about 1 to about 90%, preferably about 1 to 25%, preferably about 2 to 10%, and most preferably about 2 to 5%. The polymeric foams of high surface area useful herein can also be described in terms of their vertical hanging absorption height (hereinafter "VHSH") the height of VHSH has X% is the height in centimeters, where X% of the capacity at 0 cm (or FAC) is retained in the foam. A typical value of importance is the VHSH at 90%, although in principle X can be any value. The measurement that can be reproduced for VHSH is achieved at X = 90%, within the experience of the inventors. It will be obvious to one skilled in the art that this individual point value does not fully express the shape of the curve obtained in a capacity versus height graph. However, the individual point serves as a practical point of comparison for the foams useful in the present. In this regard, the foams will typically have a balance of 90% VHSH of at least about 20 cm, preferably at least about 40 cm, preferably at least about 60 cm, preferably at least about 70 cm and most preferably at least about 80 cm. Typically, the preferred polymeric foams will have 90% HSV from about 20 to about 90 cm, typically about 60 to 90 cm, more typically about 70 to 90 cm and most typically about 80 to 90 cm. The method for measuring 90% of VHSH is described in detail in the section on test methods below. As indicated, where the high surface area polymeric foam is in particulate form when combined with another absorbent, such as an osmotic absorber, 90% of HSVH is measured in the corresponding sheet foam (i.e. , before forming the particles). When the foam is formed into particles (or beads) during the polymerization process, a similar foam can be formed into sheets to determine 90% of VHSH of the foam. Foam cells, and especially cells that are formed by polymerizing an oil phase containing monomer surrounding phase droplets of relatively monomer-free water, will often be substantially spherical. The size or "diameter" of said spherical cells is a parameter commonly used to characterize foams in general. Since the cells in a given sample of polymeric foam will not necessarily be of approximately the same size, an average cell size, that is, an average cell diameter will usually be specified. A number of techniques are available to determine the average cell size of the foams. However, the most useful technique for determining the cell size in foams involves a simple measurement based on an electronic photomicrograph scanning a sample of foam. The cell size measurements given herein are based on the average cell size in number of the foam in its expanded state, for example, as shown in Figure 6 of the patent of E. U. A. No. 5,650,222. The foams useful according to the present invention will preferably have a number average cell size of about 80 μm or less, and typically from about 5 to about 50 μm. The "foam density" (ie, in grams of foam per cubic centimeter in volume of foam in air) is specified herein on a dry basis. The amount of water-soluble waste materials absorbed, for example, residual salts and liquid left in the foam, for example, after polymerization of HIPE, washing and / or hydrophilization, is bypassed to calculate and express the density of the foam. However, the foam density includes other water insoluble waste materials such as emulsifiers present in the polymerized foam. Said residual materials can, in fact, contribute to the significant mass of the foam material. Any suitable gravimetric method that provides a determination of the mass of the solid foam material per unit volume of the foam structure can be used to measure the foam density. For example, an ASTM gravimetric process described more fully in the test methods section of US Patent No. 5,387,207 (Dyer et al.) Issued February 7, 1995, supra, is a method that can be employed for the determination of density. In their crushed state, the polymeric foams useful in the present invention have dry basis density values (exclusive of any residual salt and / or water) in the range from about 0.1 to about 0.2 g / cm3, preferably from 0.11 to about 0.19 g / cm3, and most preferably from 0.12 to about 0.17 g / cm3. In its expanded state, the polymeric foams useful herein will have density values on a dry basis in the range of about 0.01 to about 0.33 g / cm3., preferably from about 0.013 to about 0.033 g / cm3. Vertical penetration, that is, the penetration of liquid in a direction opposite to the gravitational force, is a desirable performance attribute for the polymeric foams useful herein. For the purposes of this invention, the vertical penetration rate is the reflection of the permeability of the material, and thus, the ability of the material to supply liquid to the other absorbent, such as a hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer or other osmotic absorbent. . The vertical penetration rate is determined by measuring the time that a color test liquid (eg, synthetic urine) is taken in a reservoir to penetrate a vertical distance of 5 cm through the specific size foam test strip. The vertical penetration process is described in greater detail in the test methods section of the U.S. Patent No. 5,387,207, but is carried out at 31 ° C instead of at 37 ° C. To be especially useful in absorbent members for absorbing urine, the foams useful herein will preferably penetrate the synthetic urine (65 + 5 dynes / cm) at a height of 5 cm in no more than about 15 minutes. Most preferably, the preferred foam absorbers of the present invention penetrate the synthetic urine at a height of 5 cm in no more than about 10 minutes. The vertical penetration absorbent capacity test measures the amount of test liquid per gram of absorbent foam that is maintained within each 2.54 cm vertical section of the same standard size foam sample used in the vertical penetration test. Said determination is made after the sample has been allowed to vertically penetrate test liquid at equilibrium (for example, after approximately 18 hours). As the vertical penetration test, the vertical penetration absorbing capacity test is described in more detail in the test methods section of the patent of U. A. No. 5,387,207 (Dyer et al.) Issued February 7, 1995, supra. The absorptive capacities of high vertical penetration at high temperatures are theoretically equivalent to absorbing capacities of high capillary absorption at high altitudes. Since the foil form of the foams useful herein can be handled for the first test and the first test is easier and cheaper to perform, the data from the first test is recommended as the means to characterize this important parameter of the foams of this invention. Although high capillary suction foams may be in sheet form when combined with other absorbers such as osmotic absorbers (e.g., hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer), in a particularly preferred embodiment, the polymeric foam will be in the form of particles and will be mixed with particles of the hydrogel-forming polymer to provide a mixture. That is, although the foam may initially be prepared in the form of sheets, these sheets may be processed to provide foam particles, which are then combined with the hydrogelling polymer. As discussed above, the foams useful herein and their processes for preparation, are described in detail in the patent of US Pat. No. 5,387,207, U.S. Patent No. 5,650.22, patent application of E. U. A. Copendiente, filed on March. 1998 by T. A. DesMarais et al., Entitled "HIGH SUCTION POLYMERIC FOAM MATERIALS" (High Suction Polymer Foam Materials) (Case P &G) and the patent application of E. U.

A. Copendent Series No., filed March 1998 by T. A. DesMarais et al. Entitled "ABSORBENT MATERIALS FOR DISTRIBUTING AQUEOUS LIQUIDS" (Absorbent Materials for Distributing Aqueous Liquids) (Case P &G). The foam particles can be prepared by first forming a foam sheet through the teachings of these references, followed by mechanical processing of the foam to provide particles (eg, spray, cut, shred, etc.) of the desired dimension. Alternatively, the foam particles can be prepared directly from the emulsion in the form of polymeric microbeads, as described in US Patent 5,653,922 issued August 5, 1997 to Li et al., And US Patent 5,583,162, issued in US Pat. December 10, 1996 to Li et al., The description of each is incorporated herein by reference. Specific embodiments for blends of polymer foam / hydrogel-forming polymer are described in more detail below. Applicants have also found that high surface area foams can optionally comprise a fluid in order to provide an improved transfer of urine to the other absorbent or osmotic absorbent of the storage absorbent member. The pre-moistening fluid partially fills the polymeric foam and, without wishing it to be bound by any particular theory, increases the consumption rate of the foam. Ideally, the polymeric foam comprising pre-wetting fluid (s) should be stable to storage, with a sufficiently low water activity to prevent the growth of microbes and avoid the loss of evaporative water and not migrate out of the foam over time . Water can be used as a pre-wetting fluid to provide absorption operation, but by itself it can not satisfy the other requirements.

Hydro Absorbing Polymers The absorbent storage members of the present invention further preferably comprise at least one absorbent hydrogel-forming polymer (also referred to as a hydrogel-forming polymer). The hydrogel-forming polymers useful in the present invention include a variety of water insoluble, but swollen polymers, capable of absorbing large amounts of liquids. Such hydrogel-forming polymers are well known in the art and any of these materials are useful in the high capillary suction absorbent members of the present invention. Hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer materials are also commonly referred to as "hydrocolloid" or "superabsorbent" materials and may include polysaccharides such as carboxymethyl starch, hydroxypropylcellulose carboxymethylcellulose; nonionic types such as polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl ethers; cationic types such as polyvinylpyridine, and polyvinylmorpholinone and N, N-dimethylaminoethyl or N, N-diethylaminopropyl acrylates and methacrylates, and their respective quaternary salts. Typically, the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers useful in the present invention have a multitude of functional anionic groups, such as sulfonic acid, and more typically carboxy groups. Examples of polymers suitable for use herein include those which are prepared from acid-containing, unsaturated, polymerizable monomers. Thus, said monomers include the olefinically unsaturated acids and anhydrides containing at least one olefinic carbon-to-carbon double bond. More specifically, these monomers can be selected from olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acids and acid anhydrides, olefinically unsaturated sulfonic acids, and mixtures thereof. As indicated above, the nature of the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer is not critical to the members of the present invention. However, the selection of the optimum polymeric material can improve the performance characteristics of the members of the present. The description that follows describes preferred properties of the absorbent polymers useful herein. These properties should not be interpreted as limitations; rather, they merely indicate the progression that has occurred in the absorbent polymer during the past few years. Some non-acidic monomers, usually in minor amounts, may also be included to prepare the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers herein. Such non-acidic monomers may include, for example, water-soluble or water-dispersible esters of acid-containing monomers, as well as monomers that do not contain carboxylic or sulfonic acid groups. Optional monomers that are not acidic in this manner can include monomers containing the following types of functional groups: esters of carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid, hydroxyl groups, amide groups, amino groups, nitrile groups, quaternary ammonium salt groups, groups aryl (e.g., phenyl groups, such as those derived from styrene monomer). These non-acidic monomers are well known materials and are described in greater detail in, for example, US Pat. No. 4,076,663 (Masuda et al.), Issued February 28, 1978 and US Pat. No. 4,062,817 (Westerman) issued on May 13, 1978. December 1977, both incorporated herein by reference. The monomers of olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid and carboxylic acid anhydride include acrylic acids typified by the same acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, α-chloroacrylic acid, α-cyanoacrylic acid, β-methacrylic acid (crotonic acid), acid a-phenylacrylic, β-acryloxypropionic acid, sorbic acid, a-chlorosorbic acid, angelic acid, cinnamic acid, p-clocinamic acid, β-stearylacrylic acid, itaconic acid, citroconic acid, mesaconic acid, glutaconic acid, aconitic acid, maleic acid , fumaric acid, tricarboxyethylene and maleic acid anhydride. The olefinically unsaturated sulfonic acid monomers include aliphatic or aromatic vinylsulfonic acids such as vinylsulfonic acid, allylsulfonic acid, vinyltoluenesulfonic acid and styrenesulfonic acid; acrylic and methacrylic sulfonic acid such as sulfoethyl acrylate, sulfoethyl methacrylate, sulfopropyl acrylate, sulfopropyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropyl sulfonic acid and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid. Preferred hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers for use in the present invention contain carboxy groups. These polymers include graft copolymers of hydrolyzed starch-acrylonitrile, partially neutralized hydrolyzed starch graft copolymers-acrylonitrile, starch-acrylic acid graft copolymers, partially neutralized starch-acrylic acid graft copolymers, vinyl acetate-ester copolymers saponified acrylics, hydrolyzed acrylonitrile or acrylamide copolymers, lightly crosslinked polymers of any of the above copolymers, partially neutralized polyacrylic acid, and slightly crosslinked polymers in the partially neutralized polyacrylic acid network. These polymers can be used either alone or in the form of a mixture of 2 or more different polymers. Examples of these polymer materials are described in U.S. Patent No. 3,661,875, U.A. Patent 4,076,663, U.A. Patent 4,093,776, U. U. Patent 4,666,083 and U. U. Patent 4,734,478. Highly preferred polymer materials for use in the manufacture of hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers are lightly cross-linked polymers of partially neutralized polyacrylic acids and their starch derivatives. Most preferably, the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers comprise from about 50 to about 95, preferably about 75%, of slightly network-cross-linked polyacrylic acid, neutralized (ie, poly (sodium acrylate / acrylic acid)). Cross-linking in the network makes the polymer substantially insoluble in water and, in part, determines the absorption capacity and the polymer content that can be extracted as characteristics of hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers. The processes for network cross-linking of these polymers and the typical crosslinking agents in the network are described in greater detail in the patent of US Pat. No. 4,076,663. Although the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer is preferably one of the type (ie, homogeneous), mixtures of polymers can also be used in the present invention. For example, mixtures of starch-acrylic acid graft copolymers and slightly cross-linked polymers in the partially neutralized polyacrylic acid network can be used in the present invention. The hydrogel-forming polymer component may also be in the form of a mixed-bed ion exchange composition comprising a cation exchange hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer and an anion exchange hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer. Such mixed bed ion exchange compositions are described in, for example, the patent application of E. U. A. Series No., filed on January 7, 1998 by Hird et al. (P & amp; amp; amp;; G 6975, entitled "ABSORBENT POLYMER COMPOSITIONS HAVING HIGH SORPTION CAPACITIES UNDER AN APPLIED PRESSURE"), (Absorbent Polymer Compositions having High Absorption Capacities Under an Applied Pressure); patent application of E. U. A. Series No., filed on January 7, 1998 by Ashraf and others (case P &G 6976, entitled "ABSORBENT POLYMER COMPOSITIONS WITH HICH SORPTION CAPACITY AND HIGH FLUID PERMEABILITY UNDER AN APPLIED PRESSURE" (Absorbent Polymer Compositions with High Absorption Capacity and High Permeability of Fluid Under a Pressure Applied); and the US patent application Serial No., filed on January 7, 1998 by Ashraf et al., (Case P &G 6977, entitled "ABSORBENT POLYMER COMPOSITIONS HAVING HIGH SORPTION CAPACITIES UNDER AN APPLIED PRESSURE AND IMPROVED INTEGRITY IN THE SWOLLEN STATE "(Absorbent Polymer Compositions having High Absorbency capacities under Applied Pressure and Improved Integrity in the Swollen State), the descriptions of which are incorporated herein by reference." The hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers useful in the present invention may have a The size, shape and / or morphology that varies over a wide range, these polymers can be in the form of particles that do not have a large ratio of larger dimension to smaller dimension (for example, granules, powders, aggregates between particles, aggregates crosslinked between particles, and the like) and may be in the form of fibers, sheets, films, foams, flakes, and the like. The hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers can also comprise mixtures with low levels of one or more additives, such as, for example, silica powder, surfactants, gum, binders, and the like. The components in this mixture can be physically and / or chemically associated in a form such that the hydrogel-forming polymer component and the polymer additive that is not hydrogel-forming are not easily and physically separable. The hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers can be essentially non-porous (ie, without internal porosity) or have a substantial internal porosity. For particles described above, the particle size is defined as the dimension determined by the sieve size analysis. Thus, for example, a particle that is retained in a US standard test screen with apertures of 710 microns (eg, No. 25 of the Alternate Sieve Designation of the US Series) is considered to have a size greater than 710 microns; a particle that passes through a sieve with apertures of 710 microns and that is retained in a sieve with apertures of 500 microns (eg, No. 25 of the Alternative Sieve Designation of the US Series) is considered to have a particle size between 500 and 710 μm; and a particle passing through a sieve with openings of 500 microns is considered to have a size less than 500 μm. The average particle size by mass of a given sample of hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer particles is defined as the particle size that divides the sample in half on a mass basis, ie, half of the sample by weight will have a particle size smaller than the average size of the mass and half of the sample will have a particle size greater than the average mass size. A standard particle size graphfication method (wherein the cumulative weight percentage of the particle sample retained in or passing through a given sieve size in its aperture is plotted against the sieve size aperture in a paper of probability) is typically used to determine the average particle size in mass when 50% of the mass value does not correspond to the size opening of a standard US test sieve. These methods for determining the sizes of the absorbent polymer particles Hydrogel former is further described in U.S. Patent 5,061,259 (Goldman et al.), issued October 29, 1991, which is incorporated herein by reference.

For hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer particles useful in the present invention, the particles will generally range in size from about 1 to about 2000 μm, preferably around 10 to 1000 μm. The mass average particle size will generally be from about 20 to about 1500 μm, preferably from 50 μm to about 1000 μm, and still most preferably from about 100 to about 800 μm. When relatively high concentrations (e.g., 40%, 60%, or more, by weight) of the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer are used in the absorbent members of the present invention, still other properties of the absorbent polymer may be important. In such embodiments, the materials may have one or more of the properties described by U.S. Patent No. 5,662,646, issued October 8, 1996 to Goldman et al., And U.S. Patent 5,599,335 issued February 4, 1997 to Goldman and others, the description of which is incorporated herein by reference. The basic hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer can be formed in any conventional manner. Typical and preferred processes for producing these polymers are described in the reissue patent of E. U. A. 32,649 (Brandt et al.), Issued April 19, 1998, U.A. 4,666,983 (Tsubakimoto et al.), Issued May 19, 1987 and patent of E. U. A. 4,625,001 (Tsubakimoto et al.), Issued November 25, 1986, all incorporated herein by reference.

Preferred methods for forming the basic hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer are those involving aqueous solution polymerization methods or other methods. As described in the reissue patent 32,649 of the above-mentioned U.A., the polymerization of aqueous solution involves the use of an aqueous reaction mixture to perform the polymerization. The aqueous reaction mixture is then subjected to polymerization conditions, which are sufficient to produce in the mixture, the lightly network crosslinked polymer, substantially insoluble in water. The mass of the polymer formed afterwards can be pulverized or ground to form individual particles. More specifically, the aqueous solution polymerization method for producing the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer comprises preparing an aqueous reaction mixture in which the polymerization is carried out. One element of said reaction mixture is the monomer containing an acid group which will form the "base structure" of the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer to be produced. The reaction mixture will generally comprise about 100 parts by weight of the monomer. Another component of the aqueous reaction mixture comprises a network crosslinking agent. The network cross-linking agents useful for forming the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer according to the present invention are described in more detail in the reissue patent of E. U.A. 32,649 mentioned above, U.S. Pat. A. 4,666,983 and patent of E. U. A. 4,625,001. The network entanglement agent will generally be present in the aqueous reaction mixture in an amount of about 0.001 mol% to about 5 mol% based on the total moles of the monomer present in the aqueous mixture (about 0.1 to about 20 parts by weight , based on 100 parts by weight of the monomer). An optional component of the aqueous reaction mixture comprises a free radical initiator including, for example, peroxygen compounds such as sodium, potassium and ammonium persulfates, caprylyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, cumene hydroperoxides , tertiary butyl diperphthalate, tertiary butyl perbenzoate, sodium peracetate, sodium percarbonate, and the like. Other optional components of the aqueous reaction mixture comprise the various comonomers which are not acidic, including esters of the monomers containing essential unsaturated acid functional groups or other comonomers which do not contain carboxylic or sulfonic acid functionalities at all. The aqueous reaction mixture is subjected to polymerization conditions, which are sufficient to produce in the mixture the lightly crosslinked polymers in the hydrogel-forming absorbent network, substantially insoluble in water but swelling with water. The polymerization conditions are also discussed in more detail in the three patents mentioned above. Said polymerization conditions generally involve heating (thermal activation techniques) at a polymerization temperature of about 0 to about 100 ° C, most preferably about 5 to 40%.

The polymerization conditions under which the aqueous reaction mixture is maintained can also include, for example, subjecting the reaction mixture or its portions to any conventional form of polymerization activation irradiation. Radioactive, electronic, ultraviolet or electromagnetic radiation are alternative conventional polymerization techniques. The acid functional groups of the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer formed in the aqueous reaction mixture are preferably also neutralized. The neutralization can be performed in any conventional manner that results in at least about 25 mole%, and preferably at least about 50 mole percent of the total monomer used to form the polymer which is the monomer containing the acid group that is neutralize with a salt-forming cation. Said salt-forming cations include, for example, alkali metals, ammonium, substituted ammonium and amines as discussed in greater detail in the reissue patent of E. U. A. 32.649, and the aforementioned patents. Although it is preferred that the particulate versions of the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer be manufactured using an aqueous solution polymerization process, it is also possible to carry out the polymerization process using multi-phase polymerization processing techniques, such as reverse emulsion polymerization or of reverse suspension polymerization. In reverse emulsion polymerization or reverse suspension polymerization processes, the aqueous reaction mixture as described above is suspended in the form of very small droplets in an inert, non-miscible organic solvent matrix such as cyclohexane. The resulting particles of the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer generally have a spherical shape. Reverse suspension polymerization processes are described in greater detail in U.S. Patent 4,340,706 (Obaysashi et al., Issued July 20, 1982, U.S. Patent 4,506,052 (Flesher et al.), Issued March 19, 1985, and US Patent 4735,987 (Morita et al.) issued April 5, 1988, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.The surface crosslinking of the initially formed polymers is a preferred process for obtaining absorbent hydrogel-forming polymers having a hydrogel of relatively high porosity ("PHL"), operation under pressure capacity (PUP ") and saline flow conductivity values (" SFC "), which may be beneficial in the context of the present invention. Suitable for carrying out the surface crosslinking of the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers according to the present invention are described in the U. A. 4,541,871 (Obayashi) issued September 17, 1985; PCT application published WO92 / 16565 (Stanley), filed on the 1st. October 1992, published PCT application WO90 / 08789 (Tai), published August 9, 1990; PCT application published WO93 / 05080 (Stanley), filed on March 18, 1993; U.A. Patent 4,824,901 (Alexander); issued on April 25, 1989; U.A. Patent No. 4,789,861 (Johnson), issued January 17, 1989; U.A. Patent 4,587,308 (Makita), issued May 6, 1986; U.A. Patent 4,734,478 (Tsubakimoto), issued March 29, 1988; the patent of E. U. A.5, 164, 459 (Kimura et al.), issued November 17, 1992; German patent application published 4,020,780 (Dahmen), published on August 29, 1991; and published European patent application 509,708 (Garther), published on October 21, 1992, all incorporated herein by reference. Also see U.S. Patent 5,562,646 (Goldman et al.), Issued October 8, 1996 and U.S. Patent 5,599,335 (Goldman et al.), Issued February 4, 1997. The absorbent hydrogel-forming polymer particles prepared in accordance with the present invention they are typically substantially dry. The term "substantially dry" is used herein to mean that the particles have a liquid content, typically a water content or other solution, of less than about 50%, preferably less than about 20%, and most preferably less than about 10% by weight of the particles. In general, the liquid content of the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer particles is in the range of about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the particles. The individual particles can be stripped through any conventional method such as heating. Alternatively, when the particles are formed using an aqueous reaction mixture, the water can be removed from the reaction mixture through aseotropic distillation. The aqueous reaction mixture containing the polymer can also be treated with a dehydration solvent. Combinations of these drying procedures can also be used. The dehydrated mass of the polymer can then be comminuted or pulverized to form substantially dry particles of the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer.

Combination of high capillary suction materials Although the materials, such as those described above, can satisfy the requirements such as (for example, a pure hydrogel-forming material, a pure foam material), the preferred members to be used as the absorbent member of storage comprise two or more of the materials. This usually allows the use of materials which by themselves do not meet the criteria, but the combination does. The main function of said fluid storage members is to absorb the fluid discarded by the body either directly or from other absorbent members (e.g., fluid acquisition / distribution members), and then to retain said fluid, at a time when it is subjected to at pressures normally encountered as a result of user movements. In this manner, high capillary suction absorbing members can be made through the combination of hydrogel forming materials with high surface area materials.

The amount of hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer contained in the absorbent member can vary significantly. In addition, the concentration of the hydrogel can vary through a given member. In other words, a member may have regions of relatively higher and relatively lower hydrogel concentration. To measure the concentration of the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer in a given region of an absorbent member, the weight percentage of the hydrogel-forming polymer relative to the combined weight of the hydrogel-forming polymer and any other component (e.g., fibers, polymeric foams) , etc.) which are present in the region containing the hydrogelling polymer, is used. With this in mind, the concentration of the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymers in a given region of an absorbent member of the present invention can be at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, or less about 80% of the total weight of the absorbent member. However, the fact that the regions of an absorbent member can comprise relatively high concentrations of the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer, when the high surface area material is fibrous in nature, the aggregate concentration of the absorbent polymer in a given absorbent member (for example, the total weight of the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer divided by the total weight of the absorbent member X 100%) will be up to about 75% by weight, preferably up to about 70% by weight, and most preferably up to about 65% in weigh. Then, with these high surface area fiber containing members, the concentration of the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer will be from about 10 to about 75% by weight, more typically about 15 to 70% by weight, and even more preferably around 20 to 65% by weight. In those embodiments wherein the high surface area material is a polymeric foam, the absorbent members will preferably comprise at least about 1% by weight (on an aggregate basis), preferably about 10% by weight, preferably at least less about 15% by weight, and most preferably about 20% by weight of polymeric foam. Typically, said storage absorbent members will comprise from about 1 to about 98% by weight, more typically from about 10 to 90% by weight, most preferably from about 15 to 85% by weight, and most preferably about 20 to 80% by weight. by weight of the polymeric foam material. As discussed above, these weight percent scales are based on the weights of the aggregate of the respective materials in an absorbent member; it is recognized that the regions of the absorbent material may contain larger and smaller amounts of the materials. Of course, the relative levels of the absorbent polymer and the high surface area material will be dictated by, for example, the absorption capacity of the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer, the high specific surface area material used, the nature of the high-area material of surface (for example, sheet or particle foam, particle size), etc. In this regard, although high levels of the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer provide absorbent members for making thin absorbent articles, to achieve the capillary suction requirement level discussed above, there must be a material of high surface area sufficient to provide said suction capacity. . In this way, when a relatively higher capillary suction foam is used, higher levels of hydrogel-forming polymer can be employed. Conversely, when relatively lower capillary suction fibers are used, slightly lower levels of the hydrogel-forming polymer will be employed. (Of course, when both high surface area fibers and polymeric foams are used, the material level of high total surface area may vary, again depending on the relative concentration of each of these materials). This is the difference in the capillary absorption capacity between the polymeric foams and the high surface area fibers described above which represents the different scales of the hydrogel-forming polymer that will be used in a given absorbent member. As another example of a material that will provide integrity of the mixture, in absorbent members comprising a mixture of hydrogel-forming polymer and high surface area fibers and / or polymeric particulate foam, the member may comprise a thermoplastic material. After melting, at least a portion of this thermoplastic material migrates to the intersections of the respective member components, typically due to capillary gradients between particles or between fibers. These intersections become binding sites for the thermoplastic material. When cooled, the thermoplastic materials at these intersections solidify to form the bonding sites that will hold the material matrix together. Optional thermoplastic materials useful herein may be in any variety of shapes including particles, fibers or combinations of particles and fibers. Thermoplastic fibers are particularly preferred because of their ability to form numerous binding sites. Suitable thermoplastic materials can be made from any thermoplastic polymer that can be melted at temperatures that will not extensively damage the materials comprising the absorbent member. Preferably, the melting point of this thermoplastic material will be less than about 190 ° C, and preferably between about 75 and about 175 ° C. In any case, the melting point of this thermoplastic material should be no less than the temperature at which thermally bonded absorbent structures, when used in absorbent articles, are likely to be stored. The melting point of the thermoplastic material is typically not less than about 50 ° C. The thermoplastic materials, and in particular the thermoplastic fibers, can be made from a variety of thermoplastic polymers, including polyolefins such as polyethylene (e.g., PULPEX®) and polypropylene, polyesters, copolyesters, polyvinyl acetate, polyethyl vinyl acetate, chloride of polyvinyl, polyvinylidene chloride, polyacrylics, polyamides, copolyamides, polystyrenes, polyurethanes and copolymers of any of the foregoing, such as vinyl chloride / vinyl acetate and the like. A preferred thermoplastic binder fiber is PLEXAFIL® polyethylene microfibers (made by DuPont) which are also available as a blend of about 20% with 80% cellulosic fibers sold under the trade name KITTYHAWK® (made by Weyerhaeuser Co.). Depending on the desired characteristics for the resulting thermally bonded absorbent member, suitable thermoplastic materials include hydrophobic fibers that have been made hydrophilic, such as thermoplastic fibers treated with surfactant or treated with silica derived from, for example, polyolefins such as polyethylene or polypropylene, pyacrylics, polyamides, polystyrenes, polyurethanes, and the like. The surface of the hydrophobic thermoplastic fiber can be made hydrophilic through treatment with a surfactant, such as a nonionic or anionic surfactant, for example, by spraying the fiber with a surfactant, immersing the fiber in an agent surfactant or including the surfactant as part of the melt bath of the polymer to produce the thermoplastic fiber. After melting and resolidification, the surfactant will tend to remain on the surfaces of the thermoplastic fiber. Suitable surfactants include nonionic surfactants such as Grij® 76 manufactured by ICI Americas, Inc. of Wilmington, Delaware, and various surfactants sold under the trademark of Pegosperse® by Glyco Chemical, Inc. of Greenwich, Connecticut. In addition to the nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants can also be used. These surfactants can be applied to the thermoplastic fibers at levels of, for example, from about 0.2 to about 1 g per square centimeter of thermoplastic fiber.

Suitable thermoplastic fibers can be made from a single polymer (monocomponent fibers), or can be made from more than one polymer (for example, bicomponent fibers). As used herein, "bicomponent fibers" refers to thermoplastic fibers comprising a core fiber made from a polymer that is encased within a thermoplastic shell made of a different polymer. The polymer comprising the shell usually melts at a different temperature, typically lower than the polymer comprising the core. As a result, these bicomponent fibers provide thermal bonding due to melting of the cover polymer, while retaining the desirable strength characteristics of the core polymer. Bicomponent fibers suitable for use in the present invention may include cover / core fibers having the following polymer combinations: polyethylene / polypropylene, polyethylenevinol / polypropylene acetate, polyethylene / polyester, polypropylene / polyester, copolyester / polyester, and the like. Particularly suitable bicomponent thermoplastic fibers for use herein are those having a polypropylene or polyester core, and a lower melting, polyether vinyl acetate copolymer or polyethylene shell (e.g., DANAKLON® bicomponent fibers, CELBOND ® or CHISSO®). These bicomponent fibers can be concentric or eccentric. As used herein, the terms "concentric" and "eccentric" refer to whether the cover has a thickness that is a uniform, or non-uniform, area across the cross-sectional area of the bicomponent fiber. Eccentric bicomponent fibers may be desirable to provide more compressor strength at lower fiber thicknesses. The bicomponent fibers suitable for use herein may be either non-crimped (ie, non-bent) or crimped (i.e., bent). The bicomponent fibers can be crimped through typical textile media such as, for example, a filling method or the gear fastening method to obtain a predominantly two-dimensional or "flat" ripple. In the case of thermoplastic fibers, their length may vary depending on the particular melting point and other properties desired for these fibers. Typically, these thermoplastic fibers have a length of about 0.3 to about 7.5 cm, preferably about 0.4 to 3.0 cm, and most preferably about 0.6 to 1.12 cm in length. The properties, including the melting point of these thermoplastic fibers can also be adjusted by varying the diameter (gauge) of the fibers. The diameter of these thermoplastic fibers is typically defined in terms of denier (grams per 9000 meters) or decitex (grams per 10,000 meters). Suitable bicomponent thermoplastic fibers may have a decitex value on the scale of about 1.0 to about 20, preferably about 1.4 to 10, and most preferably about 1.7 to about 3.3. The compressor module of these thermoplastic materials, and especially that of thermoplastic fibers, can also be important. The compressor module of the thermoplastic fibers is affected not only by their length and diameter, but also by the composition and properties of the polymer or polymers from which they are made, the shape and configuration of the fibers (for example, concentric or eccentric, curly or not curled), and similar factors. The differences in the compressor module of these thermoplastic fibers can also be used to alter the properties, and especially the density characteristics, of the respective absorbent members during the preparation of the absorbent core.

Other components and fluid handling member materials The absorbent storage members according to the present invention may include other optional components that may be present in absorbent strips. For example, a reinforcing fabric may be placed within the absorbent storage member, or between the respective absorbent members of the absorbent core. Said reinforcing sheets should be of such configuration that they do not form interfacial barriers to liquid transfer, especially if they are placed between the respective absorbent members of the absorbent core. In addition, various binders can be used to provide dry and wet integrity to the absorbent core and / or to the same absorbent storage member. In particular, hydrophilic gum fibers can be used to provide joints between the high surface area materials and the other absorbent material, such as the osmotic absorbent material. This is particularly critical for materials with high particulate surface area. It is preferred that the amount of binder used be as low as possible, in order not to damage the capillary absorption properties of the absorbent member. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that there are also binders that can improve the capillary absorption properties of the absorbent member such as hydrophilic gum on fibers with a sufficiently high surface area. In this case, the high surface area hydrophilic gum can provide both a liquid handling function and the integrity function, in a material. Also, the respective absorbent member, or the entire absorbent core, can be wrapped within a liquid permeable sheet, such as a sheet of tissue paper, to avoid the user's concern with respect to the loss of particulate absorbent polymer, always that capillary continuity is not damaged. Other optional components that can be included are materials to control odor, contain fecal material, etc. Also, any absorbent member comprising a particulate osmotic absorbent material or a high surface area material, or the entire absorbent core, may be wrapped within a liquid permeable sheet, such as a sheet of tissue paper, to avoid than the concern of the user with respect to the absorbent polymer in loose particle. When the. Integrity is introduced through a binder material, said suitable binders are meltblown adhesives such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 5,560,878 issued on the 1st. October 1996 to Dragoo, the description of which is incorporated herein by reference. The processes for blending meltblown adhesives with the requisite hydrogel-forming polymer and the high surface area material are also described in detail in the '878 patent.

Examples Samples 1, 2, 3 HIPEs as Distribution Material The following samples A.5 through A.7 are of the polymer foam type, and were prepared as generally described in the example section of US Patent No. 5,563,179 , supra. In general, this process comprises a suitable mixing of an aqueous phase containing selected salts with an oil phase containing selected monomers and emulsifiers. The aqueous phase typically contains an initiator such as potassium persulfate and an inorganic salt such as calcium chloride. The aqueous phase typically contains a mixture of monomers such as 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and crosslinking monomers such as divinyl benzene (which contains ethyl styrene as an impurity), and 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate. Auxiliary agents such as antioxidants, opacifying agents, pigments, dyes, fillers, and other generally non-reactive chemicals can also be added to any phase. The separated streams of the oil phase and the water phase (typically heated from about 30 to about 90 ° C) are fed to a dynamic mixing apparatus. The total mixing of the combined streams in the dynamic mixing apparatus is achieved through a pin driver. The ratio of the aqueous phase and the oil phase, referred to as the "water to oil ratio", or W: O, is used to control the density of the final foam produced. A detailed description of the apparatus and methods for establishing the initial HIPE formation is described in more detail in the Examples section of the U.S. Patent No. 5,563,179, supra. Once the fixation of the apparatus is full, agitation begins in the dynamic mixer, with the impeller spinning at a specific RPM. The flow rate of the water phase is then stably increased at a rate of 44.1 cm3 / sec over a period of about 30 seconds, and the oil phase flow rate is reduced to 1.25 g / sec over a period of about 1 minute. The back pressure created by the dynamic and static mixers at this point is typically between about 21 to about 55 kPa. The impeller speed is then adjusted to the desired rpm for a period of 120 seconds. The return pressure of the system responds to this adjustment and remains constant afterwards. The HIPE of the static mixer is collected in a round polypropylene container, 43 cm in diameter and 10 cm in height, with a concentric insert made of Celcon plastic. The insert has a diameter of 12.7 cm at its base and a diameter of 12 cm at its top and has a height of 17.1 cm. The containers containing HIPE are kept in a room at 65 ° C for 18 hours to cure and provide a polymeric HIPE foam. The cured HIPE foam is removed from the containers. The foam at this point contains residual water phase (containing dissolved emulsifiers, electrolytes, initiator residues, and initiator). The foam is sliced with a reciprocating saw blade sharpened into two sheets of desired thickness. These sheets are then subjected to compression in a series of two porous rollers equipped with vacuum, which gradually reduces the residual water phase content of the foam to approximately twice (2X) the weight of the polymerized monomers. At this point, the sheets are then resaturated with a 4% solution of CaCl2 at 60 ° C, compressed into a series of 3 porous rollers equipped with vacuum at a water phase content of approximately 2X the CaCl2 content of the foam is between 2 and 10%. The HIPE foam is then dried with air for about 16 hours or thermally dried continuously. Said drying reduces the moisture content to approximately 4-20% by weight of the polymerized material.

Sample 1 36.32 kg of anhydrous calcium chloride and 189 grams of potassium persulfate were dissolved in 378 liters of water. This provides the water phase stream that will be used in a continuous process to form a HIPE emulsion. To a combination of monomer comprising distilled divinyl benzene (39% divinyl benzene and 61% ethyl-styrene) (2640 g), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (4720 g), and hexanediol diacrylate (640 g) was added a emulsifier of diglycerol monooleate (480 g), diisbo methylisulfate dimethyl ammonium (80 g) and Tinuvin 765 (20 g). The diglyceron monooleate emulsifier (Grindsted Products: Brabrand, Denmark) comprises approximately 81% of diglycerol monooleate, 1% of other diglycerol monoesters, 3% polyols and 15% of other polyglycerol esters, imparts an interfacial tension value of oil / water minimum of approximately 2.7 dynes / cm and has a critical oil / water aggregation concentration of approximately 2.8% by weight. After mixing, this combination of materials is allowed to settle overnight. No visible residue formed and the entire mixture was removed and used as the oil phase in a continuous process to form a HIPE emulsion. Streams separated from the oil phase (25 ° C) and the water phase (53 ° -55 ° C) were fed to a dynamic mixing apparatus. Complete mixing of the combined streams in the dynamic mixing apparatus is achieved through a pin driver. The past impeller comprises a cylindrical arrow with a length of approximately 36.5 cm with a diameter of approximately 2.9 cm. The arrow keeps 6 rows of pins, 3 rows having 33 pins and 3 rows having 34 pins, each of the three pins in each level arranged at an angle of 120 ° with each other, with the next level set at 60 ° at its level close with each level separated by .03 mm, each pin having a diameter of 0.5 cm extending outward from the central axis of the arrow to a length of 2.3 cm. The pin driver is mounted on a cylindrical sleeve, the dynamic mixing apparatus, and the pins have a 1.5 mm clearance from the walls of the cylindrical sleeve. A smaller portion of the effluent exiting the dynamic mixing apparatus is removed and enters a recirculation zone, as shown in the co-pending US patent application No. 08 / 716,510 (TA DesMarais), filed on 17 September 1996 (incorporated herein by reference). The Waukesha pump in the recirculation zone returns the smaller portion to the point of entry of the oil and water phase flow streams to the dynamic mixing zone. A static spiral mixer is mounted downstream of the dynamic mixing apparatus to provide back pressure in the dynamic mixing apparatus and to provide improved incorporation of components in the HIPE that is ultimately formed. The static mixer TAH Industries Model 100-812) has 12 elements with an external diameter of 2.5 cm. A hose is mounted downstream of the static mixer to supply the emulsion supply to the device used for curing. Optionally, an additional static mixer is used to provide the addition back pressure to keep the hose full. The optional static mixer can be a 2.5 cm pipe, an element mixer 12 (McMasterCarr Model 3529K53). The attachment of the combined mixing and recirculation apparatus is filled with oil phase and water phase at a ratio of 4 parts of water to one part of oil. The dynamic mixing apparatus is ventilated to allow air to escape while filling the apparatus completely. The flow rates during filling are 7.57 g / second of oil phase and 30.3 cm2 / second of water phase. Once the fixture fixture is filled, agitation begins in the dynamic mixer, with the impeller rotating at 850 RPM and the recirculation starts at a speed of approximately 30 cm3 / sec. The flow rate of the water phase is then increased stably at a rate of 151.3 cm3 / sec, over a period of about 1 minute, and the flow rate of the oil phase is reduced to 2.52 g / sec over a period of time. about 3 minutes. The recirculation rate is stably increased to approximately 150 cm3 / sec during the last period of time. The back pressure created by the dynamic and static zone mixers at this point is 33.8 kPa, which represents the total pressure drop of the system. The speed of the Waukesha pump is then stably reduced at a rate of yield and recirculation of approximately 75 cm3 / sec. The HIPE that flows from the static mixer at this point is collected in a round polyethylene container with a diameter of 102 cm and a height of 31.8 cm, with removable sides, much like a spring-shaped tray used to bake cakes. A pipe-type polyethylene insert with a diameter of 31.8 cm in its base is firmly fixed to the center of the base and has a height of 31.8 cm. The containers containing HIPE are kept in a room at 65 ° C for 18 hours to produce the polymerization and form the foam. The cured HIPE foam is removed from the healing vessels. The foam at this point has a residual water phase (containing dissolved emulsifiers, electrolyte, initiator residues and initiator) of about 55-65 times (55-65X) the weight of the polymerized monomers. The foam is sliced with a reciprocating saw blade sharpened into sheets with a thickness of 5.1 mm. These sheets are then subjected to compression in a series of 2 porous rollers equipped with vacuum, which gradually reduce the residual water phase content of the foam to approximately 3 times (3X) the weight of the polymerized material. At this point, the sheets are then resaturated with a 4% CaCl2 solution at 60 ° C, compressed into a series of 3 porous rolls equipped with vacuum at a water phase content of about 1.5-2X. The CaCl2 content of the foam is between 6 and 10%. The foam remains compressed after the final roll to a thickness of approximately 0.069 cm. The foam is then air dried for approximately 16 hours. Said drying reduces the moisture content to approximately 9-17% by weight of the polymerized material. At this point, the foam sheets are very drapable.

Sample 2 36.32 kg of anhydrous calcium chloride and 189 g of potassium persulfate were dissolved in 378 liters of water. This provides the water base stream that will be used in a continuous process to form a HIPE emulsion. To a combination of monomer comprising distilled divinyl benzene (42.4% divinyl benzene and 57.6% ethyl styrene) (2640 g), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (4400 g), and hexanediol dierylate (960 g) was added an emulsifier. of diglycerol monooleate (640 g), methyl sulphite dimethyl ammonium (80 g) and Tinuvin 765 (20 g). The fliceron monooleate emulsifier (Grindsted Products, Brabrand, Denmark) comprises approximately 81% diglycerol monooleate, 1% other diglycerone monoesters, 3% polyols, and 15% other polyglycerol esters, imparts an interfacial tension value of oil / water of about 2.7 dynes / cm and has a critical oil / water aggregation concentration of about 2.8% by weight. After mixing, this combination of materials is allowed to settle overnight. No visible residue was formed and the entire sample was removed and used as the oil phase in a continuous process to form a HIPE emulsion. Separate streams of oil phase (25 ° C) and water phase (75 ° -77 ° C) were fed to a dynamic mixing apparatus. The complete mixing of the combined streams in the dynamic mix stop was achieved through a pin driver. The pin driver comprises a cylindrical arrow with a length of 36.5 cm and a diameter of approximately 2.9 cm. The arrow holds 6 rows of pins, 3 rows having 33 pins and 3 rows having 34 pins, each of the three pins in each level arranged at an angle of 120 ° with each other, with the next level set at 60 ° at its level close with each level separated by .03 mm, each pin having a diameter of 0.5 cm extending outward from the central axis of the arrow to a length of 2.3 cm. The pin driver is mounted on a cylindrical sleeve, which forms the dynamic mixing apparatus, and the pins have a clearance of 1.5 mm from the walls of the cylindrical sleeve.

A smaller portion of the effluent leaving the dynamic mixing apparatus is removed and enters a recirculation zone, as shown in the Figure in the co-pending US patent application Serial No. 08 / 716,510 (TA DesMarais), filed on 17 September 1996 (incorporated herein by reference). The Waukesha pump in the recirculation zone returns the smaller portion to the point of entry of the oil and water phase flow streams into the dynamic mixing zone. A static spiral mixer is mounted downstream of the dynamic mixing apparatus to provide back pressure in the dynamic mixing apparatus and to provide improved incorporation of the components in the HIPE that is ultimately formed. The static mixer (TAH Industries Model 101-212) normally has 12 elements with an external diameter of 3.8 cm, but 17.8 cm were removed to be fixed in the equipment space. A hose is mounted downstream from the static mixer to supply the emulsion supply to the device used for curing. Optionally, an additional static mixer is used to provide the additional back pressure to keep the hose full. The optional static mixer can be the same as the first without modification. The fixing of the combined mixing and recirculation apparatus is filled with the oil phase and the water phase at a ratio of 4 parts water to one part oil. The dynamic mixing apparatus is ventilated to allow air to escape, while filling the apparatus completely. The flow rates during filling are 7.57 g / sec of the oil phase and 30.3 cmVseg of the water phase.

Once the fixation of the apparatus is full, stirring begins in the dynamic mixer, with the impeller spinning at 800 RPM and the recirculation starting at a speed of approximately 30 cm3 / sec. The flow rate of the water phase is then stably increased at a rate of 151.3 cm3 / sec over a period of about 1 minute, and the flow rate of the oil phase is reduced to 2.52 g / sec over a period of approximately 3 minutes. The recirculation rate is stably increased to approximately 150 cm3 / sec during the last period. The back pressure created by the dynamic zone and the static mixers at this point is approximately kPa, which represents the total pressure drop of the system. The HIPE flowing from the static mixer at this point is collected in a round polyethylene container, diameter 102 cm and height of 31.8 cm, with removable sides, very similar to a spring-shaped tray used to bake cakes. A pipe-type polyethylene insert with a diameter of 31.8 cm at its base is firmly fixed to the center of the base and has a height of 31.8 cm. The containers containing HIPE are kept in quarter at 65 ° C for 18 hours to produce the polymerization and form the foam. The cured HIPE foam is removed from the healing vessels. The foam at this point has a residual water phase (containing dissolved emulsifiers, electrolyte, initiator residues, and initiator) about 58-62 times (58-62X) the weight of the polymerized monomers. The foam is sliced with a reciprocating saw blade sharpened into sheets with a thickness of 5.1 mm. These sheets are then subjected to compression in a series of two porous vacuum-equipped rollers, which gradually reduce the residual water phase content of the foam to approximately 6 times (6X) the weight of the polymerized material. At this point, the sheets are then resaturated with a 1.5% CaCl2 solution at 60 ° C, compressed into a series of 3 porous rolls equipped with vacuum at a water phase content of about 2X. The CaCl2 content of the foam is between 3 and 6%. The foam remains compressed after the final step of the roller to a thickness of approximately 0.071 cm. The foam is then air dried for approximately 16 hours. Said drying reduces the moisture content to approximately 9-17% by weight of the polymerized material. At this point, the foam sheets are very drapable.

Sample 3 36.32 kg of anhydrous calcium chloride 189 g of potassium persulfate were dissolved in 378 liters of water. This provides a water phase stream that will be used in a continuous process to form a HIPE emulsion. To a combination of monomer comprising distilled divinyl benzene (42.4% divinyl benzene and 57.6% ethyl styrene) (2640 g), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (4400 g), and hexanediol dierylate (960 g) was added an emulsifier. of diglycerol monooleate (640 g), methyl sulphite dimethyl ammonium (80 g) and Tinuvin 765 (20 g). The fliceron monooleate emulsifier (Grindsted Products, Brabrand, Denmark) comprises approximately 81% diglycerol monooleate, 1% other diglycerone monoesters, 3% polyols, and 15% other polyglycerol esters, imparts an interfacial tension value of oil / water of about 2.7 dynes / cm and has a critical oil / water aggregation concentration of about 2.8% by weight. After mixing, this combination of materials is allowed to settle overnight. No visible residue was formed and the entire sample was removed and used as the oil phase in a continuous process to form a HIPE emulsion. The separated currents of the oil phase (25 ° C) and the water phase (75 ° -77 ° C) were fed to a dynamic mixing apparatus. The complete mixing of the combined streams in the dynamic mixing apparatus was achieved through a pin driver. The pin driver comprises a cylindrical arrow with a length of approximately 21.6 cm and a diameter of approximately 1.9 cm. The arrow holds 6 rows of pins, a level with 3 rows having 21 pins and the other level with 3 rows having 21 pins, each of the three pins in each level arranged at an angle of 120 ° with each other, with the next level set at 60 ° at their level close with each level separated by .03 mm, each having a diameter of 0.5 cm extending outward from the central axis of the arrow to a length of 1.4 cm. The pin driver is mounted on a cylindrical sleeve, which forms the dynamic mixing apparatus, and the pins have a clearance of 3 mm from the walls of the cylindrical sleeve. A smaller portion of the effluent leaving the dynamic mixing apparatus is removed and enters a recirculation zone, as shown in the Figure in the co-pending US patent application Serial No. 08 / 716,510 (TA DesMarais), filed on 17 September 1996 (incorporated herein by reference). The Waukesha pump in the recirculation zone returns the smaller portion to the point of entry of the oil and water phase flow streams into the dynamic mixing zone. A static spiral mixer is mounted downstream from the dynamic mixing apparatus to provide back pressure in the dynamic mixing apparatus and to provide improved incorporation of the components in the HIPE that is ultimately formed. The static mixer (TAH Industries Model 070-821), modified through a cut of 6.1 cm of its original length, has a length of 35.6 cm with a sterile diameter of 1.3 cm. The fixing of the combined mixing and recirculation apparatus is filled with the oil phase and the water phase at a ratio of 4 parts water to one part oil. The dynamic mixing apparatus is ventilated to allow air to escape, while filling the apparatus completely. The flow rates during filling are 1.89 g / sec of the oil phase and 7.56 cm3 / sec of water phase. Once the fixation of the apparatus is full, stirring begins in the dynamic mixer, with the impeller spinning at 1000 RPM and the recirculation starting at a speed of approximately 8 cm3 / sec. The flow rate of the water phase is then stably increased at a rate of 45.4 cm3 / sec over a period of about 1 minute, and the flow rate of the oil phase is reduced to .6 g / sec over a period of time. about 3 minutes. The recirculation rate is stably increased to approximately 45 cm3 / sec during the last period. The back pressure created by the dynamic zone and the static mixers at this point is approximately 20 kPa, which represents the total pressure drop of the system. The HIPE that flows from the static mixer at this point is collected in a round polyethylene container, with a diameter of 43 cm and height of 10 cm, with a concentric insert made of Celcon plastic. The insert has a diameter of 12.7 cm at its base and a diameter of 12 cm at its top and has a height of 17.1 cm. The containers containing HIPE are kept in quarter at 65 ° C for 18 hours to produce the polymerization and form the foam. The cured HIPE foam is removed from the healing vessels. The foam at this point has a residual water phase (containing dissolved emulsifiers, electrolyte, initiator residues, and initiator) about 70-80 times (70-80X) the height of the polymerized monomers. The foam is sliced with a reciprocating saw blade sharpened into blades which have a thickness of 4.7 mm. These blades are then subjected to compression in a series of two porous rollers equipped with vacuum, which gradually reduce the content of the blades. Residual water phase of the foam to approximately 3 times (3X) the weight of the polymerized material. At this point, the sheets are then resaturated with a 1.5% CaCl2 solution at 60 ° C, compressed into a series of 3 porous rolls equipped with vacuum at a water phase content of about 2X. The CaCl2 content of the foam is between 3 and 5%. The foam remains compressed after the final step of the roller to a thickness of approximately 0.079 cm. The foam is then air dried for approximately 16 hours. Said drying reduces the moisture content to approximately 9-17% by weight of the polymerized material. In this point, the foam sheets are very drapable.

High capillary suction storage member (samples ...) Sample S.1 Absorbent Storage Member Comprising Glass Microfibers This example describes a high capillary suction absorber member comprising the absorbent polymer forming hydrogel and high glass microfibers. Surface area formed using an extreme wet forming process for increased density and stural organization over conventional air deposition processes. In order to const such a hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer containing the member approaching a homogeneous distribution of the absorbent polymer in the glass microfiber matrix, the following procedure was followed. A 4.0 gram blend of ASAP 2300 (available from Chemdal LTD, a subsidiary of American Colloid Co., Arlington Heights, IL; also available from The Procter &Gamble Co., Technology Division, Cincinnati, OH) and 4.0 grams of microfiber of glass (available as "Q-FIBERS, Code 108, 110 Bulk" from Manville Sales Corp., Denver, Co.) was combined in an explosion-proof 3-gallon commercial-grade Warner mixer with approximately 500 ml of 3A alcohol (95% ethanol, 5% methanol), or isopropanol, or similar liquids that will not be degraded or absorbed into the sture or composition of the polymers involved. The mixture was stirred at low speed for about 5 minutes. The mixture is emptied in a "paper forming box" of 15.2 x 15.2 cm with an 80 mesh nylon forming wire (available from Appleton Mfg. Div., Productive Solutions, Inc., Nena, Wl) in the background of the upper portion of the training box. The liquid level was brought to approximately 20.3 cm above the screen with the addition of 3A alcohol, or an appropriate solution. A paddle was used to mix the solution completely in the upper part of the formation box before evacuation of the liquid. A valve was opened below the forming wire and the liquid drained rapidly to ensure uniform deposition on the forming wire. The screen was removed from the "formation box", pulled through a vacuum source for the removal of the loosened liquid, and allowed to air dry in a desiccator containing a desiccant (such as DRIERITE, Sigme Chem Co., St. Louis, MO 63178) to ensure a uniform moisture content. Once dry, the absorbent member is removed from the forming screen. A 5.4 cm cylindrical shaped sture was drilled from the member to measure the absorptive capacity of capillary absorption.

Sample S.2 Preparation of High Surface Area Foam from a HIPE 36.32 kg of anhydrous calcium chloride and 189 grams of potassium persulfate were dissolved in 378 liters of water. This provides the water phase current that will be used in a continuous process to form a HIPE solution. To a combination of monomer comprising distilled divinyl benzene (42.4% divinyl benzene and 57.6% ethyl styrene) (2640 g), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (4400 g), and hexanediol dierylate (960 g) was added an emulsifier. of diglycerol monooleate (640 g), methyl sulphite dimethyl ammonium (80 g) and Tinuvin 765 (20 g). The fliceron monooleate emulsifier (Grindsted Products, Brabrand, Denmark) comprises approximately 81% diglycerol monooleate, 1% other diglycerone monoesters, 3% polyols, and 15% other polyglycerol esters, imparts an interfacial tension value of oil / water of about 2.7 dynes / cm and has a critical oil / water aggregation concentration of about 2.8% by weight. After mixing, this combination of materials is allowed to settle overnight. No visible residue was formed and the entire sample was removed and used as the oil phase in a continuous process to form a HIPE emulsion. Streams separated from the oil phase (25 ° C) and the water phase (53 ° -55 ° C) were fed to a dynamic mixing apparatus. The complete mixing of the combined streams in the dynamic mixing apparatus was achieved through a pin driver. The pin driver comprises a cylindrical arrow with a length of 36.5 cm and a diameter of approximately 2.9 cm. The arrow holds 6 rows of pins, 3 rows having 33 pins and 3 rows having 34 pins, each of the three pins in each level arranged at an angle of 120 ° with each other, with the next level set at 60 ° at its close level with each level separated by 0.03 mm, each having a diameter of 0.5 cm extending outwardly from the central axis of the arrow to a length of 2.3 cm. The pin driver is mounted on a cylindrical sleeve, which forms the dynamic mixing apparatus, and the pins have a clearance of 1.5 mm from the walls of the cylindrical sleeve. A smaller portion of the effluent leaving the dynamic mixing apparatus is removed and enters a recirculation zone, as shown in the Figure in the patent application of E. U. A. co-pending Series No. 08 / 716,510, filed on September 17, 1996 by DesMarais, (incorporated herein by reference). The Waukesha pump in the recirculation zone returns the smaller portion to the point of entry of the oil and water phase flow streams into the dynamic mixing zone. The static mixer (TAH Industries Model 100-812) normally has 12 elements with an external diameter of 2.5 cm. A hose is mounted downstream from the static mixer to facilitate the delivery of the emulsion to the device used for curing. Optionally, an additional static mixer is used to provide the additional back pressure to keep the hose full. The optional static mixer can be a 2.5 cm pipe, a 12-element mixer (McMaster-Carr, Aurora, OH, Model 3529K53). The fixing of the combined mixing and recirculation apparatus is filled with the oil phase and the water phase at a ratio of 4 parts water to one part oil. The dynamic mixing apparatus is ventilated to allow air to escape, while filling the apparatus completely. The speeds during filling are 7.57 g / sec of the oil phase and 30.3 cm3 / sec of the water phase. Once the fixation of the apparatus is full, stirring begins in the dynamic mixer, with the impeller spinning at 1750 RPM and the recirculation starting at a speed of approximately 30 cm3 / sec. The flow rate of the water phase is then stably increased at a rate of 151.3 cm3 / sec over a period of about 1 minute, and the flow rate of the oil phase is reduced to 3.03 g / sec over a period of approximately 3 minutes. The recirculation velocity is stably increased to approximately 150 cmVsec during the last period. The back pressure created by the dynamic zone and the static mixers at this point is approximately 137 kPa, which represents the total pressure drop of the system. The speed of the Waukesha pump (model 10) is then stably reduced to a recirculation velocity performance of approximately 75 cm3 / sec. The HIPE flowing from the static mixer at this point is collected in a round polyethylene container, diameter 102 cm and height of 31.8 cm, with removable sides, very similar to a spring-shaped tray used to bake cakes. A pipe-type polyethylene insert with a diameter of 31.8 cm at its base is firmly fixed to the center of the base and has a height of 31.8 cm. The containers containing HIPE are kept in quarter at 65 ° C for 18 hours to produce the polymerization and form the foam. The cured HIPE foam is removed from the healing vessels. The foam at this point has a residual water phase (containing dissolved emulsifiers, electrolyte, initiator residues, and initiator) about 48-52 times (48-52X) the height of the polymerized monomers. The foam is sliced with a reciprocating saw blade sharpened into sheets with a thickness of 4.7 mm. These sheets are then subjected to compression in a series of two porous vacuum-equipped rollers, which gradually reduce the residual water phase content of the foam to approximately 6 times (6X) the weight of the polymerized material. At this point, the sheets are then resaturated with a 1.5% CaCl2 solution at 60 ° C, compressed into a series of 3 porous rolls equipped with vacuum at a water phase content of about 4X. The CaCl2 content of the foam is between 8 and 10%. The foam remains compressed after the final step of the roller to a thickness of approximately 0.053 cm. The foam is then air dried for approximately 16 hours. Said drying reduces the moisture content to approximately 9-17% by weight of the polymerized material. At this point, the foam sheets are very drapable and "thin after drying".

Sample S.3 Preparation of High Surface Area Foam from a HIPE The water and oil phase streams that will be used in a continuous process to form a HIPE emulsion are prepared according to sample S.2. The separated currents of the oil phase (25 ° C) and the water phase (53 ° -55 ° C) are fed to a dynamic mixing apparatus as detailed in sample S.2. Once the fixture fixture is filled, stirring begins in the dynamic mixer, with the impeller spinning at 1700 RPM and the recirculation starting at a speed of approximately 30 cm3 / sec. The flow rate of the water phase is then stably increased at a rate of 151.3 cm3 / sec over a period of about 1 minute, and the flow rate of the oil phase is reduced to 3.36 g / sec over a period of approximately 3 minutes. The recirculation rate is stably increased to approximately 150 cm3 / sec during the last period. The back pressure created by the dynamic zone and the static mixers at this point is approximately 136 kPa, which represents the total pressure drop of the system. The speed of the Waukesha pump is then stably reduced to a yield at recirculation velocity of approximately 75 cm3 / sec. The HIPE flowing from the static mixer at this point is collected and cured in a polymeric foam as detailed in Sample S.2. The cured HIPE foam is removed from the healing vessels. The foam at this point has a residual water phase (containing dissolved emulsifiers, electrolyte, initiator residues, and initiator) about 43-47 times (43-47X) the weight of the polymerized monomers. The foam is sliced with a reciprocating saw blade sharpened into sheets with a thickness of 4.7 mm. These sheets are then subjected to compression in a series of two porous vacuum-equipped rollers, which gradually reduce the residual water phase content of the foam to approximately 6 times (6X) the weight of the polymerized material. At this point, the sheets are then resaturated with a 1.5% CaCl2 solution at 60 ° C, compressed into a series of 3 porous rolls equipped with vacuum at a water phase content of about 4X. The CaCl2 content of the foam is between 8 and 10%. The foam remains compressed after the final roll step to a thickness of approximately 0.071 cm. The foam is then air dried for approximately 16 hours. Said drying reduces the moisture content to approximately 9-17% by weight of the polymerized material. At this point, the foam sheets are very drapable and "thin after drying".

Sample S.4 Preparation of High Surface Area Foam from a HIPE The water and oil phase streams that will be used in a continuous process to form a HIPE emulsion are prepared according to sample S.2. The separated currents of the oil phase (25 ° C) and the water phase (53 ° -55 ° C) are fed to a dynamic mixing apparatus as detailed in sample S.2. Once the fixation of the apparatus is full, stirring begins in the dynamic mixer, with the impeller spinning at 1750 RPM and the recirculation starting at a speed of approximately 30 cm3 / sec. The flow rate of the water phase is then stably increased at a rate of 151.3 cm3 / sec over a period of about 1 minute, and the flow rate of the oil phase is reduced to 3.36 g / sec over a period of approximately 3 minutes. The recirculation rate is stably increased to approximately 150 cm3 / sec during the last period. The back pressure created by the dynamic and static zone mixers at this point is approximately 129 kPa, which represents the total pressure drop of the system. The speed of the Waukesha pump is then stably reduced to a yield at recirculation velocity of approximately 75 cm3 / sec. The HIPE flowing from the static mixer at this point is collected and cured in a polymeric foam as detailed in Sample S.2. The cured HIPE foam is removed from the healing vessels. The foam at this point has a residual water phase (containing dissolved emulsifiers), electrolyte, initiator residues, and initiator) approximately 38-42 times (38-42X) the weight of the polymerized monomers. The foam is sliced with a reciprocating saw blade sharpened into sheets with a thickness of 4.7 mm. These sheets are then subjected to compression in a series of two porous vacuum-equipped rollers, which gradually reduce the residual water phase content of the foam to approximately 6 times (6X) the weight of the polymerized material. At this point, the sheets are then resaturated with a 1.5% CaCl2 solution at 60 ° C, compressed into a series of 3 porous rolls equipped with vacuum at a water phase content of about 4X. The CaCl2 content of the foam is between 8 and 10%.

The foam remains compressed after the final roll step to a thickness of approximately 0.071 cm. The foam is then air dried for approximately 16 hours. Said drying reduces the moisture content to approximately 9-17% by weight of the polymerized material. At this point, the foam sheets are very drapable and "thin after drying".

Step S.5 Absorbent Storage Member Comprising a High Surface Area Polymeric Foam Material This example describes an absorbent high capillary suction member comprising a hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer and the high suction polymeric foam material prepared in accordance with sample S.3. In order to build a member containing a hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer, which approaches a relatively homogeneous distribution of the absorbent polymer and the polymeric foam, the following procedure was followed. 10 g of air dried polymer foam (prepared according to sample S.3 above) was placed in a blender (Osterizer model 848-36L) equipped with a 1.25 liter jar, where one liter of a solution of 2% calcium chloride. After ensuring that all the foam material was submerged, the mixer was agitated in "liquefy" (high fixation) for 10 seconds and then agitated further in the "normal" setting for 5 seconds. The resulting sludge was then transferred to a Buchner funnel (Coors USA model 60283) lined with a paper towel. Approximately 500 ml of the fluid was drained freely from the sample. The sample was then covered with a rubber membrane and vacuum applied (approximately 500 mm Hg or approximately 66 kPa) to dehydrate the sample to a weight of 50 to 60 grams. The sample was returned to a dry mixing jug and dispersed with agitation set to "liquefy", while the jug and base were inverted and returned to the straight position several times to disperse the sample to approximately individual particles. The dispersed sample was then air dried under ambient conditions and then the foam particles were combined with an absorbent hydrogel-forming polymer (ASAP 2300, available from Chemdal Corporation of Palantine, IL; also available from The Procter &Gamble Co., Paper Technology Division, Cincinnati, OH), to provide an absorbent storage member consisting of a homogeneous mixture of 50%, by weight, of hydrogel-forming polymer and 50%, by weight, of a polymer foam of high surface area.

Sample S.6 Absorbent Storage Member Comprising High Surface Area Fibers This member describes an absorbent high capillary suction member comprising the absorbent polymer forming hydrogel and high surface area fibretas. The high surface area fibers, available from Hoechst Celanese Corp., (Charlotte, NC) as Fibrets® cellulose acetate, were combined with the hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer (ASAP 2300, available from the Chemical Corporation of Palantine, IL; available from The Procter &Gamble Co., Paper Technology Division, Cincinnati, OH), to provide an absorbent storage member consisting of a homogeneous mixture of 50% by weight, of the hydrogel-forming polymer, and 50%, by weight, of fibretas.

Structures As has been presented in the general part of the description, the absorbent cores can be constructed in a wide variety of possibilities, provided that these cores include an acquisition / distribution region, which is in liquid communication with a storage region. of liquid, and providing that the materials used in these regions meet the respective requirements. In this way, said cores can be constructed from respective materials in a layered arrangement, with base weights and sizes adjusted to the requirements of the intended use as set forth above.

A specific core construction, which is useful for baby diapers of the size commonly referred to as MAXI, has a rectangular shape with a length of about 450 mm and a width of about 100 mm. There, the acquisition / distribution region consists of a layer of material having a dimension also of rectangular shape, which covers the entire absorbent core. The liquid storage region can also have a rectangular shape, with the size of the underlying absorbent core also extending as a layer to the acquisition / distribution region. The thickness of the materials can vary across the length and / or the width of the absorbent core, but in simple constructions it is a uniform thickness through the absorbent core. It is essential for operation, that the material of acquisition / distribution of the storage materials be selected according to their capillary suction properties as established above. With the specially selected samples as described above, all the respective distribution material samples can be combined with any of the respective storage materials and provide adequate operation.

Test Procedures Unless otherwise specified, tests are carried out under controlled laboratory conditions of approximately 23 ± 2 ° C and 50 ± 10% relative humidity. Test specimens are stored under these conditions for at least 24 hours before the test.

Synthetic Urine Formulation Unless explicitly specified, the synthetic urine used in the test procedures is commonly known as Jayco SynUrine and is available from Jayco Pharmaceuticals Company of Camp Hill, Pennsylvania. The formula of the synthetic urine is: 2.0 g / l of KCl; 2.0 g / l of Na2SO4; 0.85 g / l of (NH4) H2PO4; 0.15 g / l of (NH4) H2PO4; 0.19 g / l of CaCl2; and 0.23 g / l MgCl2. All these chemicals are reagent grade. The pH of the synthetic urine is within the range of 6.0 to 6.4.

Vertical Penetration Time and Vertical Penetration Capacity The vertical penetration time is determined by measuring the time taken by a test colored liquid (eg, synthetic urine) in a container to penetrate a vertical distance of 15 cm through a strip of test foam of specific size. The vertical penetration procedure is detailed in the Test Methods section of U.S. Patent No. 5,387,207 (which is incorporated by reference) above, but is carried out at 31 ° C instead of at 37 ° C. A vertical penetration capability of the material for a given height is measured using the Vertical Penetration Absorbent Capacity Test also described in the Test Methods section of U.S. Patent No. 5,387,207, except that the test is performed at 31 ° C instead of 37 ° C. Finally, the washing and drying stage in the referenced patent is not carried out. The note value of the vertical penetration capacity is taken as the capacity obtained at a height of 15 cm at equilibrium. The result is expressed in units of (g / cm2 / sec), at a height of 15 cm.

Simplified liquid permeability test This simplified permeability test provides measurement for permeability for two special conditions: any of the permeability can be measured for a wide range of porous materials (such as non-woven materials made from synthetic fibers, or cellulose structures) at 100% saturation, or for materials, which reach different degrees of saturation with a proportional change in the gauge without being filled with air (respectively the external vapor phase), such as collapsible polymer foams, for which can easily measure the permeability to degrees of variable saturation at various thicknesses. In particular for polymer foam materials, it has been found useful to operate the test at an elevated temperature of 31 ° C, to better simulate the conditions of use for the absorbent articles. In principle, this test is based on Darcy's law, according to which the volumetric flow rate of a liquid through any porous medium is proportional to the pressure gradient, with the constant of proportionality related to permeability. Q / A = (k /?) * (? P / L) where: Q = volumetric flow rate [cm3 / s]; A = cross-sectional area [cm2]; k = permeability (cm2) (with 1 Darcy corresponding to? = viscosity (Poise) [Pa * s];? p / L = pressure gradient [Pa / m]; L = sample size [cm].

Therefore, the permeability for a given cross-sectional area of the given or fixed sample and the viscosity of the test liquid can be calculated by measuring the pressure drop and the volumetric flow rate through the sample: K = (Q / A) * (L /? P) *? The test can be executed in two modifications, the first one referring to the transplanar permeability (ie, the direction of flow is essentially along the thickness dimension of the material), the second being the permeability within the plane (ie, the direction of flow being in the x direction of the material). The fixation of the test for the simplified test of transplanar permeability can be seen in Figure 1 which is a schematic diagram of the total equipment and, like an insert diagram, a partially exploded view in cross section, not to scale, of the sample cell. The fixation of the test comprises a generally circular or cylindrical sample cell (120), having an upper (121) and lower (122) part. The distance of these parts can be measured and therefore adjusted by means of each three circumferentially arranged gauge gauges (145) and set screws (140). In addition, the equipment comprises several fluid containers (150, 154, 156) including a height adjustment (170) for the inlet container (150) as well as tubing (180), quick release fittings (189) for connecting the cell sample with the rest of the equipment, additional valves (182, 184, 186, 188). The differential pressure transducer (197) is connected via the pipe (180) to the upper pressure detection point (194) and the lower pressure detection point (196). A computer device (190) for controlling the valves is further connected via the connections (199) to the differential pressure transducer (197), to the temperature probe (192), and to the scale load cell. of weight (198). The circular sample (110) having a diameter of approximately 2.54 cm is placed between two porous screens (135) inside the sample cell (120), which are made of two cylindrical pieces of 2.54 cm in internal diameter (121, 122) fixed via the inlet connection (132) to the input container (150) and via the outlet connection (133) to the outlet container (154) by flexible tubing (180), such as the tygon tubing . Closed-cell foam gaskets (115) provide protection against leakage around the sides of the sample. The test sample (110) is compressed to the gauge corresponding to the desired wet compression, which is set at 0.2 psi (approximately 1.4 kPa) unless otherwise mentioned. The liquid is allowed to flow through the sample (110) to achieve a steady state flow. Once the fixed state flow through the sample (110) has been established, the volumetric rate and the pressure drop as a function of time are recorded using a load cell (198) and the differential pressure transducer ( 197). The experiment can be carried out at any hydrostatic pressure of up to 80 cm of water (approximately 7.8 kPa), which can be adjusted by the height adjustment device (170). From these measurements, it can be determined that the flow rate at different pressures for the sample. The equipment is commercially available as Permeameter as supplied by Porous Materials, Ine, Ithaca, New York, E.U.A. under the PMI Liquid Permeameter designation, as further described in the respective user manual 2/97. This equipment includes two stainless steel frits as porous screens (135), also specified in this brochure. The equipment consists of the sample cell (120), the input container (150), the outlet container (154), the waste container (156) and the respective filling and emptying valves and connections, an electronic scale and a computerized valve monitoring and control unit (190). The packaging material (115) is a SNC-1 closed cell neoprene sponge (soft), as supplied by Netherland Rubber Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. A set of materials with varying thicknesses in the 1/16"steps (approximately 0.159 cm) should be available to cover the 1/16" - VX 'scale (approximately 0.159 cm to approximately 1.27 cm) in thickness.

In addition, a pressurized air supply of at least 60 psi (4.1 bar) is required to operate the respective valves. The test fluid is deionized water. The test is then executed by the following steps: 1) Preparation of the test sample (s): In a preparatory test, it is determined, if one or more layers of the test sample are required, where the test as outlined below it is brought to the lowest and highest pressure. The number of layers is then adjusted to maintain the flow rate during the test between 0.5 cm3 / seconds at the lowest pressure drop and 15 cm3 / seconds at the highest pressure drop. The flow rate for the sample must be less than the flow rate for the model at the same pressure drop. If the flow rate of the sample exceeds that of the model for a given pressure drop, more layers must be added to decrease the flow rate. Sample size: Samples are cut to approximately 2.54 cm in diameter, using an arc punch, as supplied by McMaster-Carr Supply Company, Cleveland, OH, USA. If the samples have too little resistance or internal integrity to maintain their structure during the required handling, a conventional low weight basis support element, such as a PET web or net, can be added. Therefore, at least two samples (elaborated from the number of layers required each, if necessary) are previously cut. Then, one of these is saturated in deionized water at the temperature at which the experiment is going to be carried out (70 ° F, (31 ° C) unless otherwise noted.) The caliber of the wet sample is measured (if necessary after a stabilization time of 30 seconds) under the desired compression pressure for which the experiment will be performed using a conventional gauge (such as that provided by AMES, Waltham, MASS; USA) that has a pressure area diameter of approximately 2.86 cm, exerting a pressure of 0.2 psi (approximately 1.4 kPa) on the sample (110), unless otherwise desired.A combination of appropriate packing materials is chosen, so that The total thickness of the packing foam (115) is between 150 and 200% the thickness of the wet sample (distinguish that a combination of variable thicknesses of the packing material may be needed to obtain the desired total thickness). pack ue (115) is cut to a circular size of 3 inches in diameter, and a 2.54 cm hole is cut in the center using the bow punch. In the case, that the dimensions of the sample change when wetting, the sample must be cut in such a way that the required diameter is taken in the wet stage. This can also be determined in this preparatory test, with the monitoring of the respective dimensions. If they change in such a way that any space is formed, or the sample forms wrinkles that would prevent it from making smooth contact with the porous or fried screens, the cutting diameter should be adjusted accordingly. The test sample (110) is placed inside the hole in the packing foam (115), and the composite material is placed on top of the lower half of the sample cell, making sure that the sample is in flat, smooth contact with the sieve (135), and no gaps are formed on the sides. The upper part of the test cell (121) is placed flat on the laboratory blank (or other horizontal plane) and all of the three gauge gauges (145) mounted on it are set to zero. The upper part of the test cell (121) is then placed on the lower part (122) in such a way that the packing material (115) with the test sample (110) is located between the two parts. The upper and lower part are then tightened by the fixing screws (140), so that the three gauge gauges are adjusted to the same value as measured for the wet sample under the respective pressure in the above. 2) To prepare the experiment, the computerized unit (190) is turned on and the sample identification, respective pressure, etc. is entered. 3) The test will be started on a sample (110) during several pressure cycles, with the first pressure being the lowest pressure. The results of the individual pressure run are placed in different results files by the computerized unit (190). The data is taken from each of these files for calculations as described below. (A different sample must be used for any subsequent runs of the material.) 4) The liquid inlet container (150) is adjusted to the required height and the test is started in the computerized unit (190). 5) Next, place the sample cell (120) in the permeameter unit with the quick disconnect accessories (189). 6) The sample cell (120) is filled by opening the vent valve (188) and the lower fill valves (184, 186). During this stage, care must be taken to remove air bubbles from the system, by turning the sample cell vertically, forcing air bubbles, if present, to exit the permeameter through the drain. Once the sample cell is filled up to the tygon pipe attached to the top of the chamber (121), the air bubbles are removed from this pipe to the waste container (156). 7) After having carefully removed the air bubbles, close the lower filling valves (184, 186), and open the upper filling valve (182) to fill the upper part, also carefully removing all air bubbles . 8) The fluid container is filled with the test fluid to the filling line (152). Then the flow is initiated through the sample by initializing the computerized unit (190). After the temperature has reached the required value within the sample chamber, the experiment is ready to begin. Upon beginning the experiment through the computerized unit (190), the liquid outflow is automatically diverted from the waste container (156) to the outlet container (154), and the pressure drop and the temperature are monitored as a function of time for several minutes. Once he . program has finished, the computerized unit provides the recorded data (in numerical and / or graphic form). If desired, the same test sample can be used to measure the permeability to variable hydrostatic pressures, thus increasing the pressure from one run to another run.

The equipment should be cleaned every two weeks, and calibrated at least once a week, especially the frits, the load cell, the thermocoupler and the pressure transducer, following the instructions of the equipment supplier. The differential pressure is recorded through the differential pressure transducer connected to the measuring points of the pressure probes (194, 196) at the top and bottom of the sample cell. Since there may be other flow resistances within the chamber in addition to the pressure that is recorded, each experiment must be corrected by a pattern run. A pattern run should be done at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 cm at the required pressure, every day. The permeameter will produce an average test pressure output for each experiment and also an average flow rate. For each pressure that the sample has been tested, the flow rate is recorded as the standard pressure corrected by the computerized unit (190), which also corrects the average test pressure (real pressure) in each of the pressure differentials. of the registered height to result in the corrected pressure. This corrected pressure is the DP that must be used in the permeability equation below. The permeability can then be calculated at each required pressure and all permeabilities must be averaged to determine the k for the material being tested. Three measurements should be taken for each sample at each height and the results averaged and the standard deviation calculated. However, the same sample should be used, the permeability measured at each height, and then a new sample should be used to make the second and third replicas. The measurement of the permeability in the plane under the same conditions as the transplanar permeability described above, can be obtained by modifying the previous equipment as shown schematically in figures 2A and 2B showing the partially exploded view, not to scale, of the sample cell only. The equivalent elements are equivalently designated, such that the sample cell of Figure 2 is designated (210), correlated with the number (110) of Figure 1, and so on. Therefore, the transplanar simplified sample cell (120) of Figure 1 is replaced by the simplified sample cell in the plane (220), which is designed in such a way that the liquid can flow only in one direction (already either the direction of the machine or the cross direction depending on how the sample is placed in the cell). Care must be taken to minimize the channeling of the liquid along the walls (wall effects), as this can erroneously give high permeability readings. The test procedure is then executed very analogous to the simplified transplanar test. The sample cell (220) is designed to be placed in the equipment essentially as described for the sample cell (120) in the previous transplanar test, except that the fill tube is directed to the input connection (232) of the lower part of the cell (220). Figure 2A shows a partially exploded view of the sample cell, and Figure 2B a cross-sectional view through the level of the sample. The sample cell (220) is made up of two parts: a lower part (225) that is similar to a rectangular box with flanges, of an upper part (223) that fits within the lower part (225) and that also has eyelashes. The test sample is cut to the size of approximately 5.1 cm x 5.1 cm and placed inside the lower piece. The upper part (223) of the sample chamber is then placed inside the lower part (225) and sits on the test sample (210). A non-compressible neoprene rubber seal (224) is attached to the upper piece (223) to provide the hermetic seal. The test fluid flows from the inlet container into the sample space through the Tygon pipe and the inlet connection (232) in addition to through the outlet connection (233) to the outlet container. Since in this execution of the test the temperature control of the fluid passing through the sample cell may be insufficient due to the lower flow rates, the sample is maintained at the desired test temperature by the heating device (226), whereby the water at controlled temperature is pumped through the heating chamber (227). The space in the test cell is adjusted to the gauge corresponding to the desired wet compression, normally about 1.4 kPa. Wedges (216) varying in size from 0.1 mm to 20.0 mm are used to adjust the correct gauge, optionally using combinations of several wedges. At the beginning of the experiment, the test cell (220) is turned to 90 ° (the sample is vertical) and the test liquid is allowed to slowly enter from the bottom. This is necessary to ensure that all air is conducted outside the sample and the inlet / outlet connections (232/233). The test cell (220) is then turned back to its original position to leave the sample horizontal (210). The subsequent procedure is the same as that described above for the transplanar permeability, that is, the inlet container is placed at the desired height, the flow is allowed to equilibrate and the flow rate and pressure drop are measured. Permeability is calculated using Darcy's law. This procedure is repeated for higher pressures as well. For samples that have very low permeability, it may be necessary to increase the conduction pressure, such as by extending the height or applying additional air pressure in the container in order to achieve a measurable flow rate. The permeability in plane can be measured independently in the directions of the machine and the transversal, depending on how the samples are placed inside the test cell.

General test of the permeability of the liquid The generalized test of the permeability can measure the permeability as a function of the saturation for any porous material. The principle of the tests is similar to one for the simplified test, with the essential difference being that the sample is loaded with a defined amount of air in addition to the liquid charge, resulting in a fixed degree of saturation. This is obtained by the test arrangement as shown schematically in Figure 3 showing the principles also as the specifications for general transplanar permeability, and in Figure 4, showing the differences for permeability in the general plane. The numbers without reference correspond to the respective numbers of Figure 1 (for example, waste container (356) corresponds to the waste container (156), etc.). There, the sample cell (320/420) with fixation (341, not shown in figure 4) is mounted on a height adjustment device (372), in addition to the entry container (350) which is of adjustable height by an element (370). This input container defines a first height difference (357) with respect to the outlet container (354), which is related to the differential pressure? P which denotes the pressure differential to calculate the permeability). This input container (350) defines a second height difference (359) in relation to the height of the sample which is related to the differential pressure? P (c), which denotes the pressure differential linked to the saturation in the sample, whereby the upper capillary suction typically correlates with the lower saturation. The experiment is started? Pe low (close to zero cm of water) at which the sample will be at 100% saturation. Does the liquid flow through the sample due to the applied pressure drop? p (c) (height of the entry container - exit container height). In a fixed state, the uptake of the liquid in the outlet container is measured as a function of time. The permeability can be calculated from the pressure drop and the volumetric flow rate data using Darcy's law. The exact degree of saturation can be obtained from the weight of the wet sample after which test is compared to the dry sample before the test. In order to measure the permeability to saturation below 100%, a new test sample is first conducted at 100% saturation as described in the previous paragraph. Next, the sample is moved to a higher height (for example 10 cm) and is allowed to balance at that height. During this time, the liquid flows continuously from the inlet container to the outlet container. The saturation in the sample will decrease over time. When the fixed state is reached, that is, when the pick-up plot against time is linear, the flow rate, the pressure drop and saturation are measured as described above. This procedure is repeated for several sample heights using new samples. It may be necessary to increase the pressure drop between the inlet and outlet containers as the saturation decreases in order to obtain a measurable flow rate. This is because, for many porous materials, the permeability decreases gradually with the decrease in saturation. It is necessary to ensure that the pressure drop between the inlet and outlet containers is much lower than the capillary suction. It is necessary to use wide liquid containers (352, 354) in order to ensure that the liquid level does not change significantly while waiting for the fixed state to be reached. This test gives the permeability against saturation for the desorption cycle, that is, the sample has higher saturation at the beginning. Although of course the permeability data can be generated for the absorption cycle, these should not be used in the present evaluations, since some hysteresis effects could occur. The sample cell (320) for the general transplanar permeability test differs from the sample cell (120) of the simplified transplanar permeability test essentially in that it comprises two frits (335) arranged on the top and bottom of the test cell. the sample (310). For frits (335) it is necessary to ensure that the majority of the resistance to flow is presented by the sample and that the resistance of the frit is insignificant. A thin, thin pore membrane on a thick frit allows measurements of up to high altitudes without putting resistance to significant flow. The frits should be selected to have a sufficiently high bubble point pressure that corresponds to more than about 200 cm of water height, but which at the same time provides resistance to low flow. This can be obtained by selecting membranes sufficiently thin from the required bubble point pressure covering a more open support structure. For general permeability tests, care must be taken that the air is allowed to be in contact with the sample through the lateral surfaces, to allow varying degrees of saturation depending on the? Pe Therefore, the design of the sample cell is essentially identical to the test cell of the simplified transplanar test, except that the packing foam material is removed, and the arrangement for adjusting the space between the upper parts and the lower are replaced by a constant pressure generating device, such as a dumbbell (317) to maintain (together with the weight of the upper piece (321)) the sample under the desired pressure, of approximately 1.4 kPa unless another is desired thing. For the permeability test in the general plane the sample cell (420) is shown in Figure 4, which is a design that is derived from the simplified plane test and the principles as described above. In this way the fluid at the entrance of the sample cell (420) through the fluid inlet (432) and the fluid outlet (433), which are connected to the membranes (435), such as the frits of the type as described above (for frits 335). The test sample (410) is placed with its ends covering the two frits, but not with the central part of approximately 5.1 cm x 5.1 cm so that wrinkles and gaps between the sample and the membranes have been avoided. The test sample (410) is placed between the upper and lower part of the sample cell (420), the weight (417) being used to adjust the pressure under which the experiment is carried (approximately 1.4 kPa) unless desired or designated otherwise). Also, the sample is maintained at a constant temperature through the heating device (426), for example by pumping water at a constant temperature through the heating chamber (427). Also for this arrangement, the possibility of the air entering the sample through the lateral surfaces is essential to allow variable degrees of saturation.

Viscosity of the Liquid The viscosity of the liquid is an important input parameter for the previous determination, and must be taken for the respective fluid for the respective temperature, any of the tables, or equations, or well-known measurements by way of well-measured procedures. established.

Capillary Absorption Purpose The purpose of this test is to measure the absorbent capacity of capillary absorption, as a function of weight, of the absorbent storage members of the present invention. (The test was also used to measure the absorbent capacity of capillary absorption, as a function of height, of high surface area materials, ie, without osmotic absorbent, such as a hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer, or other optional materials used in the absorbent member However, the discussion discussed below discusses the method of Capillary Absorption as it relates to the measurement of a full storage absorbent member). The capillary absorption is a fundamental property of any absorbent that governs how the liquid is absorbed in the absorbent structure. In the capillary absorption experiment, the capillary absorption absorbing capacity is measured as a function of the fluid pressure due to the height of the sample relative to the test fluid reservoir. The method to determine capillary absorption is well recognized. See Burgeni, A. A. and Kapur, C, "Capillary Sorption Equilibria in Fiber Masses," Textile Research Journal, 3_7 (1967), 356-366; Chatterjee, P.K., Absorbency, Textile Science and Technology 7, Chapter III, p. 29-84 Elsevier Science Publishers B. V, 1985; and U.S. Patent No. 4,610,678, issued September 9, 1986 to Weisman et al., for a discussion of the method for measuring capillary absorption of absorbent structures. This description of each of the references is incorporated herein by reference.

Principle A porous glass frit was connected through an uninterrupted column of fluid to a reservoir of fluid in a dumbbell. The sample was kept under constant confinement weight during the experiment. As the porous structure absorbs the fluid after demand, the weight loss in the weight fluid reservoir was recorded as the fluid consumption, it was adjusted for the consumption of the glass frit as a function of height and evaporation. The consumption or capacity to several capillary suctions (hydrostatic stresses or heights) was measured. The increased absorption occurred due to the reduction in the increase of the frit (that is, the reduction of the capillary suction). The time was also verified during the experiment to allow the calculation of the initial effective consumption rate (g / g / h) at a height of 200 cm.

Reagents Test liquid: synthetic urine was prepared by completely dissolving the following materials in distilled water.

Compound F. W. Concentration (g / L) KCl 74.6 2.0 Na2SO4 142 2.0 (NH4) H2PO4 115 0.85 (NH4) 2HPO4 132 0.15 CaCl2.2H2O 147 0.25 MgCI2.6H2O 203 0.5 General Description of Apparatus Fixation The capillary absorption equipment, generally represented as 550 in Figure 2A used for this test, is operated under TAPPI conditions (50% RH, 25 ° C). A test sample was placed on a glass frit shown in Figure 2A at 502 which is connected through a continuous column of test liquid (synthetic urine) to an equilibrium liquid reservoir, shown as 506, containing liquid from proof. This deposit 506 is placed on a weight 507 that is interconnected with a computer (not shown). The weight may be able to read at 0.001 grams; said weight is available from Mettier Toledo as PR1203 (Hightstown, NJ). The glass frit 502 was placed on a vertical slide, generally shown in Figure 2A as 501, to allow vertical movement of the test sample to expose the test sample to variable suction heights. The vertical slide can be a driver without bars, which is attached to a computer to record the suction heights and corresponding times to measure the liquid consumption by the test sample. A preferred bar-less actuator is available from Industrial Devices (Novato, CA) as article 202X4X34N-1 D4B-84-PCE, which can be driven by a ZETA 6104-83-135 motor, available from CompuMotor (Rohnert, CA) . When the data is measured and sent from the actuator 501 to the weight 507, the data of capillary absorption absorber capacity can be easily generated for each test sample. Also, the computer interface to the actuator 501 may allow controlled vertical movement of the glass frit 502. For example, the actuator may be directed to move the glass frit 502 vertically only after reaching "equilibrium" (as defined). below) at each suction height. The bottom of the glass frit 502 is connected to a Tygon® 503 pipe that connects the frit 505 to the three-way drain plug 509. The drain plug is connected to the liquid tank 505 through a glass pipe 504 and the plug 510. (The plug 509 is open for drainage only during the cleaning of the apparatus or the removal of air bubbles). The glass tubing 511 connects the fluid reservoir 505 with the fluid reservoir 506, through the plug 510. The reservoir of the fluid 506 consists of a glass plate 506A with a diameter of 12 cm, light weight , and a cover 506B. The cover 506B has a hole through which the glass pipe 511 connects the liquid in the tank 506. The glass pipe 511 should not contact the cover 506B or there will be an unstable equilibrium reading and the measurement of the sample It can not be used. The diameter of the glass frit must be sufficient to adapt the piston / cylinder apparatus, discussed below, to support the test sample. The glass frit 502 has a charge to allow a constant temperature control from a heating bath. The frit is a 350 ml frit disk funnel specified as having pores from 4 to 5.5 μm, available from Corning Gras Co. (Corning NY) as # 36060-350F. The pores are thin enough to keep the surface of the frit moistened at the specified capillary suction heights (the glass frit does not allow air to enter the continuous column of test fluid below the glass test). As indicated, the frit 502 is connected through a pipe to the fluid tank 505 or to the equilibrium liquid tank 506, depending on the position of the three-way plug 510. The glass frit 502 has a jacket to accept the water from a constant temperature bath. This will ensure that the temperature of the glass frit is maintained at a constant temperature of 31 ° C during the test procedure. As illustrated in Figure 2A, the glass frit 502 is equipped with an inlet port 502A and an outlet port 502B, which form a closed loop with a circulating heating bath generally shown as 508. (The Glass is not illustrated in Figure 2A, however, the water introduced into the glass frit 502 jacketed from the bath 508 does not contact the test liquid and the test liquid does not circulate through the constant temperature bath. water in the constant temperature bath circulates through the jacketed walls of the glass frit 502). The reservoir 506 and the weight 507 are enclosed in a box to minimize the evaporation of test liquid from the reservoir and to improve the stability of the weight during the operation of the experiment. This box, shown generally at 512, has an upper part and walls, wherein the upper part has a hole through which the pipe 511 is inserted.

The glass frit 502 is shown in greater detail in Figure 2B. Figure 2B is a cross-sectional view of the glass frit, shown without the inlet port 502A and the outlet port 502B. As indicated, the glass frit is a 350 ml frit disk funnel having specific pores of 4 to 5.5 μm. Referring to Figure 2B, the glass frit 502 comprises a cylindrical jacketed funnel designated at 550 and a glass frit disk shown at 560. The glass frit 502 further comprises a cylinder / piston assembly generally shown at 565 (the which comprises cylinder 566 and piston 568), which defines the test sample, shown as 570, and provides a small confining pressure to the test sample. To prevent excessive evaporation of test liquid from the 560 glass frit disk, a Teflon ring shown at 562 is placed on top of the glass frit disk 560. Teflon® ring 562 has a thickness of 0.0127 cm (available as a McMasterCarr sheet supply material such as # 8569K16 and cut to size), and used to cover the surface of the frit disk out of cylinder 566, and thus minimize the evaporation of the frit from glass. The external diameter of the ring and the internal diameter are 7.6 and 6.3 cm, respectively. The internal diameter of the Teflon® ring 562 is approximately 2 mm less than the outer diameter of the cylinder 566. An O-shaped Viton® ring (available from McMasterCarr as # AS568A-150 and AS568A-151) 564 is placed over the part Top of the Teflon® 562 ring to seal the space between the inner wall of the cylindrical jacketed funnel 550 and the Teflon ring 562 to further assist in the prevention of evaporation. If the outer diameter of the O-shaped ring exceeds the internal diameter of the cylindrical jacketed funnel 550, the diameter of the O-shaped ring is reduced to fix the funnel as follows: the O-shaped ring is opened by a cut, the The necessary amount of the material of the O-shaped ring is cut off, and the O-shaped ring is adhered together, so that the O-shaped ring makes contact with the inner wall of the cylindrical ambiguous jacket 550 around its entire periphery. As indicated, a cylinder / piston assembly shown generally in Figure 2B as 565 confines the test sample and provides a small confining pressure to the test sample 570. Referring to Figure 2C, the 565 assembly consists of a cylinder 566, a cup-type Teflon® piston indicated at 568 and, when a weight or weights (not shown) are needed that are fixed within the piston 568. (The optional weight can be used when it is necessary to adjust the weight combined piston and optional weight so that a confining pressure of 0.2 PSI is obtained depending on the diameter of the dry test sample, this is discussed below). The cylinder 5666 is a Lexan® bar and has the following dimensions: an external diameter of 7.0 cm, an internal diameter of 6.0 cm and a height of 6.0 cm. The piston 568 of Teflon® has the following dimensions: An external diameter that is 0.02 cm smaller than the internal diameter of the cylinder 566. As shown in Figure 2D, the end of the piston 568 that does not contact the test sample is perforated to provide a diameter of 5.0 cm by a chamber with a depth of approximately 1.8 cm, 580, to receive optional charges (dictated by the actual dry diameter of the test sample) required to obtain a confining pressure of the test sample of 1.4 kPa. In other words, the total weight of the piston 568 and any of the optional loads (not shown in the Figures) divided by the actual diameter of the test sample (when dry) should be such that a confining pressure of 0.2 is obtained. PSI. Cylinder 566 and piston 568 (and optional loads) are equilibrated at 31 ° C for at least 30 minutes before conducting the measurement of capillary absorption absorbent capacity.

A treated film without surfactant with incorporated openings (14 cm x 14 cm) (not shown) is used to cover the glass frit 502 during the capillary absorption experiments to minimize the destabilization of the air around the sample. The openings are large enough to prevent condensation on the underside of the film during the experiment.

Preparation of the Test Sample The test sample can be obtained by drilling a circular shaped structure with a diameter of 5.4 cm from a storage absorbent member. When the member is a component of an absorbent article, other components of the article must be removed before the test. In those situations where the member can not be isolated from the other components of the article without significantly altering its structure (for example, density, relative arrangement of the component materials, physical properties of the constituent materials, etc.) or when the member does not is a component of an absorbent article, the test sample is prepared by combining all the materials that make up the member so that the combination is representative of the member in question. The test sample is a circle with a diameter of 5.4 cm and is obtained by cutting with an arc punch. The dry weight of the test sample (used later to calculate the capillary absorption absorber capacity) is the weight of the test sample prepared as above under ambient conditions.

Experimental Fixation 1. Place a clean dry glass frit 502 in a funnel holder attached to the vertical 501 slide. Move the funnel holder of the vertical slide so that the glass frit is at a height of 0 cm. 2. Establish the apparatus components as shown in Figure 2A, as discussed above. 3. Place a tank of the 506 weight liquid with a diameter of 12 cm on the weight 507. Place the plastic cap 506B on this reservoir of weight 506 and a plastic cut on the weight box 512, each with small holes to allow the glass pipe 511 to adjust. Do not allow the glass tubing to touch the lid 506B of the liquid fluid reservoir or an unstable equilibrium reading will occur and the measurement can not be used. 4. the plug 510 closes the pipe 504 and opens the glass pipe 511. The fluid tank 505, previously filled with the test fluid, is opened to allow the test fluid to enter the pipe 511, to fill the tank of 506 weight fluid. The 502 glass frit is leveled and secured in place. Also, ensure that the glass frit is dry. Join the 503 Tygon® pipe to the 509 plug. (The pipe must be long enough to reach the 502 glass chip at its highest point of 200 cm without any bond). Fill this Tygon® pipe with the test liquid from the 505 liquid reservoir. Join the Tygon® 503 tubing to the level 502 glass frit and then open the plug 509 and the plug 510 leading from the fluid reservoir 505 to the glass frit 502. (the 510 plug must close the glass pipe 511). The test liquid fills the glass frit 502 and removes all trapped air during filling of the level glass frit. Continue filling until the fluid level exceeds the top of the glass frit disk 560. Empty the funnel and remove all air bubbles in the tubing and inside the funnel. The air bubbles can be removed by inverting the glass frit 502 and allowing the air bubbles to rise and escape through the drain of the glass. plug 509. (Air bubbles are typically collected at the bottom of glass frit disk 560).

Re-level the frit using a sufficiently small level that will be set inside the jacketed funnel 550 and on the surface of the glass frit disk 560. Zero the glass frit with the 506 fluid reservoir. To do this, Take a piece of Tygon® tubing of sufficient length and fill it with the test liquid. Place one end in the liquid reservoir weighing 506 and use the other end to place the glass frit 502. The test liquid level indicated by the pipe (which is equivalent to the level of the liquid reservoir) is 10 mm below the top of the frit disk of glass 560. Yes This is not the case either to adjust the amount of liquid in the reservoir or to reset the position to zero on the vertical slide 501. To connect the outlet and inlet ports of the temperature bath 508 through the tubing to the ports inlet and outlet 502A and 502B, respectively, of the glass frit. Allowing the temperature of the glass frit disk 560 to reach 31 ° C, this can be measured by partially filling the glass frit with the test liquid and measuring its temperature after it has reached the equilibrium temperature. The bath needs to be fixed at a point greater than 31 ° C to allow heat dissipation during the water bath travel to the glass frit. 10. The glass frit is balanced for 30 minutes.

Parameters of Capillary Absorption The following describes a computer program that will determine how long the glass frit remains at each height. In the capillary absorption software program, a test sample is at a specified height from the fluid reservoir. As indicated above, the fluid reservoir is on a weight, so that a computer can read the weight at the end of a known interval and calculate the flow rate (Delta reading / intervals) between the test sample and the reservoir. For the purposes of this method, the test sample is considered to be in equilibrium when the flow velocity is less than a specified flow velocity for a specified number of consecutive intervals. It is recognized, that for certain materials, the real equilibrium may not be reached when the specified "CONSTANT OF BALANCE" is achieved. The interval between readings is 5 seconds. The number of readings in the delta table is specified in the capillary absorption menu as "BALANCES SAMPLES". The maximum number of deltas is 500. The flow rate constant is specified in the capillary absorption menu as "BALANCED CONSTANT". The Balance Constant is entered in units of grams / second, varying from 0.0001 to 100,000. The following is a simplified example of logic. The table shows the reading of the weight or balance and the delta flow calculated for each interval.

Balance Samples = 3 Equilibrium constant = .0015 2 4 8 S 10 Time Interval 30 Delta Table: The equilibrium consumption for the previous simplified example is 0.318 grams. The following is the coding in the C language used to determine the equilibrium consumption: • / * takedata.c int take_data. { int equil_samples, double equilibrium_eonstan). { double delta, - 15 static double deltas IS00), / * cable to store up to 500 deltas * / double valué.- double prev_value; clock_t pext_time / int i; 20 for. { 1 = 0 i < eguil_sar «. { > les, - i ++ í deltas £ ij = - 9999; / * initialize all val is in the delta table to 9999. gms / sec • »/ 25 delta_table_index • * 0; / "initialize where in the table to store the néxt delta eguilibriura_reached - = 0; / * initialize flag to indieate equilibrium has not been reached * / next_eime« clock.), - readlng »/ / initialiae when to take the ne-tt 30 prev reading * > 0.; / initialize the value of the previous reading from the balance * / while f eguilibrium reached { / * Start of loop for checking for equilibrium ium * / ~ 35 next dye + « S000; / * calculate when to take next readipg * / while (clock (.}. < ne? T time), - / * ait until s seconds have elasped rub prev reading * / 40 value = get _alance_reading (> / * read the balance in gratas * / delta = fabs, pre? _value - valué) / 5.0; / * calculate absolute value of flow in last B seconds »/ prev valué -; I valued * / / * store current value for next loop deltas ídel a_table_index] 45 delta; / • store current delta valué in the table of deltas * / delta_table index ++, > in table • / ~ / * increment pointer to next poeition if ídelta_table_index »< - equil_sam? les > / «When the number of deltas * che number of * / delta_table_index» 0; / * ejuilibrium samples spesified, / * - - r, teae poipter to the start at the table. This way * / / - »the table always« oncains the last xx current; samples * / eauilibriura_? reached -. ? / * Set the flag to indicate equilibrium is reached * / 10 for (? * 0; < equil_saa > ples; i ++) / * check all the values for the delta table • / if (deltas íi] > «E <5uilibriu _constance> / * if any value is> to the constant equilibrium * / equilibriura_reached to 0; / * set the eijulibriupt flag to 0 tnoc 15 at equilibrium.« /.}. / * Ge back to the start of the loop * / Parameters of Capillary Absorption Description of Load (Confinement Pressure): load 0.2 PSI. Equilibrium Samples (n): 50. Balance Constant: 0.0005 g / second. Fixation Height Value: 100 cm Finishing Height Value: 0 cm Hydrostatic Head Parameters: 200, 180, 160, 140, 120, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 45, 35, 30, 25 , 20, 15, 10, 5 and 0 cm. The capillary absorption process is conducted using all the heights specified above, in the established order, for the measurement of capillary absorption absorbent capacity. Even if one wishes to determine the absorbing capacity of capillary absorption at a particular height (eg, 35 cm), all series of hydrostatic head parameters must be completed in the specified order. Although these heights are used in the operation of the capillary absorption test to generate capillary absorption isotherms for a test sample, the present disclosure illustrates the absorbent storage members in terms of their absorbent properties at specified heights of 200, 140, 100. , 50, 35 and 0 cm.

Capillary Absorption Procedure 1) Follow the experimental fixation procedure. 2) Make sure that the temperature bath 508 is turned on and the water is circulating through the glass frit 502 and that the temperature of the glass frit disk 560 is 31 ° C. 3) Place the glass frit 502 at a suction height of 200 cm. Open the plugs 509 and 510 to connect the glass frit 502 with the liquid reservoir 506. (The plug 510 closes the liquid reservoir 505). The glass frit 502 is balanced for 30 minutes. 4) Enter the previous capillary absorption parameters in the computer. 5) Close the plugs 509 and 510. 6) Move the glass frit 502 to the fixing height, 100 cm. 7) Place the Teflon® ring 562 on the surface of the frit disk 560. Place the O 564-shaped ring on the Teflon® ring. Place cylinder 566 preheated concentrically on the Teflon® ring. Place the test sample 570 concentrically in the cylinder 566 on the glass frit disk 560. Place the piston 568 in the cylinder 566. Place additional confining loads in the piston chamber 590, if required. 8) Cover the glass frit 502 with a film with openings. 9) Reading the balance or weighing at this point sets the reading to zero. 10) Move the glass frit 502 to 200 cm. 11) Open the plugs 509 and 510 (plug 510 closes the fluid reservoir 505) and start the equilibrium and time readings.

Glass Frit Correction (correct template consumption) Since the glass frit disk 560 is a porous structure, the capillary desorption absorbent consumption of glass frit 502 (correct template consumption) must be determined and subtracted to obtain the true absorbing consumption of capillary absorption of the test sample. The glass frit correction is carried out for each new glass frit used. Recover the capillary absorption procedure as described above, except with the test sample to obtain the template consumption (g). The elapsed time at each specified height is equal to the template time (s).

Evaporation Loss Correction 1) Move the glass frit 502 2 cm above zero and let it equilibrate at this height for 30 minutes with open plugs 509 and 510 (to close the tank 505). 2) Close the plugs 509 and 510. 3) Place the Teflon® ring 562 on the surface of the glass frit disk 560. Place the O 564-shaped ring on the Teflon® ring. Place the preheated cylinder 566 concentrically on the Teflon® ring. Place the piston 568 on the cylinder 566. Place the apertured film on the glass frit 502. 4) Open the plugs 509 and 510 (which close the tank 505) and record the equilibrium reading and time for 3.5 hours. Calculate the evaporation of the sample (g / hour) as follows: [equilibrium reading at 1 hour-equilibrium reading at 3.5 hours] /2.5 hours. Even after taking all previous precautions, some evaporative losses may occur, typically around 0.10 g / hour for both the test sample and for frit correction. Ideally, evaporation of the sample is measured for each freshly installed 502 glass frit.

Cleaning of the Equipment The new 502 Tygon® pipe was used when a 502 glass frit is newly installed. The glass tubing 504 and 511, the fluid reservoir 505 and the equilibrium liquid reservoir 506 are cleaned with 50% Bleach® Chlorine in distilled water, followed by rinsing with distilled water, if any microbial contamination is visible. to. Cleaning after each experiment At the end of each experiment (after the test sample has been removed), the glass frit is washed (that is, the test liquid is introduced into the bottom of the glass frit) with 250 ml of test liquid from the 505 liquid reservoir to remove the residual test sample from the pores of the glass frit disk. With the plugs 509 and 510 open towards the liquid reservoir 505 and closed towards the equilibrium liquid reservoir 506, the glass frit is removed from its holder, turned down and rinsed first with the test liquid, followed by rinsing with acetone and the test liquid (synthetic urine). During rinsing, the glass frit should be tilted down and the rinsing fluid placed on the test sample making contact with the glass frit disk surface. After rinsing, the glass frit is washed a second time with 250 ml of test liquid (synthetic urine). Finally, the glass frit is reinstalled in its support and the frit surface is leveled. b. Verification of the operation of the glass frit The operation of the glass frit must be verified after each cleaning procedure and for each glass frit recently installed, with the fixation of the glass frit to a position of 0 cm. 50 ml of test liquid was drained onto the surface of the flat glass frit disk (without the Teflon® ring, the O-ring and the cylinder / piston components). The time for the level of the test fluid to fall 5 mm above the surface of the glass frit disk is recorded. Periodic cleaning should be performed if this time exceeds 4.5 minutes. c. Periodic cleaning periodically (see verification of operation of frit, previous) the glass frits are thoroughly cleaned to avoid clogging. Rinsing fluids are distilled water, acetone, 50% Bleach® Chlorines in distilled water (to remove bacterial growth) and test liquid. Cleaning involves removing the glass frit from the support and disconnecting the entire pipe. The glass frit is washed (that is, the rinse liquid is introduced into the bottom of the glass frit) with the frit down with the appropriate fluids and quantities in the following order: 1. 250 ml of distilled water. 2. 100 ml of acetone. 3. 250 ml of distilled water. 4. 100 ml of 50:50 of Cloros® / distilled water solution. 5. 250 ml of distilled water. 6. 250 ml test fluid. The cleaning procedure is satisfactory when the operation of the glass frit is within the set criteria of the fluid flow (see above) and when no residue can be observed on the surface of the glass frit disk. If the cleaning can not be carried out successfully, the frit must be replaced.

Calculations The computer is set to provide a report consisting of capillary suction height in centimeters, time and consumption in grams at each specific height. From these data, the capillary suction absorber capacity, which is corrected for both the consumption of frits and the loss of evaporation, can be calculated. Also, based on the capillary suction absorbing capacity at 0 cm, the capillary absorption efficiency can be calculated at the specified heights. In addition, the initial effective consumption speed at 200 cm is calculated.

Correction of Template Template Correction Consumption (g) = Template Consumption (g) - Template Time (s) * Sample Evacuation (g / hr) 3600 (s) / hr) Absorbent Capillary Suction Capacity ("CSAC") Sample time (s) * Evap.de Sample (g / hr) CSAC (g / g) = Sample Consumption (g) - 3600s.hr - Correct Template Consumption (g) - Dry Weight of the Sample (g) Initial Effective Consumption Speed at 200 cm ("IEUR") IEUR (g / g / hr) = CSAC at 200 cm (g / g) Sample Time at 200 cm (s) Report A minimum of 2 measurements should be taken for each sample and the average consumption at each height to calculate the capillary absorption absorbent capacity (CSAC) for a given absorbent member or a given high surface area material. With these data, the respective values can be calculated: The capillary absorption desorption height at which the material has released x% percentage of its capacity at 0 cm (ie from CSAC 0), (CSDH x) expressed in cm; The absorbing height of capillary absorption to which the material has been absorbed and% of its capacity at 0 cm (ie, CSAC 0), (CSAH y) expressed in centimeters; The absorbing capacity of capillary absorption at a certain height z (CSAC z) expressed in units of g. { of fluid} / g. { of material}; especially at the height of zero (CSAC 0), and at heights of 35, 40 cm, etc .; The absorbing efficiency of capillary absorption has a certain height z (CSAE z) expressed in%, which is the ratio of the values for CSAC 0 and CSAC z. If two materials are combined (so that the first is used as acquisition / distribution material, and the second is used as a liquid storage material), the CSAC value (and therefore the respective CSAE value) of the second material can be determined for the x value of CSDH of the first material.

Tea Bag Centrifugal Capacity Test (CCBT test) Although the CCBT test has been developed specifically for superabsorbent materials, it can be easily applied to other absorbent materials. The Centrifugal Capacity test of the Tea Bag measures the values of the Centrifugal Capacity of the Tea Bag, which are a measure of the retention of liquids in the absorbent materials. The absorbent materials are placed inside a "tea bag", immersed in a solution at 0.9% by weight of sodium chloride for 20 minutes, and then centrifuged for 3 minutes. The ratio of the weight of the liquid retained to the initial weight of the dry material is the absorbent capacity of the absorbent material. Two liters of sodium chloride at 0.9% by weight in distilled water are poured into a tray having dimensions 24 cm X 30 cm X5 cm. The height that fills the liquid should be around 3 cm. The pouch of the tea bag has dimensions of 6.5 cm X 6.5 cm and is available from Teekanne in Dusseldorf, Germany. The pouch is heat sealable with a standard kitchen plastic bag sealing device (for example, VACUPACK2 PLUS from Krups, Germany). The tea bag is opened by carefully cutting it partially, and then weighing it. About 0.200 g of the sample of the absorbent material, weighed to the nearest +/- 0.005 g, is placed inside the tea bag. Then, the tea bag is closed with a heat sealer. This is called the sample tea bag. An empty tea bag is sealed and used as a white.

Then, the sample tea bag and the white tea bag are placed on the surface of the saline, and immersed for about five seconds using a spatula to allow complete wetting (the tea bags will float on the surface). of the saline solution but then they will be completely wet). The stopwatch is activated immediately. After the 20-minute soaking time the sample tea bag and the white tea bag are removed from the saline solution, and placed in a Baunknecht WS130, Bosch 772 NZK096 or equivalent centrifuge (230 mm diameter), so that each bag adheres to the outer wall of the centrifugal basket. The centrifuge lid closes, the centrifuge is activated, and the speed increases rapidly up to 1,400 rpm. Once the centrifuge stabilizes at 1,400 rpm, the timer is activated. After three minutes, the centrifuge stops. The sample tea bag and the white tea bag are removed and weighed separately. The Tea Bag Centrifugal Capacity (CCBT) for the sample of the absorbent material is calculated as follows: CCBT = ((weight of the tea bag after centrifuging) - (weight of white tea bag after centrifugation) - ( weight of dry absorbent material)) / (weight of dry absorbent material). Also, the specific parts of the structures or of the total absorbent articles, such as "sectional" cut, can be measured, for example to observe in parts of the structure or of the total article, whereby the cut is made through the full width of the article in determined points of the longitudinal axis of the article. In particular, the definition of "crotch region" as described above allows determining the "crotch region capacity". Other cuts can be used to determine a "base capacity" (for example the amount of capacity contained in a unit area of the specific region of the article.) Depending on the size of the area unit (preferably 2 cm by 2 cm) the definitions of how many average is taking place - naturally, the smaller average will occur, the smaller one.

Ultimate Storage Capacity In order to determine or evaluate the Ultimate Storage Design Capacity, a number of methods have been proposed.

In the context of the present invention, it is assumed, that the Ultimate Storage Capacity of an article is the sum of the ultimate absorbent capacities of the individual elements or material. For these individual components, several well-stabilized techniques can be applied as long as they are applied consistently throughout the comparison. For example, the Tea Bag Centrifugal Capacity as developed and well stabilized for superabsorbent polymers (PAS) can be used for such PAS materials, but also for others (see above). Once the capacities for the individual materials are known, the total capacity of the article can be calculated by multiplying these values (in ml / g) with the weight of the material used in the article. For materials that have a dedicated functionality other than the last storage of fluids - such as acquisition layers and the like - the final storage capacity can be neglected, whether such materials actually have very low capacity values compared to the materials of Last storage of dedicated fluids, or such materials are proposed not to be loaded with fluid, and then they must release their fluids to other materials of last storage.

Measurement of Density / caliber / basis weight A copy of a defined area such as by cutting a sample cutter is weighed to an accuracy of at least 0.1%. The gauge is measured under an applied pressure of 550 Pa for a test area of 50 mm in diameter. The basis weight can easily be calculated as the weight per unit area expressed in g / m2, the caliper expressed in mm @ a pressure of 550 Pa, and the density expressed in g / cm3.

Claims (36)

1. An absorbent article comprising a fluid distribution member having a capillary desorption absorption height at 50% of its capacity at 0 cm (CSAH 50), which also has a permeability at 100% saturation k (100), which further has a permeability at 50% saturation k (50), further comprising a first fluid storage member in liquid communication with said fluid distribution member, the first fluid storage member having a Capillary Absorption Absorption Height for 50% of its capacity at 0 cm (CSAH 50), characterized in that said fluid distribution member has a permeability at 50% of its saturation k (50) which is greater than about 14% of k (100), and because said first fluid storage member has a CSAH 50 which is higher than the CSAH 50 of the fluid distribution member.

2. Absorbing article in accordance with the claim 1, wherein the first fluid storage member has a CSAH 50 greater than about 15 cm.

3. Absorbing article in accordance with the claim 2, wherein the first fluid storage member has a CSAH 50 greater than about 23 cm.

4. Absorbing article in accordance with the claim 3, wherein the first fluid storage member has a CSAH 50 greater than about 27 cm.

5. Absorbent article in accordance with the claim 4, wherein the first fluid storage member has a CSAH 50 greater than about 30 cm.

6. Absorbing article in accordance with the claim 5, wherein the first fluid storage member has a CSAH 50 greater than about 47 cm. The absorbent article according to claim 1, wherein the fluid distribution member has a value of k (50) greater than about 18% of k (100). 8. Absorbing article in accordance with the claim 7, wherein the fluid distribution member has a value of k (50) greater than about 25% of k (100). 9. Absorbing article in accordance with the claim 8, wherein the fluid distribution member has a value of k (50) greater than about 35% of k (100). Absorbent article according to claim 1, wherein the fluid distribution member has a 30% permeability of its saturation k (30) greater than about 3% of k (100). 11. Absorbent article according to claim 10, wherein the fluid distribution member has a value of k (30) that is greater than about 5% of k (100). 12. Absorbent article according to claim 1, wherein the fluid distribution member has a CSDH value of less than about 150 cm. 13. Absorbent article according to claim 12, wherein the fluid distribution member has a CSDH value of less than about 100 cm. 14. Absorbing article in accordance with the claim 13, wherein the fluid distribution member has a CSDH value of less than about 75 cm. 15. Absorbing article in accordance with the claim 14, wherein the fluid distribution member has a CSDH value of less than about 50 cm. 16. Absorbent article according to any of claims 1 to 15, wherein the fluid distribution member comprises an open cell foam. 1

7. Absorbent article according to claim 16, wherein the fluid distribution member expands upon wetting. 1

8. An absorbent article according to claim 16, wherein the fluid distribution member is crushed again when the liquid is lost. An absorbent article according to any of claims 1 to 18, further characterized in that said first fluid storage member comprises a hydrophilic polymer foam structure., flexible, interconnected open cells. An absorbent article according to claim 19, further characterized in that the first fluid storage member expands upon wetting. 21. An absorbent article according to claim 20, by means of which the first fluid storage member collapses once the liquid is lost. 22. The fluid handling member according to claim 21, wherein the flexible, hydrophilic polymeric foam has a capillary collapse pressure as defined herein of at least about 15 cm. 23. An absorbent article according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising a second liquid storage region, by means of which both liquid storage regions are in fluid communication with the fluid distribution member. An absorbent article according to claim 23, wherein at least one of the liquid storage regions comprises material exhibiting a Capillary Absorption Absorption Height at 50% of its maximum capacity (CSAH 50) of at least approximately 40 cm. 25. An absorbent article according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising a crotch region and one or more waist regions, by means of which said crotch region has a lower final fluid storage capacity than said one or more. of the waist regions together. 26. An absorbent article according to claim 25, wherein the crotch region has a final fluid base storage capacity of less than 0.9 times the average fluid base storage capacity of the absorbent core. 27. An absorbent article according to claim 26 wherein the crotch region has a final fluid base storage capacity less than 0.5 times the average fluid base storage capacity of the absorbent core. 28. An absorbent article according to claim 27, wherein the crotch region has a final fluid base storage capacity of less than 0.3 times the average fluid base storage capacity of the absorbent core. 2

9. An absorbent article according to claim 25, wherein the crotch region has a final fluid storage sectional capacity less than 49% of the total storage capacity of the final core fluid. 30. An absorbent article according to claim 29, wherein the crotch region has a final fluid storage sectional capacity less than 41% of the total final fluid storage capacity of the core. 31. An absorbent article according to claim 30, wherein the crotch region has a final fluid storage sectional capacity less than 23% of the total final fluid storage capacity of the core. 32. An absorbent article according to any claim 25 to 31, further characterized in that at least 50% of the area of the crotch region does not essentially contain the final storage capacity. 33. An absorbent article according to any claim 25 to 32, further characterized in that less than 50% of the final storage capacity is placed forward of the crotch area in the front half of the article, and more than 50% of the Final storage capacity is placed in the back half of the article. 34. An absorbent article according to claim 33, wherein less than 33% of the final storage capacity is placed forward of the crotch area in the front half of the article, and more than 67% of the storage capacity end is placed in the back half of the article. 35. An absorbent article according to any of the preceding claims, further characterized in that it comprises a final liquid storage material that provides at least 80% of the total final storage capacity of the absorbent core. 36. An absorbent article according to claim 32, further characterized in that it comprises a final liquid storage material that provides at least 90% of the total final storage capacity of the absorbent core.