MXPA97006436A - Encristalado with optical and / or energetic properties variab - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a glazing with active system (14, 16), with variable optical and / or energy properties, mainly of the system type with light transmission / absorption (4), of the system type with variable light diffusion (16) , or photochrome. This also includes at least one means of thermal protection against the active system and / or adjustment of the optical aspect conferred by said system to the glazing, medium in the form of at least one coating (6; 17) with reflection properties in the infrared and / or in the ultraviolet and / or in the

Description

ENCRISTALADO WITH OPTICAL AND / OR VARIABLE ENERGY PROPERTIES The present invention relates to glazing GO? variable optical / energy properties. This relates more particularly to encristalados where certain characteristics can be modified, for example under the effect of an electrical power, for example the light diffusion or the transmission in certain wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, mainly in the infrared and / or in the visible, or under the effect of a particular radiation. - There is in fact an increasingly growing demand for glazing called "smart", ie encristalados where you can modulate the properties at will, mainly in order to take into account the different evolutionary parameters. In this way, it can advantageously be verified that the solar contribution can be controlled through the glazing mounted on the outside in buildings or vehicles of the automotive type or trains in order to avoid excessive heating of the parts or cabins in the case of severe sunstroke. Likewise, it may be useful to control the degree of vision through the glazing, for example in the case of glazing used as internal separations between two floors, in a building, or between two compartments, in a locomotion means of the type train or plane. Many of these applications also exist for such encristalados; for example, vehicle rear-view mirrors, which when darkened in case of need, can avoid glare from the driver, or road or urban signaling panels, do not cause messages or drawings to appear except by intermittency in order to call better attention.

The interest that such encristalados can arouse justifies by far the systems that have already been studied.

Thus, the known systems that allow to modulate the transmission to the luminous absorption of the encristalados, are mainly the systems called viologens, such as those described in the North American patent US-5 239 406 or in the European patent EP-A-0 612 826 These allow obtaining a variable absorption essentially in the visible domain.

With the same objective, there are also systems called electrochromes where the principle of operation is briefly described: these, in a known manner, include a layer of an electrochromic material capable of reversibly and simultaneously inserting cations and electrons, and where the oxidation state corresponding to inserted and uninserted states, are of different approval, one of the states having a higher light transmission than the other. The insertion or disinsertion reaction is commanded by an adequate electrical supply, with the help of a current generator or a voltage generator. The electrochrome material, usually based on tungsten oxide, must thus be contacted with an electron source such as a transparent electroconductive layer, and with a source of cations such as an ion-conducting electrolyte. On the other hand, it is known that to ensure at least one hundred communications, the electrochromic material layer must be associated with an opposite electrode, capable of reversibly inserting the cations, symmetrically with respect to the layer of electrochromic material, so that, macroscopically, the electrolyte appears as a simple means of cations.

The counter electrode must be formed either of a neutral layer in coloration, or of a less transparent or less colored one when the electrochromic layer is in the bleached state. Tungsten oxide is a cathodic electrochromic material, ie its colored state corresponds to the smallest state, an electrode anodic material such as nickel oxide or iridium oxide, is generally used for the opposite electrode. It has also been proposed to use an optically neutral material in the oxidation states in question, for example cerium oxide or organic materials such as electronic conductive polymers (polyaniline ...) or Prussian blue.

The description of such systems is found, for example, in European patents EP-0 338 876, EP-0 408 427, EP-0 575 207 and EP-0 628 849.

Currently, these systems can be classified into two categories, according to the type of electrolyte they use: • either the electrolyte is in the form of a polymer or a gel, for example a protonic conducting polymer such as those described in European patents EP-0 253 713 and EP-0 670 346, or a polymer for conducting lithium ions, such as those described in European patents EP-0 382 623, EP-0 518 754 or EP-0 532 408, • or else the electrolyte is a mineral layer, ionic conductive but electrically insulating, we are talking about "all solid" electrochromic systems. For the description of an "all solid" electrochromic system, it will be possible to refer to the French patent application filed on March 27, 1996 under the deposit number FR-96/03799. These systems with reversible insert material or materials, are particularly interesting in the sense that they allow to modulate the absorption in a domain of wavelengths larger than the viologenic systems; these can absorb in a variable way not only in the visible, but also, mainly, in the infrared, which can give them an effective optical and / or thermal role. 'Viologenic systems or electrochromes or electrochromes deposited or associated with transparent substrates, constitute glazing where the absorption of light transmission (as well as energy transmission) can vary in given areas, areas determined mainly by the choice of electrochromic materials used and / or by the choice of its thickness.

Another type of "smart" glazing is constituted by what is designated under the term of optical valve: it is a film comprising a polymer matrix in general crosslinked, in which are scattered icrogotites containing particles that have the property of placed according to a privileged direction under the action of an electric, magnetic field.

Depending mainly on a potential applied to the terminals or boundaries of the conductive layers placed on one side and on the other of the film, and on the concentration and nature of the orientable particles, the film exhibits variable optical properties.

Thus, patent O-93/09460 is known an optical valve based on a film comprising a crosslinkable polyorganosilane matrix and orientable mineral and organic particles, more particularly light absorbing particles, such as polyiodide particles. When the film is put under tension, the particles intercept much less light than when they are out of tension.

A glazing where the principle of operation is similar, is also known under the term encristalado with liquid crystals. This is based on the use of a film placed between two conductive layers and based on a polymeric material in which are dispersed droplets of liquid crystals, mainly neat with positive dielectric anisotropy. The liquid crystals, when the film is put under tension, are oriented according to a privileged axis, in what authorizes the vision. Out of tension, in the absence of alignment of the crystals, the film becomes diffuse and prevents vision.

Examples of such films are described mainly in European Patents EP-0 238 164, and North American US-4 435 047, US-4 806 922, US-4 732 456. This type of film, once converted into a sheet and incorporated between two glass substrates, is marketed by the company SAINT GOBAIN VITRAGE under the commercial name "Priva-lite". All liquid crystal devices known under the terms "NCAP", Nematic Curvilinearly Aligned Phases, or "PDLC" (Disperse Polymer Liquid Crystal) can be used (Polymer Dispersed). Liquid Crystal (for its meaning in English)). It is also possible to use, for example, gels based on cholesteric liquid crystals containing a small amount of cross-linked polymer, such as those described in the patent O-92/19695.

There are also encristalados called photochromes, where the property of absorption is visible and eventually at least a part of the infrared, is modulable under the effect of energy radiation, generally located in the ultraviolet. There are mainly two families: the first one uses as active elements the silver salts, mainly the silver halides, for example a glass matrix, halides that through absorption in the ultraviolet are reversibly put in the form of metal aggregates. The second family uses active elements the organic dyes generally dispersed in a polymer matrix, mainly the compounds derived from spiroxazines and spiropyrans. By absorption in the ultraviolet, these compounds are reversibly isomerized. All of these encristalados, however, present limits that are intrinsic to them, limits that mainly concern on the one hand their thermal resistance and, on the other hand, their optical appearance. In effect, these glazes include a plurality of electrical and / or electrochemically active components, where the durability may depend on the temperature at which they are subjected. In the particular case of glazing with variable light transmission, such as electrochromic glazing, when they are in the colorful state, they are strongly absorbing on the energy plane. Or when they are used as exterior glazing, and even more so if they are mounted inclined in relation to the vertical (which is the case of glazing for cars, such as car roofs or glazing roofs of buildings), they can, in the colorful state, if these are submitted long enough time to a strong insolation, heat up to high temperatures reaching 80 ° C. Or, such temperatures can cause a shortening of the glazing duration of the encristalados by irreversible progressive degradation of one or other of its electrochemical components. The same type of problem can also be presented for glazing with variable light diffusion, such as glazing with liquid crystals, firstly because beyond a certain temperature called clarification point, the polymer compound-liquid crystals, put in a diffused state, can spontaneously return to the transparent state. Next, if a dichroic dye has been added to the compound in order to be able to jointly modulate the diffusion of the light transmission of the glazing, this type of dye exhibits a certain instability in the face of ultraviolet radiation, instability that increases with temperature.

The photochromic encristalados have also a disadvantage linked to their heating. In effect, the two families of photochromic encristalados mentioned above are stained under the effect of ultraviolet radiation, "unstable" state, the return to the "stable" state, of coloration that is obtained by a process that is thermally active. Under the effect of ultraviolet radiation, these encristalados are colored, becoming absorbent, and then heated. In the case of heavy insolation, the heating becomes excessive and tends to make the encristalados return to their stable, discolored state: the contrast "accessible" decreases. On the other hand, the optical appearance of these encristalados may not be fully satisfactory according to the applications considered. In this way, when an entire building façade is equipped with electrochromic glazing, it can be estimated that they offer a somewhat somber appearance when they are all in the colorful state. It will also be interesting to be able to better adjust the reflection aspect of an electrochrome glazing that equips a trolley according to the • color of the exterior body. Similarly, encristaladas with liquid crystals offer, in a diffused state, a milky white appearance, (in the absence of colorant) identical whatever the side where the observer is located. Or, it may prove advantageous to arrive at suppressing this aspect symmetry for aesthetic reasons.

The object of the invention is therefore to overcome these drawbacks, by proposing novel glazing with variable optical and / or energetic properties, mainly electrocomandables or photochromes, which have a greater thermal durability and / or where the optical aspect can be further modulated.

The invention aims at a glazing that includes at least one active system with variable optical and / or energy properties, mainly electrocomandables of the type of variable light transmission or absorption system or of the system type with variable light diffusion, or of the photochrome type. This glazing also includes at least one means of thermal protection against the electrocomandable system and / or adjustment of the optical appearance, conferred by the electrocomandable system to the glazing. This medium is advantageously presented in the form of at least one coating with reflective properties in the infrared and / or in the visible and / or in the ultraviolet. According to its configuration in glazing, this reflective coating can in fact assume two functions alternatively or cumulatively. When the coating is placed in the glazing so that, once the glazing is mounted, it is between a heat source and the active system (electrochemical), plays the role of thermal screen, reflecting all or part of the emitted energy by the heat source. This prevents excessive heating of the active system of the electrochemical type. The most interesting application concerns glazing mounted outdoors, equipping buildings or vehicles, and intended to be exposed to prolonged periods of insolation. This is directed more particularly at the electrochromic encristalados that, in the colorful state and in absence thermal "filter", can be heated strongly by energy absorption, ominous heating for the duration of life of encristalado, and even by the security problems, the temperature of the glazing surface can, without a thermal filter, reach 80 ° C.

This also considers active glazing of the photochrome type, which, as described above, tends to lose its properties in the case of excessive heating.

Two good selling consequences arise: Or on the one hand, the invention allows the life span of the "smart" glazing units that are already intended for outdoor applications to be extended. This is commercially and technically very interesting, also in the domain of buildings where buildings must guarantee lifespans of the materials used for at least 5 or 10 years, as well as the control of automobiles where strict safety regulations prevail, in Optical quality terms, mainly, Or on the other hand, the invention allows the "smart" glazing used up to now to be considered for outdoor applications, essentially indoors for reasons of very low thermal durability, and / or instability with respect to certain radiations, which is for example the case of certain encristalados with liquid crystals that use dichroic dyes that are relatively unstable against ultraviolet radiation.

It is also possible to give the reflective coating according to the invention a very advantageous optical role, selecting it so that it modulates the optical appearance and thus the spherical of the glazing. One can think, in a non-limiting manner, in two very advantageous types of "optical modulation".

For glazing with variable light transmission / absorption of the electrochromic type, it has been previously observed that the type of electrochemical system chosen will allow fixing the terminals or limits between which the transmission or luminous absorption of the glazing may have varied. In the same way it is of the choice the appearance in the colorimetry of the encristalado. Thus, the choice of an electrochromic system that uses tungsten oxide as cathodic electrode material will lead to a glazing where the color will be in blue tones.

The combination to a system of this type a coating that reflects where precisely the optical properties can be adjusted, mainly by the choice of its composition and its thickness, allows to adapt the optical aspect of the glazing in different ways: by appropriately selecting the Reflective coating, the lighting transmission area of the glazing can be controlled in a controlled manner, without mainly reducing its contrast (the contrast which is defined as the ratio of the light transmission in the completely colorless state and the completely colored state). In addition, the reflective coating can have a colorimetric impact on the glazing, modifying the color of the glazing on one or the other of its faces. These observations also apply to active glazing of the photochrome type: the reflective coating limits its heating as it retains its properties, and can also modulate its optical properties. On the other hand, the reflective coating can also be very interesting on the aesthetic level when it is incorporated in a glazing for variable light diffusion of the type with liquid crystals.

With this type of encristalado, it has in general, an absolutely "symmetrical" aspect whatever the side where the observer is, aspect transparent to the non-diffuse state and aspect often in the milky targets in the diffuse state, which is the case of the encristalados currently marketed under the name of "Priva-lite" by SAINT GOBAIN VITRAGE. Or, for particular applications, it is now desired to have an optical and different aspect according to the side where the observer is located. The reflective coating according to the invention makes it possible to achieve this result, since a glazing provided with both the variable light diffusion system and the reflective coating has, mainly in the diffused state, a face that will preserve the diffuse appearance, white and milky, evoked above, but also an opposite face that, will have a reflective aspect modulable in color or intensity thanks to this coating. This type of glazing made optically "dissymmetric" advantageously finds application, for example, as glazing for automobiles such as on the roof of a car; from outside, the observer observes a particularly aesthetic reflecting glazing, while the diffused effect sought is maintained from the side of the interior of the cabin. Another role can be conferred to the reflective coating: choosing its nature and its thickness in an appropriate way, it can be used as an electroconductive layer of the electrocomandable system. Numerous reflective coatings can advantageously be used in the context of the invention. These may be of a single layer or consist of a stack of at least two layers. In general, it is a reflective layer associated with at least one layer of dielectric material designed to protect it from chemical or mechanical aggressions and / or to adjust its optical properties. A coating is usually used in the form of at least one reflective layer placed between two layers (or layer overlays) of dielectric material of the metal or silicon oxide or nitride type. The reflecting layer can be chosen based on at least one of the metals belonging to the following group: Ag silver, Au gold, Cu copper, Al aluminum, Cr chromium, Ni nickel, Fe iron, Ta tantalium, Zr zirconium, Zn zinc. , tin Sn, Indian In, rhodium Rh, cadmium Cd or even silicon Si (these metals or metal alloys can also be nitrated).

It may also be a reflective layer based on at least one metallic nitride such as titanium nitride TiN, zirconium nitride ZrN, hafnium nitride HfN, etc. Reflective layers that meet this definition and are particularly preferred within the scope of the invention, are the silver-based layers, mainly incorporated in a stack of the following types: dielectric / silver / dielectric or dielectric / silver / dielectric / silver / dielectric, possibly between the silver layer and at least one of the adjacent dielectric layers of layers fine based on partially or totally oxidized metal intended to play the role of nucleation layers and / or barrier layers mainly against oxidation. For further details, reference will be made advantageously, mainly to the patents EP-506 507, EP-611 213, EP-636 587, EP-638 528, EP-645, 352, EP-678 484, EP-709 349, EP -718 250. Another glazing of preferred reflective layer according to the invention that meets this definition is a layer based on Ni-Cr alloy or based on Ni-Cr-Fe alloy of the steel type, optionally nitrided alloys, or based on tantalum. This layer is placed between two layers of oxide or nitride of type Ta20. , SnO_, TiO;, TiN, as described mainly in the European patent EP-511 901. It can also be a layer based on TiN, associated with at least one oxide layer of the TiO type; or SiC \ Cy, as described mainly in the European patents EP-638 52 / and EP-650 938. There is also a description of silicon-based reflective layer associated with a second oxide layer in the French patent FR-2 391 173. As another type of reflective layer, it also includes the layers based on oxide or metal oxides, possibly contaminated, mainly based on titanium oxide, and the coating of encristalets marketed under the name "Antelio" by Saint Gobain Vitrage, or based on tin oxide doped with fluorine SnO? : F or of indium oxide doped with tin ITO. For further details reference may be made, in particular to the French patent FR-2 310 977 for the description of the method for obtaining a titanium oxide layer, or to the European patents EP-544 577, EP-5/3 325, EP -648 196 corresponding to PCT application WO 94-25 410 for the description of stacks of layers incorporating a SnO: F layer. It can also be noted that if a reflecting layer based on titanium oxide is chosen that is at least partially crystallized in the form of anatase or anatase / rutile, this type of layer also has both photocatalytic and hydrophilic properties that confer it anti-fog or anti-fog and / or anti-fouling properties, particularly interesting if it is deposited on one of the external faces of the glazing. Advantageously reference may be made to the French patent FR 95/10 839 filed on September 15, 1995 for more details. In fact, once the choice of reflective layer material has been made, it is immediately necessary to optimize the thickness depending on the required effect, mainly depending on the degree of "filtration" of the solar radiation that is required or on the modification of the appearance optical that is wanted. The invention is applied to different types of active glazing, of the electrochemical type or of the photochrome type. It can be treated, as it has been observed, of encristalados with variable transmission / absorption luminous, mainly with viológeno system or electrochrome, mainly of the type of those described in the European patents previously mentioned EP-0 338 876, EP-0 408 427, EP -0 575 302, EP-0 628 849. This is preferably in the form of a stack of functional layers comprising successively a preferably transparent electroconductive layer, an electrochromic layer called cathodic, capable of reversibly inserting cations such as H +, Li +, Na +, Ag +, an electrolyte layer, possibly a counter electrode or counter electrode, in the form of a second electrochromic layer called anodic, equally capable of reversibly inserting cations, and finally a second electroconductive layer. Regarding the nature of the electroconductive layers of the device, there are two possible variants: it may have resorted to materials based on doped metal oxide such as tin oxide doped with fluorine, Sn02: F or the impurified indium oxide with tin ITO. It is also possible to use metal or metal alloy layers, for example from Au gold, Ag silver or Al aluminum. The device generally has two electroconductive layers, these being either the two metallic layers or both. based on doped oxide, or one based on metal and the other based on doped oxide. To form the cathodic electrochromium material layer, it is possible to choose a material or a mixture of materials chosen from the group comprising tungsten oxide W03, molybdenum oxide Mo0, vanadium oxide V20b, niobium oxide Nb205, titanium oxide Ti02, a "cermet" material (association of metallic material and ceramics, mainly in the form of metal particles in a ceramic matrix) such as W03 / Au or WOj / Ag, a mixture of tungsten oxide and rhenium W03 / Re03. These materials are mainly suitable in case of reversible insertion of lithium ions. In the case where the device works by reversible insertion of protons, the same materials can be used, but this time hydrated. To form the anodic electrochromium material layer, a material can be chosen that responds to the formula MxAyUz / with M which is a transition metal, A the ion used for the reversible insertion, for example an alkaline or a proton, and U a Calcogen such as oxygen or sulfur. It can be treated, especially in the case of an insertion of the H + protons, of a compound or a mixture of compounds belonging to the group comprising LiNiO,. IrO, Hv, IrO, H? N =, NiO, NiO HVN-, RhO., CoOv, MnO,. In the case of a reversible insertion of lithium Li + ions, a compound or a mixture of compounds belonging to the group comprising LiNiO, LiMn_04, IrO, Li? IrOy, NiO, CeOv TiO., CeO ^ - will be chosen first. TiO ,, RhOv CoOv, CrO MnO ,. As far as the choice of electrolyte material is concerned, there are in fact two types, such as the one described above. It can be a layer of aqueous liquid, such as water added with sulfuric or phosphoric acid in the case of a reversible insertion of protons, of an anhydrous liquid layer such as propylene carbonate containing a lithium salt, in the case of a reversible insertion of lithium ions. It can also be a layer of gel or polymer, mainly of protonic conductive polymers of the solid solution type polyoxyethylene and phosphoric acid POE-HIP04 (in this case, the polymer also constitutes an electronic insulator) or even based on a polymer obtained by copolymerization of three precursors comprising two types of grafted trialkoxysilanes and a plasticizer having at least one urea group. In 2.

The conductive polymer quality of the lithium ions can be chosen as an ionomer obtained by partial neutralization of the polyacrylic acid, or a polymer based on branched polyethylene imine and a lithium salt. For more details on the nature and synthesis of such polymeric products, reference may be made advantageously to the patents cited in the preamble of the present application. But it can also be an electrolyte in the form of a solid material, mainly based on metal oxide. According to a variant of the invention, the system is chosen such that it contains only layers of solid material. In the context of the invention, "solid material" is understood to mean any material having the mechanical strength of a solid, in particular any essentially mineral or organic material or any hybrid material, ie partially mineral and partially organic, such as materials that can be obtained by sol-gel deposition from organomineral precursors. There is then a configuration of the system called "all solid" which presents an advantage in terms of ease of manufacture. In fact, when the system contains an electrolyte in the form of a polymer that does not have the mechanical strength of a solid, for example, this constrains the manufacturing of two parallel "half cells", each consisting of a carrier substrate coated with a first electroconductive layer and after a second electrochemically active layer, these two semi-cells being immediately inserted by inserting the electrolyte therebetween. With a configuration "all solid", the manufacture is simplified, since the set of layers of the system can be deposited, one after the other, on a single carrier substrate. The mounting of the electrochromic system / carrier substrate is thus lightened, since it can then contain a single carrier substrate instead of two, usually. In addition, whether the electrolyte is "solid" or not, it can comprise a layer of an ionic conductive material capable of reversibly inserting the ions, but whose degree of oxidation is maintained essentially constant. It can be mainly a material with electrochromic properties, as described in the aforementioned patent FR-96/03799. The variable light transmission / absorption system of the element according to the invention can therefore be placed either between two rigid substrates, or on a single rigid substrate, more particularly in the case of a "solid" system. The rigid carrier substrates are preferably glass, acrylic polymer, polycarbonate or certain polyurethanes. Whichever configuration is adopted, it can also be foreseen to laminate the carrier substrate or at least one of the carrier substrates of the electrochrome system, by means of a mounting polymer sheet of the PVB (polyvinylbutyral) type, EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate). , PU (polyurethane). At least one of the carrier substrates can also be associated with another rigid substrate by means of a gas interleaved sheet. The glazing then becomes a multiple encristalado with reinforced thermal insulation properties, mainly a double encristalado. This laminated structure or sheet can be mounted in double insulating glazing, for example with the sequence glass 1 / reflective coating / mounting polymer sheet / glass 2 / electrochrome system / glass 3 / interleaved gas sheet / glass 4. (This multiple glazing configuration can also be adopted when the electrocomandable system is of the liquid crystal type). Preferably, the reflective coating is placed on the face of one of the carrier substrates opposite to that facing towards the side of the active system (electrochrome) or on one of the faces of one of the other constituent substrates of the glazing. It is thus possible to have a glazing that has the sequence: glass 1 / reflective coating / mounting polymer sheet / glass 2 / electrochrome / glass system 3. This reflective coating can alternatively be on the face of the glass 2 turned towards the sheet polymer assembly, or on the outer face of the glass 1, if it has a sufficient mechanical and chemical durability. This sheet structure can be mounted in double insulating glazing, with for example, the sequence glass 1 / reflective coating / assembly polymer sheet / glass 2 / electrochrome system / glass 3 / interlayer gas sheet / glass 4. Glazing according to the invention it can also be chosen for variable light diffusion, mainly by incorporating so-called optical valve or liquid crystal systems that have been previously described. In the case of systems with liquid crystals, the nature of the polymer matrix and the crystals is chosen judiciously, so that the ordinary index of liquid crystals n0 is equal to the polymer index np. In the case of optical valves or liquid crystal systems, the systems are presented in the form of a polymer-based composite film. In order to ensure its electrical power supply, it is usually placed between two electroconductive layers, mainly transparent and of the type used for the electrochromic systems described above. It should also be noted that the droplets of liquid crystals of the polymeric compound with liquid crystals can also contain a dye or a mixture of dyes, mainly in the form of dichroic dyes which are dyes having an anisotropy of absorption that can be swiveled by the dyes. liquid crystals. In addition, the film with its two conductive layers is usually provided on at least one of its faces, and preferably between each of them, of a carrier substrate. This is generally transparent. This can be chosen as rigid or semi-rigid, for example made of glass, of acrylic polymer of the polymethyl methacrylate type PMMA or a polycarbonate PC. This can also be flexible, mainly PET polyethylene terephthalate or based on certain flexible polycarbonates. It can also have a structure of the type PET / ITO / polymer composite-liquid crystals / ITO / PET, which is presented in the form of a flexible sheet easily manipulated. This assembly (composite + electroconductive layers + at least one carrier substrate) can then be placed on sheets at least on a transparent rigid substrate of the glass type with the help of at least one layer of organic polymer assembly of the polyvinylbutyral PVB type, ethylene vinyl acetate EVA, or certain PU polyurethanes. According to a preferred configuration of this type of glazing for variable light diffusion, the reflective coating according to the invention is placed on the face of one of the carrier substrates turned towards the side of the system with liquid crystals. But this can also be placed on the opposite face, or on one of the faces of one of the other constituent substrates of the glazing. The glazing may also present the sequence: glass (1) / reflective coating / mounting polymer sheet / flexible polymer sheet / liquid crystal system / flexible polymer sheet / mounting polymer sheet / glass (2). As in the case of electrochromic glazing, the reflective coating can alternatively be located mainly on the outer face of the glass 1. As regards an electrocomposable system of the electrochrome type or of the liquid crystal type, a double configuration can be chosen glazing such as the substrates or carriers of the electrocomposable system that is or are either separated from the substrate provided with the reflective coating according to the invention, by a sheet of intercalated gas. Then there is a glazing of the type: glass 1 / reflective coating / gas interlayer sheet / electrocomandable system associated with at least one glass 2. Whatever the type of electrocomandable glazing considered, it may be required to confer an additional property of diminishing its luminous and / or energetic transmission, with a view to proposing a glazing that has reinforced antisun properties or even improved visual comfort, an anti-glare effect or a given colorimetric appearance. In this case, at least one of the substrates of the glazing can be chosen as absorbent on the luminous and / or energetic plane, mainly in the form of a substrate stained mass in a more or less pronounced manner. If the reflective coating is used as protection of the electrocomposable system against solar radiation, it is even more preferable to configure the glazing so that the mass-stained substrate is separated from the substrate in contact with the reflective coating, by at least the system electrocomandable, for example with a sequence of the type: clear glass 1 / reflective coating / ... / electrocomandable system of the type with liquid crystals / ... / stained glass 3, the ellipses represent at least one material of the rigid substrate type , mounting polymer sheet or gas interlayer sheet. When mounting glazing in a building or in a vehicle so that this is clear glass that is turned towards the outside, the electrocomandable system is prevented from coming into contact with a heat absorbing glass: 3 When the electrocomandable system is for variable absorption , as is the case with an electrochrome system, this is in fact susceptible to being heated by strong insolation by means of a phenomenon of energy absorption, when this is in the colorful state, from which the interest of the reflective coating according to the invention emerges, (The same observation applies to photochromes) O When the electrocomandable system is of the liquid crystal type or when it is a variable absorption system of the electrochromic type that is in the colorless state, it is better to avoid it find in contact with a stained glass, subjected directly to insolation, to prevent it from getting hot with this e contact, even if it is not by itself absorbing. The encristalados dyed in mass, mainly adapted for buildings, are for example marketed under the denomination "Parsol" by the company SAINT-GOBAIN VITRAGE. Other types of glass for reduced energy transmission are equally interesting in the context of the present invention. These are mainly bronze-colored glasses, as described in U.S. Patent Nos. US-4,190,542 and US-4, 101, 705, or of glasses whose composition has first been adjusted with a view to automotive glazing application. It is for example glass called TSA 'or TSA ++, where the proportions in dye oxides of type Fe20J, FeO and CoO are adjusted in order to avoid a selectivity defined by the ratio TL / TL <; of at least 1.30, or even from 1.40 to 1.50, and a greenish hue. Advantageously reference will be made for more details to the European patent application EP A-0,616,883. The proportions of coloring oxides mentioned above will be briefly mentioned below in the glass compositions according to the teaching of this patent (proportions by weight). According to a first series: Fe203 0.55 to 0.62% FeO 0.11 to 0.16% CoO 0 to 12 ppm, mainly less than 12 ppm mainly with the Fe VFe ratio of the order of 0.19 to 0.25.

According to a second series: Fe20, 0.75 to 0.90% FeO 0.15 to 0.22% CoO 0 to 17 ppm, mainly less than 10 ppm, mainly with the Fe'VFe ratio of the order of 0.20. It is also possible to treat mass-stained glasses, mainly in the blue-green shades such as those described in the European patent application EP-A-0, 644, 164, where the composition is described below: Si02 64 to 75% A1203. 0 to 5% B203 0 to 5% CaO 2 to 15% MgO 0 to 5% Na20 9 to 18% K20 0 to 5% Fe203 0.75 to 1.4% (total iron expressed in this form) FeO 0.25 to 0.32% S03 0.10 a 0.35% It can also be glass such as those described in the PCT application deposited under number PCT / FR95 / 00828 on June 22, 1995 corresponding to the French application FR-A-2,721,599, where the composition, always in percentage by weight , is described below: Si02 69 to 75% B203 0 to 5% CaO 2 to 10% MgO 0 to 2% Na20 9 to 17% K20 0 to 8% Fe203 (total iron) 0.2 to 4% Se, CoO, Cr203 , NiO, CuO 0 to 0.45% The proportion of coloring agents other than iron is at least equal to 0.0002%, when the proportion in Fe20; it is equal to or less than 1.5%, this composition being susceptible to also contain fluorine, zinc, zirconium, cerium, titanium oxides and less than 4% barium oxide, the sum of the percentages of the alkaline earth oxides remains the same or less than 10%. Always according to the teaching of this patent, it is preferred that coloring agents other than iron be introduced into the composition of the glasses, alone or in combination, according to the weight proportions which, preferably, fall below the limits following: It < 0.008% CoO < 0.04% Cr203 < 0.1% NiO < 0.07% CuO < 0.3% It can also be glasses such as those described in the application PCT / FR96 / 00394 deposited on March 14, 1996 and corresponding to the French patent application filed on March 18, 1995 under number 95/03858, glasses which comprise, expressed in percentages by weight, from 0.85 to 2% of total iron expressed in the form of Fe? Oi, the weight proportion of FeO being between 0.21 and 0.40%. According to this patent, the compositions are, according to a first series, the following: Si02 64 to 75% A1203 0 to 5% B203 0 to 5% CaO 2 to 15% MgO 0 to 5% Na20 9 to 18% K20 0 to 5% Fe0, (total iron expressed under this form) 0.85 to 2% FeO 0.21 to 0.40% CoO, Cr203, Se, Thio2, MnO, Nio, Cuo 0 to 0.04% S03 0.08 to 0.35% and according to a second series, the following: SiO ^ 68 to 75% A120, 0 to 3% B203 0 to 5% CaO 2 to 10% MgO 0 to 2% Na20 9 to 18% K20 0 to 8% Fe203 (total iron expressed under this form) 0.95 to 2% CoO, Cr20_ ,, Se, Tio2, MnO, Nio, Cuo 0 to 0.04% FeO 0.29 to 0.40% SO. 0.08 to 0.35% It is also possible to treat a dyed glass according to the teaching of patent EP-0,452,207, where the composition is in general the following, in weight proportions: Si02: 64 to 75% A120. 0 to 5% B203 0 to 5% CaO 5 to 15% MgO 0 to 5% Na20 10a 18% K20 0 to 5% the sum of the alkaline earth oxides is between 6 and 16%, and that of the alkaline oxides in 10% and 20%, and comprises, as coloring agents: Fe20} (total iron) 1.4 to 4% CoO 0 to 0.05% with CoO greater than approximately 0.02% when Fe203 less than approximately 2%, as well as eventually selenium and chromium oxide, the sum CoO + Se + Cr203 can reach 0.24% , this glass has an overall luminous transmission factor under illuminator A (TLs) equal to or less than about 20% and an overall energy transmission factor (TE) less than or equal to approximately 12% for a thickness of 3.85 mm. Mention may also be made of dyed glasses whose composition corresponds to that defined in patent WO93 / 07095, in the following manner, always in weight proportions: SiO2: 64 to 75% A120; : 0 to 5% B203: 0 to 5% CaO: 5 to 15% MgO: 0 to 5% Na20: 10a 18% K20: 0 to 5% and, as a coloring agent: Fe -.- 0; (total iron) 0.45 to 2.5% CoO 0.001 to 0.02 < 0 to 0.0025% is a glass of this type that has an overall energy transmission factor (TE) lower than the light transmission factor under the illuminator A (TLA), the TE factor is between 10 and 48% and the factor TL_ between 20 and 60%, for a thickness of 3.85 millimeters. All these types of dyed glass compositions can be advantageously chosen so that the glazing have energy transmission values between 6 and 70%, mainly between 20 and 60% and values of light transmission between 10 and 85%. The invention also aims to use the encristalados previously described as encristalados for buildings, mainly as encristalados outside, encristalados of internal separation or glazed doors, and as encristalados that equip the means of transport, mainly encristalados automotive such as ceilings of automobiles, railway glazing or glazing of aircraft, mainly as windshields or windshield windscreens. These encristaladas can present a structure "monolithic", that is to say with a single rigid substrate, or a plurality of rigid substrates, having a structure in sheets and / or of multiple encristalado, or even a structure denominated of asymmetric encristalado with external plastic layer, mainly based on polyurethane with energy absorption properties, structure mainly described in European patents EP-191,666, EP-190,953, EP-241,337, EP-344,045, EP-402,212, EP-430, 769 and EP-673, 757 The encristalados of the invention can also be used as mirrors, adjusting to the nature and thickness of the reflective coating, and more particularly as dyeless mirrors that can also be described as "spy mirrors": if the mercury mirror by a variable light diffusion system of the type with liquid crystals, not only an observer in a room can observe the interior of an adjacent room without that a person who is in this adjacent room is aware, but also the observer can, if desired, prevent a person entering the room where he is located to realize that it is a mirror without mercury, making to diffuse glazing. Other details and advantageous features of the invention will emerge from the following description, with reference to the accompanying drawings which represent: OR Figure 1: an electrochrome glazing with structure in sheets, in section.

Or Figure 2: an electrochromic glazing according to Figure 1, mounted in double glazing.

OR Figure 3: an electrochrome glazing mounted in double glazing according to another configuration. & Figure 4: a glazing with liquid crystals, in section.

O Figure 5: a glazing with liquid crystals, mounted in double glazing.

These figures are extremely schematic and do not respect the proportions between the different elements represented, this in order to facilitate reading. All electrical connections that are known per se are not represented. The rigid substrates used for all the following examples are the substrates of silica glass with 4 mm thick calcium soda. (Its thickness can in fact be chosen mainly in the range of 3 to 6 mm). Thus, so-called "clear" glass substrates are glasses marketed by SAINT-GOBAIN VITRAGE under the name Planilux. The so-called "dyed" glass substrates are glass having, approximately at a thickness of 4 mm, TL values of 35% and TL- of 18.7% under illuminator D65. Its chemical composition is defined by that of Example 2 of the aforementioned patent WO93 / 07095, which comprises, in a weight ratio, the following oxides acting on the coloration: Fe203 (total iron) 1.65% Co 0.0110% Examples 1 to 4 they refer to Figures 1 to 3, and refer to the electrochromic encristalados.

EXAMPLE 1 Figure 1 represents an electrochromic glazing with a 3-pane sheet structure, in a configuration adapted, for example, for use as a car roof: two clear glasses 2, 3 are shown, between which an electrochromic system 4 is placed consisting of the stacking of the following functional layers (stacking according to the teaching of the European patent EP-0, 628, 849): Or a first electrically conductive layer of Sn02: F of 300 nm, OR a first layer of anodic electrochromium oxide material iridium hydrated 55 nm, (this may be replaced by a layer of hydrated nickel oxide), OR a layer of hydrated tantalum oxide Ta2Of, -H ,; 70 nm with protective function, G an electrolyte layer in solid solution of polyoxyethylene with phosphoric acid POE-H, P0 of 100 micrometers, G a second layer of cathode electrochromic material based on tungsten oxide of 350 nm, G a second layer of Sn02: F of 300 nm. The glass 2 + electrochrome 4 + glass 3 assembly is then laminated to a third clear glass 1 by means of an organic polymer sheet 5 of the PVB-type assembly with a thickness of 0.5 to 1 mm, mainly 0.75 mm. On the face of the glass 1 rotated on the side of the PVB sheet 5 is placed a reflective coating 6 consisting of the stack of subsequent thin layers, from the glass 1: G a layer of SnO- of 41 nm, G a first layer of silver of 18 nm, G a layer of Sn02 of 74 nm, G a second silver layer of 12 nm, G a layer of SnO? 33 nm. In addition, on the one hand and on the other of each of the silver layers, a thin metallic layer based on Ni-Cr, of approximately 0.5 to 1.5 nm is placed. This type of stacking is, in a known manner, obtained by means of a cathodic sputtering technique aided by magnetic field, allowing the Ni-Cr layers to protect the silver layers from oxidation, at the time of depositing the Sn02 plates by means of reactive spraying. in the presence of oxygen, oxidizing partially or completely in its place. For other types of equivalent stacks of the type (dielectric / silver) n, with n greater than or equal to 1, advantageous reference will be made to the patents cited in the preamble. (In this way, other dielectric materials other than tin oxide can be used, for example Ti02, ZnO, Nb, Ta205, S13N4, etc. or a superposition of dielectric materials such as Sn02 / Nb205, Nb205 / ZnO, Sn02 / Ta20- ,, etc. Likewise, the Ni-Cr barrier layers are optional, and can be substituted, for example, by metal layers of the Ti, Ta, Nb, Zn, Sn, etc. type. ). A glazing of this type is preferably mounted so that the glass 1 is rotated outwards. Thus, the electrochromic system 4 is protected from solar radiation at the same time by the sheet 4 of PVB, which preferably contains ultraviolet light filtering agents, and especially by the reflective coating 5, according to the invention. This coating, which has resorted to two reflecting layers, is particularly effective in its solar filter paper. This is much more important when this glazing is used as a car roof, ie in a horizontal position, which is a configuration that the electrochromic system particularly requires in terms of temperature resistance, or even in an inclined position in relation to the vehicle. , if it is to be used as window glazing, roof window of the velux type, etc.

EXAMPLE 2 In what corresponds to the configuration of the electrochromic glazing represented in Figure 2, there are the glasses 1, 2, 3 of Figure 1, as well as the same sheet of PVB 5, the same reflective coating 6 and the same electrochrome system 4. This assembly of three glasses has been mounted in double glazing with the help of a fourth clear glass 7, by means of a sheet of argon 8 of 12 mm thickness, with the help of assembly means known in the doubles domain glazed, and not represented. On the face of the glass 7 turned toward the argon sheet 8, a coating 9 with low emissivity properties is placed, of the type of those of which the encristalados marketed under the name Planitherm by SAINT-GOBAIN VITRAGE are provided, or the next stack: G a layer of tin oxide of 40 nm, G a layer of silver of 9 nm, G a layer of tin oxide of 40 nm, with, as for the stack 6 described above, the presence of two layers fine Ni-Cr from 0.5 to 1.5 nm, designed to protect the silver from oxidation. This type of double glazing is mainly usable as exterior glazing equipping building facades (as described in patent EP-0, 575, 207), or in stained-glass windows, verandahs or roof windows. Two advantages of this type of structure emerge: from an aesthetic point of view, when all the glazing of the façade is placed in the colored state, the presence of the reflective covering 6 confers on the façade, on the outer side, a reflective aspect aesthetic, and that one may prefer the relatively dark and absorbent appearance that these glazing would have seen from the outside without the reflective coating in question. From the point of view of thermal protection, the assembly according to Figures 1 and 2 effectively protects the electrochromic glazing against excessive heating. The second coating of the low emissivity type 9 based on a silver layer (which may alternatively be Sn02: F for example) does not contribute to the protection effect against the electrochrome system. This is optional, but its presence allows improving the thermal insulation properties suitable for a double glazing structure, mainly by decreasing its K coefficient (the K coefficient represents the heat flow that crosses 1 m2 of wall for a temperature difference of 1 degree between the interior and the exterior of the premises). Table 1 below shows for the examples 1 and 2, with reference to the illuminator Dlí5, the following spectrophotometric values in the minimum colored state EC and in the maximum colorless state ED: the light transmission TL, the energy transmission IE, the energy absorption AE , in percentages, the coefficient K in W.irf2. ° K ~ J ", the solar factor FS defined by the relation between the total energy entering the room through the glazing and the incident solar energy, without units.The table also shows an example 2bis, corresponding to the configuration of the example 2, but devoid of the low emissivity coating 9, and an example 2ter which, by way of comparison, also corresponds to the configuration of example 2, but devoid of the reflective coating 6 according to the invention.

TABLE 1 From this table it is observed that the suppression of the low emissivity stack 9 in example 2bis with respect to example 2, allows to increase the minimum value of TL of the glazing by 3%, without affecting its energy absorption, but a little to the detriment of the coefficient K and the solar factor FS. The choice of one or the other of the configurations will depend on the application considered, the climate, etc. It can also be noted, from examples 2 and 2ter, that the presence of the reflective coating of example 2 does not affect the contrast but very slightly the light transmission of the glazing, but that, on the contrary, allows to reduce very significantly its energy absorption. On the other hand, for each of the configurations of examples 1 and 2, the maximum temperature of the surface of the glazing was measured, in comparison with the identical encristalados but devoid of the protective covering 6, when these are subjected, in position horizontal, to an insolation corresponding to an energy of 850 W / n. it is noted that the maximum temperature of the glazing according to examples 1 and 2, in the colorful state, is at most 69 ° C, while this is 83 ° C in the absence of the coating 5. This difference of 14 ° C is far from being negligible, since it allows to increase the due duration of the electrochromic encristalados. It should be noted on the other hand that if a 4"all solid" electrochromic system is chosen, it can have a "lighter" double glazing structure than that shown in Figure 2, mainly of type 1 glass / electrochromic system / foil of gas / glass 2, the reflective coating can then be placed on the outer face of the glass 1, if it has the required durability, for example if it is based on Ti02, similar to the coating where the encristalados marketed under the name Antélio are provided by SAINT-GOBAIN VITRAGE.

EXAMPLE 3 Corresponds to the configuration of the Figure 3, which represents a double encristale electrochrome having the same components (but devoid of the stack of low and 9), than that of Figure 2, assembled differently.

Here, the glass 1, that is to say the one destined to be turned towards the outside once the glazing is mounted, has only the reflective covering 6 and is not laminated. The electrochrome system 4 is then held between the glasses 7 and 3, the glass 3 being laminated to the glass 2, by means of the PVB sheet 5. The assembly of the glasses 2, 3 and 7 is then mounted in double glazing by a sheet or layer of argon 8 with the glass 1 carrying the reflective coating 6, on its face turned toward the argon sheet. Many other variants of electrochromic glazing according to the invention are possible, as already described above. Thus, the configuration of Example 3 can be obtained, but by eliminating the glass 2 and the sheet of PVB 5, that is avoiding the lamination of the glass 3. If an electrochromic system 4"all solid" is adopted, for example having the next stacking : - a 300 nm Sn02: F electroconductive layer, - a 380 nm tungsten oxide cathode electrochromic material layer, - a bilayer electrolyte consisting of a hydrated tantalum oxide layer Ta ^ -n ^ 0 18 nm and a layer of hydrated tungsten oxide W03"nH20 of 200 nm, - a layer of anodic electrochromium material based on hydrated iridium oxide H:, IrOy of 45 nm, (this can be replaced with hydrated nickel oxide) , - an electroconductive layer of ITO of 200 nm, it can have a double glazing structure with only two glasses, of the type glass 1 / reflective coating 6 / gas sheet 8 / electrochrome system 4 / glass 2. Examples 4 and 6 following refer to a glazing with liquid crystals.

EXAMPLE 4 This example refers to a glazing with liquid crystals as shown in Figure 4: This includes two clear glasses 10, 11, between which are placed two sheets of PVB of 0.75 mm 12, 13, which surround two sheets of terephthalate of polyethylene PET 14, 15 of 175 micrometers of thickness between which is the system with liquid crystals 16 of 25 micrometers of thickness. In fact, the manufacturing is done in two stages, firstly the manufacture of the PET / ITO film / composite polymer-liquid crystals / ITO / PET, film that is then laminated to the glasses 10 and 11 with the help of the sheets 12 and 13. In addition, between the glass 11 and the PVB sheet 13, there is a reflective coating 17 similar to the reflective coating 5 with two layers of silver, but with different thicknesses of silver layers, the stack 17 is as follows, (according to the teaching of European patent EP-638, 528): G a Sn02 layer of 34.4 nm, G a first silver layer of 12 nm, G a Sn02 layer of 98 nm, G a second layer of silver 18 nm, G a Sn02 layer of 35 nm. In addition, on the one hand and on the other of each of the silver layers, a thin thin layer of Nb of about 1.5 nm is placed. The system with liquid crystals 16 has two transparent conductive ITO resistivity layers of 100 ohms per frame, placed on each of the PET sheets, in which there is a polymeric compound-transparent liquid crystals, constituted by a polymer, in which have been previously dispersed droplets of liquid nematic crystals, which constitute the emulsion of liquid crystals. The liquid crystal system used is of the type described in WO90 / 03593, US patent No. US-5,206,747 and European patent EP-0,409,442 and marketed by SAINT-GOBAIN VITRAGE under the name Priva-lite. It works under voltage of 110 V / 50 Hz: powered by electricity, it is transparent. This becomes diffuse when the power supply is cut off. It should be noted that if dichroic dye liquid crystals are introduced into the droplets, the coating 17 will be, at least partially, ultraviolet filter that protects them. This ultraviolet effect can be reinforced using a glass, on the outer side, for anti-ultraviolet filter effect.

EXAMPLE 5 This example 5 also refers to a glazing with liquid crystals of the type shown in Figure 4, with the same system 14, 15, 16 with liquid crystals PET / ITO / composite polymer-liquid crystals / PET / ITO, and the same coating reflecting 17. Contrary to this, the glass 11 is only 2 mm thick, and the second glass 10 is a glass dyed in the mass as defined above, 4 mm thick. In addition, the PVB 12, 13 glasses are replaced by the 0.65 mm sheets made of polyurethane. The following tables 3 and 4 group, respectively for examples 4 and 5, the following photometric values always according to the illuminator D65 and with reference to ISO 9050: T the luminous transmission in%, lambda dom (T) the length of dominant wave in transmission in nm, ie (T) the purity of the color in transmission in%, TE the energy transmission in%, the luminous reflection "in the side" of the substrate 11 R 'as well as its dominant wavelength and its lambda purity Sun (R'_,) and pe (R ') • The TS solar factors already explained are also given, as well as the energy absorption values AE and flow Fl, defined by the proportion of light diffusion in%. All these data are indicated in the "ON" state, ie in the transparent state when the glazing is powered with electricity, and in the "OFF" state, ie when the glazing is not powered with electricity and that it is diffused.

TABLE 3 EXAMPLE 4 By way of comparison, the spectrophotometric values of a glazing of identical configuration to that of the glazing of example 4, but devoid of the reflective coating 17 according to the invention, have been measured: a glazing of this type has a value of R identical to that of R'L and equal to 18.4% in the "ON" state, and 16.5% in the "OFF" state. Similarly, the dominant wavelengths of the references RL and R'L are identical or equal to 491 nm, that the encristalado either in the state "OFF" or in the state "ON". The purity values associated with the reflections RL and R'L are also identical, and equal to 5.2% that the encristalado in the state either "OFF" or in the state "ON". Its solar factor TS is 67 in the "ON" state and 65 in the "OFF" state. Its luminous transmission is 73.5% in the "ON" state and 70.8% in the "OFF" state, associated with a dominant wavelength always equal to 569 nm and a purity always equal to 4.3-4.4%.

TABLE 4 EXAMPLE 5 From these data the following conclusions can be drawn: the level of IT (and TE) can be "regulated" mainly by the choice of substrates, glass, clear or dyed.The reflective coating 17 constitutes the thermal screen, if necessary , compared to the system with liquid crystals, this allows above all, here, to obtain the reflection aspects of the outer side (glass 11) and interior (glass 10) that are different, for example with almost 10% deviation between the values of RL and RM and a purity of coloration in exterior reflection more than two times higher than an internal reflection: it has a net reflective effect, with a constant or persistent color in the blue or blue-green tones when glazing is seen from the outside , an effect that is much less noticeable when the glazing is observed from the inside, it has been verified that, in the absence of the reflective coating, the glazing presents aspects in interior reflection and absolutely identical exterior, the aspect of glazing being in the white and milky "ON" state of each side. Finally, from table 4, it is observed that the use of stained glass allows to lower the inner reflection value R '. It is possible, then, with this type of glazing, to modulate its luminous diffusion, in such a way that a room or a cabin or cabin is sheltered from the outside gazes. But also, the external observer will see the reflective encristalado in a pleasant tint, which is in the state whether it is diffuse or not, aesthetic exterior appearance completely sought now. The invention thus makes it possible to adjust the colorimetric aspect of the reflection in the external reflection of a glazing with liquid crystals, with a very particular interest when this type of glazing is for equipping vehicles: one can then adjust the appearance of the glazing observed from the outside, depending on the color of the body, for example.

EXAMPLE 6 This example corresponds to Figure 5, which represents a glazing with liquid crystals of the type of that of Figure 4, this time mounted in double encristalado: is the laminated glass structure 10 / PVB 12 / PET 14 / system with liquid crystals 16 / PET 15 / PBV 13 / glass 11, structure that is laminated to a third clear glass 18 by means of an argon sheet 19 and carrier, from the side of its face turned toward the argon sheet, from the reflective coating 17 It is the glass 18 that is destined to be the glass turned towards the outside, once the glazing is mounted. On the other hand, the encristalados described in all these examples can be functionalized, for example having on the face or outer faces, a coating antisuciedad, for example of Ti02 crystallized at least partially, as indicated above, or a hydrophobic coating anti-rain based on Fluorinated silane polymer.

Claims (22)

1. A glazing that includes at least one active system with variable optical and / or energy properties, mainly electrocomandable of the variable light transmission / absorption system type or of the type of a system with variable light diffusion or of the type of a photochrome system, characterized in that it includes also at least one means of thermal protection against the active system and / or adjustment of the optical appearance conferred by said system to the glazing, the medium in the form of at least one coating, with reflection properties in the infrared and / or in the visible and / or ultraviolet domain.

2. The glazing according to claim 1, characterized in that the coating comprises at least one reflective layer associated with at least one layer of dielectric material, and mainly placed between two layers of dielectric material.

3. The glazing according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterized in that the coating comprises at least one reflective layer based on at least one of the metals of the group silver, gold, copper, aluminum, chromium, nickel, iron, tantalum , zinc, zirconium, tin, indium, rhodium, cadmium or based on at least one metal nitride such as TiN, ZrN, HfN.

4. The glazing according to claim 1, characterized in that the coating comprises at least one reflective layer based on metal oxide (s) optionally doped (s), mainly based on titanium or doped tin oxide.

5. The glazing according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electrocomandable system is for variable light transmission / absorption in the form of a system with reversible insertion material (s) such as an electrochrome system that includes a stack of functional layers that they include an electroconductive layer, an electrochromic layer called cathodic, capable of reversibly inserting cations such as H +, Li +, Na +, Ag +, an electrolyte layer, possibly a second electrochromic layer called anodic capable of equally reversibly inserting cations and a second electroconductive layer.

6. The glazing according to claim 5, characterized in that the electrochrome system comprises a stack of functional layers where an electrolyte material is in the form of an aqueous or anhydrous liquid or in the form of polymer (s) or gel (s).

7. The glazing according to claim 5, characterized in that the electrochromic system comprises a stack of functional layers where an electrolyte layer is in the form of a solid material, mainly based on metal oxide, the electrochrome system does not preferably contain more than layers of solid material.

8. The glazing according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electrocomandable system is an electrochromic system comprising a piling of functional layers placed between two rigid carrier substrates, transparent.

9. The glazing according to any of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the electrocomandable system is an electrochrome system comprising a stack of functional layers placed on a single rigid carrier substrate, transparent.

10. The glazing according to claim 8 or claim 9, characterized in that at least one of the substrates carrying the electrochrome system is laminated to another rigid substrate by means of a polymer sheet of the PVB / EVA / PU type assembly.

11. The glazing according to any of claims 8 to 10, characterized in that at least one of the substrates carrying the electrochrome system is associated to at least one other rigid substrate by means of an interlayer gas sheet or space to form a multiple glazing.

12. The glazing according to any of claims 8 to 11, characterized in that the reflective coating is placed on the face of one of the carrier substrates opposite to that turned on the side of the electrochrome system or on one of the faces of one of the other constituting substrates of said glazing, mainly presenting the sequence glass / reflective coating / mounting polymer sheet / glass / electrochrome / glass system or belonging to the electroconductive layer of said system.

13. The glazing according to any of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the electrocomandable system is of low variable light diffusion -the shape of an optical valve system or with liquid crystals, comprising mainly a film composed of polymer in which they are submerged droplets of liquid crystals, preferably with the ordinary index of the liquid crystals n0 equal to the polymer index np and placed between two electroconductive layers.

14. The glazing according to claim 13, characterized in that the film of the compound of the optical valve type or with liquid crystals between the two electroconductive layers is provided on at least one of its faces, mainly on each of its faces, with a substrate rigid or semi-rigid transparent carrier of the glass type, acrylic polymer, certain PC polycarbonate, or flexible of the polyethylene terephthalate type, PET.

15. The glazing according to claim 14, characterized in that the assembly that includes the composite film of the optical valve type or with liquid crystals, its electroconducting layers and its carrier substrate (s) is (are) laminated (s) at least one transparent rigid substrate of the glass type with the aid of at least one layer of organic mounting polymer of the polyvinyl butyral (PVB) type, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or certain polyurethanes (PU).

16. The glazing according to any one of claims 13 to 15, characterized in that the droplets of liquid crystals of the compound contain a dye mainly in the form of dichroic dye (s).

17. The glazing according to any of claims 13 to 15, characterized in that the reflective coating is placed on one or other of the faces of one of the carrier substrates, on one of the faces of one of the other substrates constituted by the glazing, Mainly presenting the sequence, glass / reflective coating / mounting polymer sheet / flexible sheet / composite / flexible sheet / mounting polymer sheet / glass.

18. The glazing according to any of claims 13 to 17, characterized in that at least one of the substrates carrying the system with liquid crystals is associated to at least one other rigid substrate by means of a sheet or space of gas to form a multiple glazing .

19. The glazing according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one of the substrates constituting said glazing is an absorbent substrate, mainly a glass substrate dyed in bulk, preferably a substrate that is separated from another substrate in contact with the reflective coating, by at least the active system.

20. The use of the glazing according to any of claims 1 to 19, as a glazing of the building, mainly for glazing for outdoor, glazing of indoor separation or glazed door.

21. The use of the glazing according to any of claims 1 to 19, as glazing of means of transport, mainly encristalado for automobiles such as the roof of a car, railway glazing, encristalado plane, etc.

22. The use of the glazing according to any of claims 1 to 18, as a mirror, mainly as a mirror without quicksilver of the type "spy mirror".