Kerubut Emas California
Koordinat: 38°48′09″N 120°53′41″W / 38.80250°N 120.89472°W
| Kerubut Emas California کروبوت امس کاليفورنيا | |
|---|---|
 Pelayaran ke California ketika permulaan kerubut emas | |
| Kawasan emas | Sierra Nevada dan Utara California |
| Penemuan | 24 Januari 1848 di Coloma |
| Durasi | 1848–55 |
| Pencari gali | 300,000 |
| Legasi | 49ers |
Kerubut Emas California (1848–1855) bermula pada 24 Januari apabila emas telah dijumpai oleh James W. Marshall dekat Kilang Sutter di Coloma, California, Amerika Syarikat.[1] Pada keseluruhannya, berita mengenai emas tersebut telah membawa lebih kurang 300,000 orang ke California dari seluruh Amerika Syarikat dan luar negara.[2] Dianggarkan mereka yang tiba itu sebahagiannya datang melalui jalan laut manakala sebahagian lagi melalui jalan darat dari timur, di Rintisan California dan Rintisan Sungai Gila.
Nota
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ "[E]vents from January 1848 through December 1855 [are] generally acknowledged as the 'Gold Rush'. After 1855, California gold mining changed and is outside the 'rush' era.""The Gold Rush of California: A Bibliography of Periodical Articles". California State University, Stanislaus. 2002. Dicapai pada 23 Januari 2008.
- ^ "California Gold Rush, 1848–1864". Setiausaha Negeri California. Dicapai pada 22 Ogos 2011.
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1884–1890) History of California Diarkibkan 2012-01-02 di Wayback Machine, vols. 18–24.
- Brands, H. W. (2003). The age of gold: the California Gold Rush and the new American dream. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-72088-5.
- Clappe, Louise Amelia Knapp Smith (2001) [1922]. The Shirley Letters from the California Mines, 1851–1852. Heyday Books, Berkeley, California. m/s. 109. ISBN 1-890771-00-7.
- Clay, Karen; Gavin Wright (April 2005). "Order Without Law? Property Rights During the California Gold Rush". Explorations in Economic History. 42 (2): 155–183. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2004.05.003.
- Dillon, Richard (1975). Siskiyou Trail: the Hudson's Bay Company route to California. New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-016980-2.
- Gaither, Chris; Chmielewski, Dawn C. (2006-10-10). "Google Bets Big on Videos" (PDF). Los Angeles Times. Dicapai pada 2006-10-10.
- Harper's New Monthly Magazine March 1855, volume 10, issue 58, p. 543, complete text online.
- Heizer, Robert F. (1974). The destruction of California Indians. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-7262-6.
- Hill, Mary (1999). Gold: the California story. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21547-8.
- Holliday, J. S. (1999). Rush for riches: Gold fever and the making of California. Oakland, California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: Oakland Museum of California and University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21401-3.
- Johnson, Susan Lee (2001). Roaring Camp: the social world of the California Gold Rush. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32099-5.
- Levy, JoAnn (1992) [1990]. They saw the elephant: women in the California Gold Rush. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2473-3.
- Miller, Joaquin (1873). Life amongst the Modocs: unwritten history. Berkeley: Heyday Books; reprint edition (January 1996). ISBN 0-930588-79-7.
- Moynihan, Ruth B.; Armitage, Susan; Dichamp, Christiane Fischer, penyunting (1990). So much to be done: Women settlers on the mining and ranching frontier, 2d ed. (Women in the West). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8248-6.
- Rawls, James, J.; Bean, Walton (2003). California: An interpretive history. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-255255-7.
- Rawls, James, J. and Richard J. Orsi (eds.) (1999). A golden state: mining and economic development in Gold Rush California. California History Sesquicentennial, 2. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21771-3.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- Starr, Kevin (1973). Americans and the California dream: 1850–1915. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504233-6.
- Starr, Kevin (2005). California: a history. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 0-679-64240-4.
- Starr, Kevin and Richard J. Orsi (eds.) (2000). Rooted in barbarous soil: people, culture, and community in Gold Rush California. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22496-5.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- Thornton, Russel (1987). American Indian Holocaust and Survival: ˜a Population History Since 1492. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2074-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Wells, Harry L. (1971) [1881]. History of Siskiyou County, California. Siskiyou Historical Society. OCLC 6150902. ASIN B0006YP8IE,.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Burchell, Robert A. (Summer 1974). "The Loss of a Reputation; or, The Image of California in Britain before 1875". California Historical Quarterly. 53 (3): 115–130. doi:10.2307/25157500. ISSN 0097-6059.
- Burns, John F. and Richard J. Orsi (eds.) (2003). Taming the Elephant: Politics, Government, and Law in Pioneer California. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23413-8. Dicapai pada 2007-02-14.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- Drager, K.; C. Fracchia (1997). The Golden Dream: California from Gold Rush to Statehood. Portland, Oregon: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company. ISBN 1-55868-312-7.
- Dwyer, Richard A.; Richard E. Lingenfelter; David Cohen (1964). The Songs of the Gold Rush. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- Eifler, Mark A. (2002). Gold Rush Capitalists: Greed and Growth in Sacramento. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-2822-9.
- Hart, Eugene (2003). A Guide to the California Gold Rush. Merced: Freewheel Publications. ISBN 0-9634197-2-2.
- Helper, Hinton Rowan (1855). The Land of Gold: Reality Versus Fiction. Baltimore: H. Taylor.
- Holliday, J. S.; William Swain (2002) [1981]. The World Rushed in: The California Gold Rush Experience. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3464-X.
- Hurtado, Albert L. (2006). John Sutter: A Life on the North American Frontier. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3772-X.
- Klare, Normand E. (2005). The Final Voyage of the SS Central America 1857. Ashland, Oregon: Klare Taylor Publishers. ISBN 0-9764403-0-X.
- Knorr, Lawrence (2008). A Pennsylvania Mennonite and the California Gold Rush. Camp Hill: Sunbury Press. ISBN 0-9760925-8-1.
- Lienhard, Heinrich. "Wenn Du absolut nach Amerika willst, so gehe in Gottesnamen!", Erinnerungen an den California Trail, John A. Sutter und den Goldrausch 1846–1849. Herausgegeben von [edited by] Christa Landert, mit einem Vorwort von [foreword by] Leo Schelbert. Zürich: Limmat Verlag, 2010, 2011. ISBN 978-3-85791-504-8
- Owens, Kenneth N. (ed.) (2002). Riches for All: The California Gold Rush and the World. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8617-1.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- Roberts, Brian (2000). American Alchemy: The California Gold Rush and Middle-class Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4856-5.
- Rohrbough, Malcolm J. (1998). Days of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the American Nation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21659-8. online edition
- Watson, Matthew A. (2005). "The Argonauts of '49: Class, Gender, and Partnership in Bret Harte's West". Western American Literature. 40 (1): 33–53. ISSN 0043-3462.
- Witschi, N. S. (2004). "Bret Harte." Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature. Ed. Jay Parini. New York: Oxford University Press. 154-157.
- Witschi, N.S. (2002). Traces of Gold: California's Natural Resources and the Claim to Realism in Western American Literature. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-1117-3.
Pautan luar
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- Kerubut Emas California Diarkibkan 2015-01-28 di Wayback Machine di DMOZ
- Kronologi Kerubut Emas California di Universiti Maya Bandar Raya San Francisco