Gɛba

Zĩig (Allium cepa L., Latin cepa sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "zĩig") yaa tɩr sẽn yaa buud sẽn yaa to-to n yɩɩd buud toor-toorã. A yaa bõn-buud sẽn yaa toor-toorã sẽn yaa bõn-naandg sẽn yaa toorẽ buud n tãag yʋʋmd 2011.^[1][2] A sã n yaa a zo-rãmba, a tarda sãnem, a tar-a lame, a tar n yaa a buudu.^[3]

Zĩig kãngã tara buud a taab me sẽn boond tɩ zũnd la b bɩɩd tɩ b rɩ, wala Zʋnd sẽn yaa Zʋnd a Allium fistulosum, Zʋndã Zũnd a Alrium × proliferum, la Zʋnd ning sẽn yaa Kanada wã a Allium canadense. B boond-b lame tɩ "wild onion" tɩ "Allium" buud toor-toorã, la b miime tɩ A. cepa wã yaa b sẽn da bɩɩsd-a wã bal n kɩt tɩ b bãng-a. A sẽn da yaa rũngã pa mi ye, baa ne a sẽn pa tar bẽedã sẽn be tẽns kẽer pʋsẽ.Bãagã yaa bõn-vɩɩs sẽn tar yʋʋm a yiib bɩ sẽn tar yʋʋm wʋsgo, la b get-a lame tɩ yaa yʋʋm-vɩɩsa, la b tigimd-a-la a pipi rog-kẽem wakate. Bãadã sã n wa tar wĩndg sẽn yaa wa bĩngd, b sã n wa n wa tarẽ, b sãnda yaa wa bẽngd. Bãadã yaa b sẽn yaa b sẽn pa tar bũmbu, b sẽn yaa sẽn yaa bũmbu la b sẽn yaa tẽng zug tɩ b gũbg-b ne b sãnem sẽn yaa bĩis sẽn yaa bẽed sẽn yaa b yĩn-gãoneg sẽn yaa b sẽbgã. Sa-kãnga, sã n yaa tɩre, sã n wa yaa tɩre.^[4] B tigimda koodã n kõ-a-la kooma, tɩ b tigim-a bɩ b kogl-a-a-yã. Bõn-buudã tõe n paama bãad-wẽns la bãas wʋsgo, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, wa b sẽn boond tɩ laandã, la b sẽn boond t'a laandã la b sẽn dat n kɩt tɩ b yĩmdẽ. A A. cepa buud toor-toorã kẽer, wala a shaloot la a potɛtã wũubã, tõe n paama bĩnd wʋsgo.

Soba raame (Allium cepa), a nong a worso tiisega[6] a mõogo da kõõlisg sãen a ga da n buud a Allium la. Ya tænga ye Carl Linnaeus ti cinkã lãmbãa ninsã noo soabã. [9] Ya tikisg ninsã sã tõeb soabã ninsã bãnk wãsonga:^[5]

• Allium cepa var. aggregatum – G. Don
• Allium cepa var. bulbiferum – Regel
• Allium cepa var. cepa – Linnaeus
• Allium cepa var. multiplicans – L.H. Bailey
• Allium cepa var. proliferum – (Moench) Regel
• Allium cepa var. solaninum – Alef
• Allium cepa var. viviparum – (Metz) Mansf.

A. cepa ninsã tiisg tõb sã a kod tãaosã,[5] poego tõeb baa paasga ninsã tõeb a lõngd fãa pẽenga a kõsã a n taasoong rãore ninsã a Iran. Tãog ye ninsã sã kõsã soabã ninsã A. vavilovii pãb Turkmenistan ninsã A. asarense pãb Iran.^[6]

A. cepa tikisg a tõeb tiisega a soabã (A. cepa var. cepa) ninsã tõeb wãongo pẽnoogo soabã. Naam kiitõega soabã (A. cepa var. aggregatum) ninsã tõeb zãmbã ninsã soabã.

Allium la tikisg ninsã sã bãnk wãsonga soabã ninsã tõeb tiisega a yãngda, tõeb asãnga Japanese bunching onion (A. fistulosum), Egyptian onion (A. × proliferum), ninsã Canada onion (A. canadense).[3]: 9-10 

Cepa tikisg tõeb tiisega a bãnk wãsonga soabã ninsã tikisg sã paanã ninsã Latin: "onion", tikisg a gãtã ye Ancient Greek: κάπια (kápia) ninsã Albanian: qepë, tikisg a yõmã ye Aromanian: tseapã, Catalan: ceba, Occitan: ceba, Portuguese: cebola, Spanish: cebolla, Italian: cipolla, ninsã Romanian: ceapă. English sã kegã ya yãmã kiitõega Old French cive, tikisg a ya yõmã ye cepa.^[7]

Sa-kẽem wakate, sãn-kãnga kiidame, la b sãn-gãongã sẽn be bĩngã na n lebga kʋɩlgo, tɩ b tõog n tigs-a. Sã n yaa tɩ b bas-a t'a be tẽnga pʋgẽ sẽoogẽ wã, b na n sɩngame n bɩɩs-a-la sẽoogẽ. Bãag-paal a ye n wa n pukame, la b zẽka bẽed sẽn yaa zãadgo, sẽn yaa gãn-kãnga, n yaa gãn n kogend bẽedã. Bãagrã yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ bĩng sẽn yaa kʋɩl-bilã sẽn yaa wa bĩng n yaa wa b bĩngd sẽn yaa wa a sẽn yaa wa. Bãagã yaa zĩm-bil sẽn yaa kɩdga, la b yaa tãns-bil sẽn tar pʋga. ^[8]A sã n yaa wa a sã n yaa a sẽn yaa a soaba, a tõe n paama a pH sẽn zems a 5,5. ^[9]

Soabã raame tõeb ti paasga sã a tõob pãbãa tõeb kaalem tõeb a ya kod paasga a ya gãlã ninsã 7,000 baa. Tõeb a ya zã tõob kaalem soabã a tãogoogo. Kaalimã wãngã ye naatã pẽnã kõngo tikisg 15 ti 45 cm (6 ti 18 in). Kaalimã tikisg a ya zã põnã tõeb a yiibi lãmba kõogo, kaalimã tikisg a yiibi laasga yiiti, tikisg a ya zã tõob, kõnd a yiibi da. Kaalimã tikisg a ya wãngo zõngo tikisg a kaaleb yeengã, kiitõega tikisg a yiibi kõnd a cãtã yiiti. Tikisg a ya wãngo yõmã da sãyõmã a soabã yiibi, a ya tikisg a zã. Yiibi tikisg a ya yãngã soabã a kaalem, tikisg a ya zã soabã ninsã soabã kaalimã tikisg a zã kõnd a yiibi. A tikisg n tõob soabã tikisg a kõsã a paasga, a tikisg soabã a zã.^[10]

Pa sõma tɩ b bãng sẽn yɩ pipi bõn-buudbã yell ye. B sẽn gʋls tɩ b ra rɩt a weoogẽ wã bee Azi rɩtg ne wĩntoogã, b pa mi a sẽn yi zĩig ning y toe. La tõe tɩ yaa Waasẽ bɩ Azi-Gõosẽ la b sẽn da wa n paam n lebg b kambã.B wilgame tɩ b sẽn naam n yi Iran, Pakistan la Central Asia.^{[11][12][13][14][15]}

B sẽn paam b sãbgã sẽn yi Burkĩna Zĩ-gãongã tẽn-tẽebẽ wã, b wilgame tɩ b ra tũnugda ne sãbgã yʋʋmd 5000 sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã, pa b yũ-noog bal ye, la b leb n tũnugda ne b sãbgrã sẽn tar pãng n tõe n tall-b la b tall-b ye.  ^[16][17] [vẽeg sẽn pa tõog n pids] pĩnd wẽndẽ Ezipt nebã ra waoogda laabã, n get a sẽn yaa bĩng la a sõor sẽn yaa bẽngã wa vɩɩm sẽn kõn sa wã mak-sõngo. ^[18] B ra rɩta bõn-buud Ezipt nebã sẽn na n ki wã pʋgẽ, tɩ b bãng tɩ b yãta bõn-bɩɩs a Ramese IV nifẽ.

A Plin sẽn yaa kãsem soab yʋʋmd 100 soabã pʋgẽ gʋlsa bũmb sẽn wilgd tɩ Pompeii nebã ra tũnugda ne yoob la koobã. A gʋlsa Rom nebã sẽn da tẽed tɩ sobg tõe n sõngame tɩ b yĩnsã ra wa yɩ sõma, tɩ b ra wa raog ye, la b maag bũmb fãa, hal tɩ sɩng ne b noorẽ wãbdo, b nifẽ wãbgo, b rũmsã sẽn digd-b la b kʋdgã. Arheologbã sẽn yã Pompeii tẽn-kʋdgr sẽn zĩnd yʋʋm 79 wã poore, b yãa zẽed sẽn wõnd Plini sẽn togsã. ^[19]B sẽn gʋls yʋʋmd 500 wã la yʋʋmd 500 wã sʋka, b yeelame tɩ b ra rɩta bõn-bugs n dɩt-b n dɩt a "Apicius" (b sẽn yeel tɩ yaa gourmet) n kõ-b noor tɩ b maan woto

B sẽn wa n wa n yãendẽ wã, Europẽ nebã sẽn deng n yi n tɩ yi n tɩ wa n tɩ yi Amerika kiidã, b ra yãenda bõn-kãng buud toor-toorã sẽn yaa Allium tricoccum.^[15] Sã n yaa ne pĩnd Ingliz-rãmb n da maand daarã, b ra yetame tɩ b ra yaa pipi bõn-buud nins b sẽn da bʋd tɩ b yi wã. ^[17]

Bãndã yaa toor ne balb a tãab:

•Zĩis bɩ bu-zĩis yaa wa sẽn yaa wa sẽn ya wa sẽn yaa kʋdemdã, tɩ b bɩɩs buud toor-toor sẽn dat n wilg tɩ b yaa kʋdem-kãngã, wala Vidalia, Walla Walla, Cévennes la Bermuda.^[20]

•Zĩis-rãmbã sã n wa lebg karamelã, b lebgda wa wa wa sẽn yaa wa sẽn yaa yĩn-gãong sẽn yaa wa yĩn-goamã, la b tũnugda ne-b n paasd tɩlgo, wala Frans-rãmbã soopã. Bãag-n-tɩr bɩ b sẽn yaa wa ne waag-n -tɩr sẽn yaa sõma wã, b maanda ko-kãsems wʋsg pʋgẽ.

•B leb n tũnugda ne-b tɩ b yɩ toor-toore, la b naag-b tɩ d rɩ. Bĩngã yaa sũ-bʋgsem; b sã n wa n dɩt-a, a yaa sãnem la a yũuda wa sũ-noog wʋsgo.^[21]

La sã n yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b rɩ bõn-buudã sẽn yaa kãenkãe, b sã n dɩt-a, b tõe n dɩ-a lame. B tõe n tigsa bõn-vɩɩs nins sẽn yaa kom-bɩɩs tɩ b yaool n wa rɩ-b n kõ-b tɩ b lebg b toorẽ bõn-buudã. B sã n wa tigim bõn-buudã, b boond-a lame tɩ "tʋʋl-soab".^[22]

Sẽn paase, b tõe n bɩɩsa bõn-buudã n kõ-b-la b sẽn pa tarã. Sẽn pʋgd ne b sẽn yaa sõma wã la b sẽn dat tɩ b maan ne bõn-buudã, b tõe n bool-b lame tɩ buudu, buudu, bɩ buudu, la b yaa toor ne buudu sẽn yaa toor-toore.^[23] B tõe n dɩka bõn-buud sẽn yaa bõn-buudu, la b rɩka bõn-bɩɩs sẽn yaa bõn -buud sẽn pa tar yõod ye.^[24]

B tõe n dɩka a bõn-buudã ne a sẽn yaa wa a sẽn yaa yaa toor-toorã, a sẽn yaa a sẽn yaa bãag bɩ a sẽn yaa b sẽn yaa a soab bɩ a sẽn pa tar a soaba. Sẽn paam-b koomã sẽn pa tarã yaa b sẽn na n dɩka, b sẽn na yɩl n kõ-a, b na n dɩga, b naaga, b naagame, b na-a wã, b naama, b naamã, b naana.

Pã-paalã yaa bõn-naandb sẽn yaa b sẽn tũnugd ne tɩb sẽn pa tar tɩb sẽn yaa toor fasɩ wã.^[25]

B sã n dɩka bõn-buudã, b sã n dɩt-a-la b na n dɩka-a lame. B yaa b sẽn tõe n dɩ n dɩ, b tõe n dɩ, n dɩ, la b tõe n rɩ, n dɩ bɩ b tõe n kõ-b-la rɩɩb sẽn yaa wa b sẽn dɩt-b wã.^[26] B sẽn yaa to-to wã kɩtame tɩ b sã n wa n dɩt n dɩt-ba, b tõe n wa wʋk-ba nana-nana, wa b sẽn maand ne Turk soga-dolma wã.

B rɩtda bõn-buud sẽn be vẽneg pʋgẽ n dɩ dũniyã gill zugu, la b rɩt-a lame pub-rãmb la zĩm-dãmb la bur-dãmb sẽn be Etazĩni la Kom-n-bi-no-tẽngã pʋsẽ. B rɩtame n dɩtẽ, la b rɩtame ne bur sẽn yaa wa b sẽn da nong n dɩt-a wã, ne bur sẽn tar burã, ne bur-kãsems sẽn yaa wa a sẽn da nong-b n dɩt wã.^[27][28]

B kõo noor tɩ b rɩk b kaamã b sẽn boond tɩ "piis-n-tɩr" wã pʋgẽ.^[29] Bãagã me tara zu-loees nins b sẽn tũnugd ne wakat ninga n maand tɩ b yĩm-gãosgo.

B sã n pa tar pãng n paasdẽ, b tõe n yãa bõn-kãens wʋsgo. B sẽn yaa bõn-vɩɩs a ye, b tõe n welg-a-la ne b mens tɩ yɩ lekoll, kibay la rogem wɛɛngẽ.^[30][31] Rẽ n so tɩ b tũnugd ne bõn-buudã b sẽn zãmsd nebã tɩ b rɩk makr n ges b bõn-buudu.^[32]

B tõe n dɩka bõn-buudã n naan lebg wala wala wala bur-waasgo.^[33]

Zũ-zẽedã buud wʋsg yaa koom sẽn ta 89%, tɩ karbõidratã yaa 9% (b sẽn tar tɩg ne sukari 4% la fɛɛr sẽn yaa 2% wã), tɩg ne proteɛɛnd yaa 1% la yĩn-gãong sẽn pa tar yõod wʋsg (taabl). Bãagã tara nafa sẽn yaa tɩlae wʋsg la a tara pãng sẽn yaa 166 kJ (40 kilo kalori) ne 100 g (3,5 oz). Bãagã tara yũud sẽn yaa sõma ne rɩɩbã, la b pa tar kalori wʋsg ye. [19]

B sẽn naan n naan n naan tɩ b naan yɩ wa b sẽn naan n maan to-to wã, b pa tõe n maan bũmb a to ye.[38] Zĩis-rãmbã tara flavonoid sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩd, n yɩɩd wa zũis-rãmb sẽn yaa ne-b naoor 11. [38] Zĩig sẽn yaa miuugã tara anthocyanin pigments wʋsg, tɩ b bãng tɩ b sẽn tar flavonoidã sẽn yaa 10%, yaa bũmb 25 bal n tar flavonidã. [38] Polyfenoli wã yaa bũmb sẽn yaa tɩlae tɩ b bãng b sẽn tõe n maan bũmb ninsã ninsaalb pʋsẽ.[39]

Neb kẽer sã n wa maan ne bõn-buudã, b paamda tɩ b paam tɩ b pa tar tɩlem ye. Yel-bãn kẽer tõe n yɩɩ ne yĩn-gãong sẽn yaa to-to, tɩ b yĩn-goamã yaa wʋsgo, tɩ b ra yãt sõma ye, tɩ b sã n wa pukd b ninã, b sã n tar yĩn-gɛtgã, tɩ b lebg wa b sẽn pa miẽ ye.[41] Yaa sẽn na yɩl n tõog n paam tɩ b ra wa rɩt b sẽn da rɩt-b ne b sẽn da pa rɩt-bã yĩnga.

Sẽn yaa wa b sẽn seg-a wã kɩtdame tɩ neb nins sẽn be be zĩig ning fãa yãgdẽ, tɩ b yãbdẽ. Yaa sẽn kɩt tɩ b yiisd koom sẽn yaa wa sẽn pa tar pãng n dat n yɩ wa a S-oxide la a a aerosol sẽn kɩt tɩ ned pa mi a nifã sõma ye. [7] Gas-kãnga yaa bũmb sẽn maand tɩ b maand tɩ b tõe n sõng-b tɩ b tõog n maan bũmb a to: b sã n kaoog la b sã n pãbd la b sãbgã, b sãamda bõn-vɩɩsã, tɩ b yiisd enzym-rãmb sẽn boond tɩ alliinases. Bãad-kãensã sãamda amino acid sulfoxide wã, n kɩtd tɩ sulfenik acidã be. Sulfenĩki kisg sẽn yaa 1-propenesulfenĩki, yaa a yiib-n-soabã sẽn boond tɩ lacrimatory factor synthase (LFS) n kɩtd tɩ b lebg syn-propanetial-S-oxide. [7] Gas-kãnga kẽeda yĩngrã, n wa ta nin-buiidã nengẽ, n kɩt tɩ b bãngd bũmb nins sẽn be b sũurẽ wã. Lacrimal glands wã yiisda nintãm n na n kɩt tɩ b ningd la b yiis bõn-kãnga. [42]

B tõe n zãaga b ninã ne koom sẽn yaa sõma n kao-a, wall b ning-a koom koglg pʋgẽ. [42] Sẽn pa tar-a pãng n bas tɩ b yẽgã pa le tar pãng wã me kɩtame tɩ b pa tar sũ-sãang ye.[43]

A sulfenik kisg la a nintãmã sẽn yiisd bũmbã sẽn yaa wʋsgo, la a sũ-sãangã sẽn yaa to-to wã pa yembr ne Allium buud toor-toore ye.[44] Yʋʋmd 2008 wã, New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research naan n naan "tũusg sẽn ka be" tɩ b ra pa tõe n maan tɩ b ra wa maan tɩ b pa le paam tɩ b maan tɩ b maan t'a pa le tõe n maan t'uudã pa le tar sũ-noogo. [45] Zãmsg a yembr wilgame tɩ neb nins sẽn dat n dɩ wã nongda sãnem sẽn tar LFS sẽn pa ta woto wã. [46] Sẽn mik tɩ yaa tɩ b sẽn maand woto wã pa tõe n kɩt tɩ b ra rɩ sulf ye, kẽer tagsdame tɩ b yũub pa sõma ye. [47][48][49]

B yãka manesem sẽn na yɩl n welg LFS- ne LFS+ bõn-buudã sõma, sẽn tũud ne masa spektrometri, la sẽn tõe n sõng-b tɩ b tall b meng n tall bõn-buudu wʋsgo. B leb n tũnugda ne gas chromatography n mak bõn-buuda sẽn tar lacrymatory faktorã. [50][51] Yʋʋmd 2018 sɩngrẽ, Bayer yiisga pipi bõn-buud sẽn tar LFS-silenced ciib sẽn be koom-koglgã pʋgẽ, n boond tɩ "Sunions". [52] B ra yaa yʋʋm 30 sẽn zĩnd b sẽn da tar b mens n dogd taaba, la b pa maan b toor-toor ne b yagensã ye. [53][54][55]

Bãagã yaa bõn-yɩɩb sẽn yaa bãad ne kom-rãmba, pissi, la rũms wʋsg yĩnga. [56][57]

B sã n bʋd bõn-buudã, b bɩɩd-a-la b yĩngrã. A sãnda sẽn yaa waadã yaa sõma, bala b ka tar sulf wʋsg ye. Bõn-buudã baoodame tɩ b yĩm-sõngã tall pãnga. Foosforã yaa wʋsgo, la a tõe n paama wʋsgo, la b tõe n saka-a lame tɩ b yaool n bʋd-a, tɩ yaa rẽ yĩng tɩ b tõe n dɩka-a-la wʋsgo. Nitrogen la potash tõe n paama b sẽn pa maand n pa tar n pa tar ye.[58]

B sã n wa tar b tɩpã, b sã n wa n wa tar-a-la sẽnde, b sãnda sẽndã sã n wa ta sẽndgã. Europẽ wã, b boond tɩ "wãn-kãsenga" la b boond tɩ bãn-kãense, tɩ b sã n wa tar wĩndg sã n wa kaoos sã n wa ta lɛɛr 14 bɩ sẽn yɩɩd rẽ, b pa tõe n yiis bãn-gãong ye. Kibɩ-zĩngr sẽn be Erɔp la Afirik kiidã buud toor-toor yaa b sẽn boond tɩ "kẽngr-kẽng" buud toor-toorã, tɩ yaa sa-kẽeng 12-13 bal la b segd n maan n kɩt tɩ b bãng tɩ b yaa b sẽn na n wa n maan bũmb ning n kɩt tɩ fɩtgã lebg sõma. "Tõnd sẽn tar sẽk bilf" la b bʋd-b-la zĩ-bʋs sẽn yaa zĩ-sõngo, la b bʋgd-b-b-yã-la sẽoog sɩngrẽ, la b baoodẽ n na n zĩnda daarã pʋgẽ sẽk sẽk wakat 11-12 bal n kɩt tɩ b bɩɩs-b-ba. [59] Bõn-buudã yaa bõn-buud sẽn yaa sõma la b tõe n bɩɩsa b zĩiga fãa.[60] La sã n yaa tɩre, b sã n wa tar b tɩre, bɩ b sã n pa tar b tɩrse, b na n paama b tɩrsa. [61]

Yʋʋmd 2022 wã, dũni gill soog la soog sẽn yaa bõn-naandb sẽn yaa to-to wã tall-b yɩɩ tonni milyõ 5,0 la yaa Sɩngla ne 17% n tall-b la Mali, Angola la Zapõ n yɩ pʋ-vɩɩs-dãmb (taabll).

B sã n bʋd bõn-buudã, b bɩɩd-a-la b yĩngrã. B sã n wa tar zĩm-dãmb sẽn yaa wa sãnem, b tõe n paama sũ-sõog wʋsgo. Bõn-buudã baoodame tɩ b yĩm-sõngã tall pãnga. Foosforã yaa wʋsgo, la a tõe n paama wʋsgo, la b tõe n saka a zug n yaool n bʋd a zugu, bala a yaa bilf tẽnga pʋgẽ. Nitrogen la potas tõe n paama b sẽn pa maand n pa tar n pa tar ye.^[17]

B sã n wa tar b tɩpã, b sã n wa n wa tar-a-la sẽnde, b sãnda sẽndã sã n wa ta sẽndgã. Europẽ wã, b boond tɩ "wãn-kãsenga" la b boond tɩ bãn-kãense, tɩ b sã n wa tar wĩndg sã n wa kaoos sã n wa ta lɛɛr 14 bɩ sẽn yɩɩd rẽ, b pa tõe n yiis bãn-gãong ye. Kibɩ-zĩngr sẽn be Erɔp la Afirik kiidã buud toor-toor yaa b sẽn boond tɩ "kẽngr-kẽng" buud toor-toorã, tɩ yaa sa-kẽeng 12-13 bal la b segd n maan n kɩt tɩ b bãng tɩ b yaa b sẽn na n wa n maan bũmb ning n kɩt tɩ fɩtgã lebg sõma.^[34] "Tõnd sẽn tar sẽk bilf" la b bʋd-b-la zĩ-bʋs sẽn yaa zĩ-sõngo, la b bʋgd-b-b-yã-la sẽoog sɩngrẽ, la b baoodẽ n na n zĩnda daarã pʋgẽ sẽk sẽk wakat 11-12 bal n kɩt tɩ b bɩɩs-b-ba. ^[35]Bõn-buudã yaa bõn-buud sẽn yaa sõma la b tõe n bɩɩsa b zĩiga fãa.^[36]La sã n yaa tɩre, b sã n wa tar b tɩre, bɩ b sã n pa tar b tɩrse, b na n paama b tɩrsa. ^[37]

B tõe n bɩɩsa bõn-buudu, bɩ b bɩɩsa bulb sẽn boond tɩ "sets" bɩ bulb sẽn sɩngd b tɩbã. Sẽn yaa rẽ yĩnga, sã n yaa tɩ b bʋd-a-la ne sẽk sẽn pa kaoos, b sã n bʋd-ba, b sãnda yaa tɩbse, tɩ b sãnda fãa yaa 12-18". ^{[38] [39]}La sã n yaa zĩ-sõngo, b tõe n bʋta bõn-buud kẽer tɩ b wa rɩt n tɩ bʋt-b-la sẽoogẽ la yʋʋm sẽn pʋgdã. ^[13]

Sẽn na yɩl tɩ b ra wa n yãgdẽ wã, b segd n zãmsa b rũm-rãmbã tɩ b ra yãgdẽ ye. Bãadã yẽgda zĩ-zãnga, la b sã n wa beẽ, b pa baood koom wʋsg ye. Naoor wʋsgo, b sã n wa paam tɩ b pa tar b sẽn tõe n maan bũmb ninsã, b pa tõe n maan woto ye. B tõe n tigsa bulbã b sẽn datã, tɩ b rɩd-b-la b sẽn dat n dɩ wã, la b sã n tall-b n kogl-b-ba, b tigsd-b-yã-la b sã n wa ki-ba. La sã n yaa tʋʋl-kãsengã pʋgẽ, b tõe n basa b zĩ-kãens rasem a wãn n kõ-b-la koom n kõ-ba. B kogla-b lame tɩ b paam da-kãseng sẽn yaa sõma. ^[13]

Bãadã namsdame. Sẽn yaa toog wʋsg ne logd-rãmbã yaa wa b sẽn yaa wa b b sẽn yaa n kõ-b la b sẽn yaa b sẽn yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b maan b mens n kõ-ba. D sã n wa tar bãas sẽn namsd-a, d tõe n paama bãaga sẽn yaa wa roog la rẽgdo, tɩ b tõe n paam bãag sẽn yaa wa bĩngd ne bãag sẽn boond tɩ "white tip disease". Bõn-naandbã tõe n paama bãaga, tɩ b sãame, tɩ b yɩ sãame, la b yĩn-gãongã. B sẽn na n kʋɩ tɩ b kʋɩ tɩ yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b sãnemã lebg sãnem, tɩ b yĩn-kãnga lebg tɩlem. La b sã n wa kʋdgd-b la b yõogd-b, b tõe n sõng-b lame tɩ b tõog n kʋdgd b tɩtã. ^[40] B sẽn boond tɩ "Poece leaf miner" bɩ "leek moth" (Acrolepiopsis assectella) wã, b sã n wa kʋ-a wã, a tõe n kẽnga b sẽn be zĩig ning b sẽn boond tɩ bulbã pʋgẽ. ^[41]

(Delia antiqua) na n lʋɩɩsa a nin-bãmba zug n kõ-b-la a sãnem-bõonegã, a sãnemã, a sa-kẽemã, a sẽn yaa a sẽn be zĩig ning sẽn pẽ-a wã. B sẽn mi tɩ b sã n wa yũudẽ, b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b kẽed ne koodã. Bãad nins b sẽn yi n tɩg b sẽn naanã pa tõe n zab-b ye. Laarvã kẽeda bulb-rãmbã pʋgẽ, tɩ b sãn-gãosgã lebg sãnem. Bãmbã yaa wẽns la b leb n dɩtda, sẽn yɩɩd fãa sã n yaa zãadga. Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n tõog n sãam koodã, b tõe n yãka bõn-buudã n tɩ yi, n tɩ kẽes b tɩbgã, n tɩ yiis b tɩɩsã. ^[42]

Bõn-buudã sẽn boond tɩ "Ditylenchus dipsaci" yaa bõn-buud sẽn yaa bõn-naandg sẽn vɩ tẽng zug n yaa bõn-kɩtbã. B kʋʋd tɩɩs nins sẽn yaa kom-bɩɩsã, la b kʋʋd-b lame tɩ b yiisd bĩng sẽn yaa komse. Pa be tɩɩm ye, tɩ b segd n yẽegd tɩɩs nins sẽn namsdã n yõog-b tɩ b yõog-ba. B pa segd n le rɩt soog zĩig ning yʋʋm wʋsg ye, la b segd n zãgsame n da le rɩt karõog, karõog la bob sẽn yaa wa b sẽn tõe n wa paam n kʋ-a ye. ^[5]

Bõn-buud sẽn yaa kʋɩl-bilã, bẽedã la b sãnemã sãnemd yaa Sclerotium cepivorum sẽn be tẽngã pʋgẽ wã sẽn kɩt tɩ b kʋɩl ne kʋɩlgã. Dʋrgã sã n wa wa yĩmdẽ, a sãnemã lebgda kẽem la a lebgd wa sãnem. B sẽn maand woto wã, b sã n wa tar bĩndgã, b sãame tɩ b yĩm-b-la mizelii wã sẽn yaa pemsem sẽn yaa pemse, tɩ rẽ poore b lebg ne wa-rɩt-bil sẽn yaa zũnd sẽn boond tɩ sclerotia. B sẽn da maand woto wã ket n beẽ n na n kɩt tɩ b lebg n wa paam koodã. La bã-kãnga bãagã bãag pa tar tɩɩm ye, tɩ kɩt tɩ b segd n yiis tɩɩs nins sẽn namsdã la b sãam-b la b rɩk tẽnga n tɩ rɩt kood nins sẽn pa tar rẽ wɛɛngẽ yʋʋm nins sẽn pʋgdã pʋgẽ.

Neek rot yaa fong bãaga sẽn namsd yẽn-soab nins sẽn be b zĩigẽ wã. A yaa Botrytis allii sẽn namsd a gãagã la a gãagrã pʋga, n kɩt tɩ b lebg wa wa wa wa ne waor. Naoor wʋsgo, b sã n wa wa paam tɩ b sãam b b bĩngã, b sãnda n wa paam tɩ bãagã kiidẽ. B yiisda spora wʋsgo, la b tõe n paama sclerotiid sẽn wõnd karengã me. La wakat sẽn loog n dabd n loogdẽ, bẽedã lebgda wa b sẽn maan n kõ-a koomã. La bã-kãngã tõe n zĩnda wakat ning fãa, la a yaa b sẽn tall-a wã bal n wilgdẽ t'a yaa bãaga. B tõe n dɩka bõn-buud sẽn yaa kʋɩl-kɛglemd n kɩt tɩ bãagã pa le sãamd b yĩng ye, b sã n wa kogl-a, b sãn-koɛɛg n kõ-a la b kõ-a t'a lebg sõma, la b tall-a zĩig sẽn yaa yɩlemd la sẽn yaa kʋɩɩm n kõ-b t'a yɩ sõma. ^[43]

B sã n dat n kogl bõn-buudã, b kogl-a lame, la b kogl a woto ne sẽne. La sã n yaa woto, sã n yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b tɩgs bõn-buudã, b tõe n dɩka semen a tãab bɩ a naas n yaool n dɩka a yiib bɩ a yiib n yaool n kõ-ba. B sã n dɩka bõn-buudã, b na n dɩka yam-yãgdg sẽn yit sãnem la peerã pʋgẽ. Sẽn paase, b sẽn talld-b tɩ b tall-b ne-ba wã, b paamda koom tɩ b tõe n sãam b tɩlemdã.^[44][45]

Zĩis-sõmbã tara koom la sukr wʋsg n yɩɩd zĩis-kãmbã sẽn na n dɩtẽ. Woto kɩtame tɩ b yũud-b-la sõma, la b pa tar bark ye. B tõe n peega bõn-buud-dãmb roogẽ, n kõ-b-la sẽk kiuug a ye. Baa ne b sẽn yaa to-to wã, b sã n segl bõn-buudã, b pak-a lame n zãag ne bõn-buuda a taabã, la b rɩk-a rasem a yiib bɩ a tãab pʋgẽ. ^[46]

A A. cepa buud toor-toor wʋsg beeda sull kãngã pʋgẽ, sẽn yaa Allium buud sẽn tar yõod wʋsg ne siglgã wɛɛngẽ. Rɩt nins sẽn be sull kãngã pʋgẽ wã yaa gãnd n yaa b sẽn yi n dɩddd bõn-buudã bɩ b sẽn yi b sẽn yi tɩ b yi n dɩdg b bõn-buudu. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sẽn naan n naan n naan bẽedã, b sẽn maand tɩ b naan n naan tɩ b naan tɩ b lebg bẽedbã, b naan n dɩka bẽed-n-tɩrsã.^[47] 20-21 B sẽn yã bũmb nins sẽn be buud-goam kãensã sʋka wã yaa fotoperiod (ra-kɩr sẽn kɩt tɩ b pa tar tɩbgã), b sẽn tall-b to-to wã, b sẽn maand sũ-noogo, la b sẽn maand ne b yĩn-vɩɩm to-to. ^[48] B sẽn boond tɩ viiga wã sɩngda ne sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd sẽn yaa sõma, n yaa wa viiga sẽn yaa sõma la sẽn yaa sõma. Wala makre, b sẽn boond tɩ Vidalia sẽn yit Gɛɛrzi, Etazĩni, wall Walla Walla sẽn yit Washington wã.

B sẽn boond tɩ "grop" wã pʋgẽ wã, b boond-b lame tɩ "grob-n-taase". Bãadã yaa bilf n yɩɩd b sẽn boond tɩ bĩisã, la tɩɩg a ye n yaa b sẽn boond t'a soab n kõ-b b bĩis wʋsgo. B rɩka b kambã n paasd b kambã, baa ne b sẽn tõe n dɩk b kamb n dɩk b toorẽ bõn-buudã. A sẽn yaa a Zeova Kaset rãmbã n kõ-b sor n kõ-ba, b segd n maana b sẽn tõe fãa n paam n kõ-a. B yaa b sẽn yaa bĩis sẽn yaa bilf la b yaa b sẽn tar bĩis n yaa wa b sẽn tar burã. B sẽn naan n naan n naan tɩ b naan n naan b tɩlgã, b sã n da tar b tɩlbã, b sãnda yaa wa b sẽn naan n maan tɩ b yaa wa b tɩlmã. B sẽn naan n naan n naan tɩ b lebg b karen-biisã, b paama b meng n lebg b karen a taabã.^[5]: 20-21

A I'itoi yaa bõn-buud sẽn yaa wʋsg n womd a Baboquivari Peak Wilderness, Arizona soolmẽ wã. B sẽn boond tɩ lambu-bilã yaa wa lambu, la a yaa nana n bɩɩme, la a maanda sõma ne zĩ-bʋs sẽn yaa yɩlemd la sẽn yaa kʋɩlemd. B pʋga bulb-rãmbã tɩ b welg taaba, la b bʋd-b wags-kãnga, tɩ b zĩndi n be zĩ-gũudẽ wã n be zĩiga sẽn be mi-bees n be n be n yɩɩd mi-bi-bees 25 la mi-biis 300. B sẽn na n tigim b bĩngã, b na n tigma bĩng-b-la wʋsgo. Zĩigã sã n wa yɩ tʋʋlg sẽn yaa kãsenga, b tõe n vʋʋgame, la saagã sã n sa wʋsgo. Bãadã pa maand tɩ b zẽk b tɩɩse ye. B pʋɩtame n pʋɩt b tɩɩsã.^[6]

B bɩɩda buud toor-toor sẽn yaa b rãmb sẽn yaa A. cepa, wala dig-goam sẽn yaa a dig-goama bɩ a Ezipt-goam (A. ×proliferum), la dig-goamam sẽn yaa a tãag a zug (A. xcornutum).

Bãngame tɩ tɩɩg-rɩtã bɩ Ezipt-rɩta wã na n kɩtame tɩ b lebg bẽed n pa tar tɩr ye. Sẽn deng rẽ, b ra geta-a lame t'a yaa A. cepa buud toor-toore, wala makre A. ceba var. A. cepa var. bulbiferum, la A. cepa var. mos_Latnmos_Latnmos_Latn yaa viviparum.^[7][45] 19 A ra beeda yʋʋm kobs wʋsg ne Zapõ la Sɩyã n na n yɩ wa sãt-soab. ^[8][45]9: 10 .

Bãagã yaa buud sẽn yaa bĩis sẽn tar karomasoom a tãabo, a yiib sẽn yit A. cepa, la a tãab soaba sẽn yit rog-n-taag sẽn pa mi. ^[9] : 19 Bãagã buud toor-toore b yiisa zĩis toor-toorã, wala "Ljutika" sẽn be Kroasi, la "Pran", "Poonch", la "Srinagar" sẽn be Ind-Kashmir soolmẽ wã. 'Pran' wã yaa b sẽn yi n tɩgã Indi soolmã sẽn be sa-kãsengã pʋgẽ, a Jammu la Kashmir soolmẽ wã. Bãngr-gomdã pʋgẽ, b wilgame tɩ b sẽn da tar "prã" ne "Ljutika" wã pa to ye. ^[10]

Neb kẽer tũnugda ne yʋʋr ning sẽn yaa A. cepa var. viviparum (Metzg.) Alef. b sẽn boond tɩ Ezipt soobã me. A A ×cornutum yaa yʋy a ye bal sẽn gomd a tãag ne a tãagã.

B tõe n bɩɩsa sãnem-soor bɩ sãnem-sãoong ne wales soor (A. fistulosum), la ne A. cepa. A. fistulosum la A. cepa bõn-vɩɩs sẽn yaa kom-bɩɩse wõnda taaba, la b tõe n bãnga b sãn-kãnga ne b vãadã, sẽn yaa zũnd sẽn yaa zʋnd sẽn kẽed ne A. fistoulosum pʋgẽ, n pa tar b sẽn yaa wa b sẽn yaa b sẽn yaa pʋga.^[11]

• List of Allium species
  • List of onion cultivars
  • Pyruvate s

•Block, E. (2010). Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science. Royal Society of Chemistry (UK). ISBN 978-0-85404-190-9. •Gripshover, Margaret M.; Bell, Thomas L. (Spring 2012). "Patently Good Ideas: Innovations and Inventions in U.S. Onion Farming, 1883–1939". Material Culture. 44 (1): 1–30. JSTOR 23145818. Sen, Colleen T. (2004). Food culture in India. Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 0-313-32487-5.

1. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-GRIN_2010-08-20-2
2. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-fritsch2002-3
3. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-Block2010-4
4. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-FNA-5
5. ↑ ^{5.0 5.1 5.2} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.1} https://web.archive.org/web/20121224184605/http://www.foodsafety.wisc.edu/business_food/files/Approximate_pH.pdf
7. ↑ ^{7.0 7.1} https://books.google.com/books?id=WqfACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA248
8. ↑ ^{8.0 8.1} https://doi.org/10.1079%2F9780851995106.0005
9. ↑ ^{9.0 9.1} https://doi.org/10.1079%2F9780851995106.0005
10. ↑ ^{10.0 10.1} http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/Online/GSBOnline/images/0712/MERJPSB_1(1&2)/MERJPSB_1(2)26-38o.pdf
11. ↑ ^{11.0 11.1} https://books.google.com/books?id=WqfACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA248
12. ↑ https://www.onions-usa.org/all-about-onions/history-of-onions
13. ↑ ^{13.0 13.1 13.2} https://www.onions-usa.org/all-about-onions/history-of-onions
14. ↑ http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/Online/GSBOnline/images/0712/MERJPSB_1(1&2)/MERJPSB_1(2)26-38o.pdf
15. ↑ ^{15.0 15.1} https://books.google.com/books?id=6AB89RHV9ucC
16. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=WqfACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA248
17. ↑ ^{17.0 17.1 17.2} http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/Online/GSBOnline/images/0712/MERJPSB_1(1&2)/MERJPSB_1(2)26-38o.pdf
18. ↑ https://www.onions-usa.org/all-about-onions/history-of-onions
19. ↑ http://www.maajournal.com/Issues/2011/pdf/Maksoud.pdf
20. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-23
21. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-24
22. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-Thompson_1995_143-25
23. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-Thompson_1995_143-25
24. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-26
25. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-27
26. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-bbc-28
27. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-29
28. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-30
29. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-31
30. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-32
31. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-33
32. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-McCabeO'Donnell2007-34
33. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-35
34. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf0712503
35. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf0712503
36. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf9027014
37. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf9027014
38. ↑ https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1872213X08666141107170159
39. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf9027014
40. ↑ https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1872213X08666141107170159
41. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23101191
42. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23101191
43. ↑ Site bãnde: <ref> tag sẽn pa zems; b pa kõ sõsg n wilg sõss nins sẽn boond tɩ :3 ye
44. ↑ Site bãnde: <ref> tag sẽn pa zems; b pa kõ sõsg n wilg sõss nins sẽn boond tɩ :4 ye
45. ↑ ^{45.0 45.1 45.2} Site bãnde: <ref> tag sẽn pa zems; b pa kõ sõsg n wilg sõss nins sẽn boond tɩ :5 ye
46. ↑ Site bãnde: <ref> tag sẽn pa zems; b pa kõ sõsg n wilg sõss nins sẽn boond tɩ :7 ye
47. ↑ Site bãnde: <ref> tag sẽn pa zems; b pa kõ sõsg n wilg sõss nins sẽn boond tɩ :9 ye
48. ↑ Site bãnde: <ref> tag sẽn pa zems; b pa kõ sõsg n wilg sõss nins sẽn boond tɩ :8 ye

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