Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop and apply the neural networks models to estimate daily pan evaporation (PE) for different climatic zones such as temperate and arid climatic zones, Republic of Korea and Iran. Three kinds of the neural networks models, namely multilayer perceptron-neural networks model (MLP-NNM), generalized regression neural networks model (GRNNM), and support vector machine-neural networks model (SVM-NNM), were used to estimate daily PE. The available climatic variables, consisted of mean air temperature (Tmean), mean wind speed (Umean), sunshine duration (SD), mean relative humidity (RHmean), and extraterrestrial radiation (Ra) were used to estimate daily PE using the various input combinations of climate variables. The measurements for the period of January 1985–December 1990 (Republic of Korea) and January 2002–December 2008 (Iran) were used for training and testing the employed neural networks models. The results obtained by SVM-NNM indicated that it performs better than MLP-NNM and GRNNM for estimating daily PE. A comparison was also made among the employed models, which demonstrated the superiority of MLP-NNM, GRNNM, and SVM-NNM over Linacre model and multiple linear regression model (MLRM).
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Abtew W (2001) Evaporation estimation for Lake Okeechobee in South Florida. J Irrig Drain Eng 127(3):140–147
ASCE Task Committee on Definition of Criteria for Evaluation of Watershed Models (1993) Criteria for evaluation of watershed models. J Irrig Drain Eng 119(3):429–442
Bishop CM (1994) Neural networks and their applications. Rev Scien Instru 65:1803–1832
Bruton JM, McClendon RW, Hoogenboom G (2000) Estimating daily pan evaporation with artificial neural networks. Trans ASAE 43(2):491–496
Burman RD (1976) Intercontinental comparison of evaporation estimates. J Irrig Drain Eng 102(1):109–118
Chauhan S, Shrivastava RK (2009) Performance evaluation of reference evapotranspiration estimation using climate based methods and artificial neural networks. Water Resour Manag 23:825–837
Choudhury BJ (1999) Evaluation of empirical equation for annual evaporation using field observations and results from a biophysical model. J Hydrol 216(1–2):99–110
Chang FJ, Chang LC, Kao HS, Wu GR (2010) Assessing the effort of meteorological variables for evaporation estimation by self-organizing map neural network. J Hydrol 384(1–2):118–129
Christiansen JE (1966) Estimating pan evaporation and evapotranspiration from climatic data. In Irrigation and drainage Special Conference ASCE, Las Vegas, NV, pp 193–231
Cover TM (1965) Geometrical and statistical properties of systems of linear inequalities with applications in pattern recognition. IEEE Trans on Elect Comp EC-14:326–334
Finch JW (2001) A comparison between measured and modeled open water evaporation from a reservoir in south-east England. Hydrol Process 15:2771–2778
Guven A, Kisi O (2011) Daily pan evaporation modeling using linear genetic programming technique. Irrig Sci 29(2):135–145
Hargreaves GH (1966) Consumptive use computations from evaporation pan data. In Irrigation and Drainage Special Conference, ASCE, Las Vegas, NV, pp 35–62
Haykin S (2009) Neural networks and learning machines, 3rd edn. Prentice Hall, NJ
Howell TA, Phene CJ, Meek DW (1983) Evaporation from screened Class A pans in a semi-arid environment. Agric Met 29(1):111–124
Hush DR, Horne BG (1993) Progress in supervised neural network: what’s new since Lippmann? IEEE Sign Proc Magaz 10:8–39
Keskin ME, Terzi O (2006) Artificial neural networks models of daily pan evaporation. J Hydrol Eng 11(1):65–70
Kim S, Kim HS (2008a) Uncertainty reduction of the flood stage forecasting using neural networks model. J Amer Wat Resou Assoc 44(1):148–165
Kim S, Kim HS (2008b) Neural networks and genetic algorithm approach for nonlinear evaporation and evapotranspiration modeling. J Hydrol 351(3–4):636–646
Kim S, Kim HS (2011) Chapter 5: Nonlinear evapotranspiration modeling using MLP-NNM and SVM-NNM. In: Labedzki L (ed) Evapotranspiration. Intech, Rijeka
Kim S, Kim JH, Park KB (2009) Neural networks models for the flood forecasting and disaster prevention system in the small catchment. Disaster Adv 2(3):51–63
Kim S (2011) Nonlinear hydrologic modeling using the stochastic and neural networks approach. Disaster Adv 4(1):53–63
Kisi O (2006) Daily pan evaporation modeling using a neuro-fuzzy computing technique. J Hydrol 329(3–4):636–646
Kisi O (2007) Evapotranspiration modeling from climatic data using a neural computing technique. Hydrol Process 21:1925–1934
Kisi O (2009) Modeling monthly evaporation using two different neural computing technique. Irrig Sci 27(5):417–430
Kohler MA, Nordensen TJ, Fox WE (1955) Evaporation from pans on lakes. Weather Bureau Research Paper 38, US Department of Commerce, Washington DC
Kottegoda NT, Rosso R (1997) Statistics, probability, and reliability methods for civil and environmental engineers. McGraw-Hill, Singapore
Kumar M, Raghuwanshi NS, Singh R, Wallender WW, Pruitt WO (2002) Estimating evapotranspiration using artificial neural networks. J Irrig Drain Eng 128(4):224–233
Kumar M, Raghuwanshi NS, Singh R (2011) Artificial neural networks approach in evapotranspiration modeling: a review. Irrig Sci 29(1):11–25
Legates DR, McCabe GJ (1999) Evaluating the use of goodness-of-fit measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation. Water Resour Res 35(1):233–241
Lindsey SD, Farnsworth RK (1997) Sources of solar radiation estimates and their effect on daily potential evaporation for use in streamflow modeling. J Hydrol 201(1–4):348–366
Linsley RK, Kohler MA, Paulhus JLH (1982) Hydrology for engineers, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, London
Linacre ET (1967) Climate and the evaporation from crops. J Irrig Drain Div 93:61–79
McCuen RH (1993) Microcomputer applications in statistical hydrology. Prentice Hall, NJ
McKenzie RS, Craig AR (2001) Evaluation of river losses from the Orange River using hydraulic modeling. J Hydrol 241(1–2):62–69
Nash JE, Sutcliffe JV (1970) River flow forecasting through conceptual models, Part 1 – A discussion of principles. J Hydrol 10(3):282–290
Penman HL (1948) Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proc R Soc London 193:120–146
Principe JC, Euliano NR, Lefebvre WC (2000) Neural and adaptive systems: fundamentals through simulation. John Wiley & Sons, NY
Rosenberry DO, Winter TC, Buso DC, Likens GE (2007) Comparison of 15 evaporation methods applied to a small mountain lake in the northeastern USA. J Hydrol 340(3–4):149–166
Salas JD, Smith RA, Tabios III GO, Heo JH (2005) Statistical computing techniques in water resources and environmental engineering. Unpublished book in CE622, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
Shiri J, Dierickx W, Pour-Ali Baba A, Neamati S, Ghorbani MA (2011) Estimating daily pan evaporation from climatic data of the state of Illinois, USA using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and artificial neural network (ANN). Hydrol Res 42(6):491–502
Shiri J, Kisi O (2011) Application of artificial intelligence to estimate daily pan evaporation using available and estimated climatic data in the Khozestan Province (Southwestern Iran). J Irrig Drain Eng 137(7):412–425
Shirsath PB, Singh AK (2010) A comparative study of daily pan evaporation estimation using ANN, regression and climate based models. Water Resour Manag 24:1571–1581
Sudheer KP, Gosain AK, Rangan DM, Saheb SM (2002) Modeling evaporation using an artificial neural network algorithm. Hydrol Process 16:3189–3202
Tabari H, Marofi S, Sabziparvar AA (2009) Estimation of daily pan evaporation using artificial neural network and multivariate non-linear regression. Irrig Sci 28(5):399–406
Tripathi S, Srinivas VV, Nanjundish RS (2006) Downscaling of precipitation for climate change scenarios: a support vector machine approach. J Hydrol 330(3–4):621–640
Tsoukalas LH, Uhrig RE (1997) Fuzzy and neural approaches in engineering. John Wiley & Sons Inc, NY
Vallet-Coulomb C, Legesse D, Gasse F, Travi Y, Chernet T (2001) Lake evaporation estimates in tropical Africa (Lake Ziway, Ethiopia). J Hydrol 245(1–4):1–18
Vapnik VN (1992) Principles of risk minimization for learning theory. In: Moody, Hanson & Lippmann (ed) Advances in neural information processing systems, vol. 4. Elsevier, NY
Vapnik VN (2010) The nature of statistical learning theory, 2nd edn. Springer, NY
Warnaka K, Pochop L (1988) Analyses of equation for free water evaporation estimates. Water Resour Res 24(7):979–984
Wasserman PD (1993) Advanced methods in neural computing. Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY
Xu CY, Singh VP (1998) Dependence of evaporation on meteorological variables at different time-scales and intercomparison of estimation methods. Hydrol Process 12(3):429–442
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, S., Shiri, J. & Kisi, O. Pan Evaporation Modeling Using Neural Computing Approach for Different Climatic Zones. Water Resour Manage 26, 3231–3249 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0069-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0069-2