Abstract
This article uses a bundle of bibliometric and text-mining techniques to provide a systematic assessment of the intellectual core of the Social Media-based innovation research field. The goal of this study is to identify main research areas, understand the current state of development and suggest potential future directions by analysing co-citations from 155 papers published between 2003 and 2013 in the most influential academic journals. The main clusters have been identified, mapped, and labelled. Their most active areas on this topic and the most influential and co-cited papers have been identified and described. Also, intra- and inter-cluster knowledge base diversity has been assessed by using indicators stemming from the domains of Information Theory and Biology. A t test has been performed to assess the significance of the inter-cluster diversity. Five co-existing research streams shaping the research field under investigation have been identified and characterized.
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Notes
Within the ABS Journal Quality Guide v.4, we searched for top journals with a Quality Rating of 3, 4, and 4* publishing original and well-executed research papers. We filtered out journals with a Quality Rating below 3.
Topic = ((("social media" OR "social media-based" OR "social platform" OR ("social network" AND (Facebook OR Twitter OR Flickr OR Linkedin)) OR “Facebook” OR “Twitter” OR “Flickr” OR “Linkedin” OR "Web-based platform*" OR "Web 2.0" OR "social software" OR "toolkit*" OR "open innovation software" OR “open innovation platform” OR "semantic web" OR "R&D platforms" OR "design platform*" OR "idea* platform*" OR "online communit*" OR “brand communit*” OR “user communit*” OR “virtual customer” OR “virtual worlds” OR “virtual environment” OR “virtual integration” OR “crowdsourcing” OR “digital consumer” OR “virtual team”) AND (innovation OR "idea generation" OR "product development" OR "ideation" OR "idea evaluation" OR "idea execution" OR “customer participation” OR “co-creation”))). Refined by: Web of Science Categories = (MANAGEMENT OR BUSINESS) AND Document Types = (ARTICLE OR REVIEW). Timespan = 2003–2013. Databases = SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CCR-EXPANDED, IC.
The complete list of 155 core publications is provided as Supplementary Material.
This law proposes that a few journals, publications, scientists, etc. contain the majority of articles, citations (Garfield 1980).
Complete tables are available on request.
The minimum number of citations of a cited reference is two. Out of 6258 cited references, 1019 meet the threshold.
A note of caution: the Shannon–Wiener diversity index is a non-parametric index. Hence, no assumptions are made about the shape of the underlying species abundance distribution (Southwood and Henderson 2000; Magurran and McGill 2011). A substantial error can arise when the sample does not include all the species in the community (Peet 1974); however, as the true species richness of an assemblage is usually unknown, an unbiased estimator of the Shannon-Wiener index does not exist (Lande 1996). Hutcheson (1970), by assuming that each population is normally (or nearly normally) distributed and that the values of real variances are not known, advanced a test with a statistic following an approximate t-distribution with specific degrees of freedom. Deviations from these assumptions may invalidate t test results; assessments concerning significant differences of cluster diversities may rely on absolute (jack-knifed) values of the Shannon-Wiener index only.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Most cited articles in the set of 155 intellectual core
We identified the articles of the dataset which have been mostly cited by means of the UCINET software. The number of citations per paper was normalized by means of an algorithm that takes into account the “age” of the article (Sidiropoulos et al. 2007). This correction was needed to reduce the time penalty afflicting more recent articles:
where t 1 is the publication year of article i, C (i, t) is the number of citations for the article i at time t. Thus S (i, t) is the number of citations that article i received normalized by the coefficient 4. We identified a subset of 27 papers (about 20 % of the total), which received about 80 % of the citations. Below, the distribution of the most cited articles is reported.
Journal | # Articles | Journal | # Articles |
|---|---|---|---|
Organization Science | 4 | MIT Sloan Management Review | 1 |
J. of Product Innovation Management | 3 | J. of Macromarketing | 1 |
R & D Management | 3 | Industrial Marketing Management | 1 |
California Management Review | 2 | MIS Quarterly | 1 |
Long Range Planning | 2 | Innovation Management Policy & Practice | 1 |
Technovation | 2 | Technology Analysis & Strategic Management | 1 |
J. of Management Information Systems | 1 | J. of Business Research | 1 |
J. of Marketing | 1 | Research Policy | 1 |
Management Science | 1 | Tot. | 27 |
Appendix 2: Most co-cited references (within 155 intellectual core)
ID | Cited reference | Co-citation links |
|---|---|---|
1977 | franke n, 2003, res policy, v32, p155, doi 10.1016/s0048-7333(02)00006-9 | 45 |
5903 | von hippel e., 2005, democratizing innova | 35 |
2921 | jeppesen lb, 2006, organ sci, v17, p45, doi 10.1287/orsc.1050.0156 | 34 |
5860 | von hippel e, 2002, manage sci, v48, p821, doi 10.1287/mnsc.48.7.821.2817 | 31 |
5902 | von hippel e., 1988, sources innovation | 30 |
3373 | lakhani kr, 2003, res policy, v32, p923, doi 10.1016/s0048-7333(02)00095-1 | 29 |
5861 | von hippel e, 2003, organ sci, v14, p209 | 27 |
4122 | muniz am, 2001, j consum res, v27, p412 | 26 |
5904 | von hippel e.,2005, democratizing innova | 26 |
3597 | lilien gl, 2002, manage sci, v48, p1042, doi 10.1287/mnsc.48.8.1042.171 | 25 |
4993 | sawhney m, 2005, j interact mark, v19, p4, doi 10.1002/dir.20046 | 25 |
3516 | lerner j, 2002, j ind econ, v50, p197 | 24 |
4146 | nambisan s, 2002, acad manage rev, v27, p392, doi 10.2307/4134386 | 24 |
1978 | franke n, 2004, j prod innovat manag, v21, p401, doi 10.1111/j.0737-6782.2004.00094.x | 23 |
2609 | hertel g, 2003, res policy, v32, p1159, doi 10.1016/s0048-7333(03)00047-7 | 23 |
4990 | sawhney m, 2000, calif manage rev, v42, p24 | 22 |
1062 | chesbrough h., 2003, open innovation new | 21 |
4526 | piller ft, 2006, r&d manage, v36, p307, doi 10.1111/j.1467-9310.2006.00432.x | 21 |
1181 | cohen wm, 1990, admin sci quart, v35, p128, doi 10.2307/2393553 | 20 |
3890 | mcalexander jh, 2002, j marketing, v66, p38, doi 10.1509/jmkg.66.1.38.18451 | 20 |
5147 | shah sk, 2006, manage sci, v52, p1000, doi 10.1287/mnsc.1060.0553 | 20 |
5556 | thomke s, 2002, harvard bus rev, v80, p74 | 20 |
Appendix 3: Most co-cited pairs (top 20)
IDi | Referencei* | IDj | Referencej* |
|---|---|---|---|
161 | allen t., 1984, managing flow techno | 5554 | thomke s, 2000, j prod innovat manag, v17, p128, doi 10.1016/s0737-6782(99)00031-4 |
663 | bjelland o. m., 2008, mit sloan manage rev, v50, p31 | 1251 | corrocher n, 2011, technol forecast soc, v78, p547, doi 10.1016/j.techfore.2010.10.006 |
2088 | gallaugher j, 2010, mis q exec, v9, p197 | 2454 | hansen mt, 2007, harvard bus rev, v85, p121 |
2454 | hansen mt, 2007, harvard bus rev, v85, p121 | 3616 | linder jc, 2003, mit sloan manage rev, v44, p43 |
663 | bjelland o. m., 2008, mit sloan manage rev, v50, p31 | 1222 | cooke m, 2008, int j market res, v50, p267 |
822 | brown la, 1991, cytopathology, v2, p1, doi 10.1111/j.1365-2303.1991.tb00377.x | 5062 | schrage m., 2000, serious play worlds |
1222 | cooke m, 2008, int j market res, v50, p267 | 1251 | corrocher n, 2011, technol forecast soc, v78, p547, doi 10.1016/j.techfore.2010.10.006 |
2454 | hansen mt, 2007, harvard bus rev, v85, p121 | 3076 | kelley sw, 1990, j retailing, v66, p315 |
152 | alexy o, 2012, calif manage rev, v54, p116, doi 10.1525/cmr.2012.54.3.116 | 2454 | hansen mt, 2007, harvard bus rev, v85, p121 |
271 | aral s, 2011, manage sci, v57, p1623, doi 10.1287/mnsc.1110.1421 | 1502 | dellarocas c, 2010, j manage inform syst, v27, p127, doi 10.2753/mis0742-1222270204 |
271 | aral s, 2011, manage sci, v57, p1623, doi 10.1287/mnsc.1110.1421 | 5165 | shapiro c, 1998, inform rules strateg |
1502 | dellarocas c, 2010, j manage inform syst, v27, p127, doi 10.2753/mis0742-1222270204 | 5165 | shapiro c, 1998, inform rules strateg |
3543 | levy m, 2009, j knowl manag, v13, p120, doi 10.1108/13673270910931215 | 4803 | riegner c, 2007, j advertising res, v47, p436, doi 10.2501/s0021849907070456 |
891 | burt r. s., 1992, structural holes soc | 3496 | leonard d., 1999, sparks fly igniting |
891 | burt r. s., 1992, structural holes soc | 5827 | verona g., 2002, european management, v20, p299, doi 10.1016/s0263-2373(02)00046-4 |
2088 | gallaugher j, 2010, mis q exec, v9, p197 | 3616 | linder jc, 2003, mit sloan manage rev, v44, p43 |
4770 | resnik aj, 1983, j marketing, v47, p86, doi 10.2307/3203430 | 5567 | thompson cj, 1997, j marketing res, v34, p438, doi 10.2307/3151963 |
822 | brown la, 1991, cytopathology, v2, p1, doi 10.1111/j.1365-2303.1991.tb00377.x | 4219 | nonaka i, 1998, calif manage rev, v40, p40 |
3543 | levy m, 2009, j knowl manag, v13, p120, doi 10.1108/13673270910931215 | 3888 | mcafee ap, 2006, mit sloan manage rev, v47, p21 |
3888 | mcafee ap, 2006, mit sloan manage rev, v47, p21 | 4803 | riegner c, 2007, j advertising res, v47, p436, doi 10.2501/s0021849907070456 |
Appendix 4: Cluster 1 “Organizational Learning”
IDCL1 | ReferenceCL1* | Co-citation links |
|---|---|---|
4990 | sawhney m, 2000, calif manage rev, v42, p24 | 22 |
817 | brown js, 1991, organ sci, v2, p40, doi 10.1287/orsc.2.1.40 | 14 |
3992 | miles mb, 1994, qualitative data ana | 11 |
5982 | wasko mm, 2005, mis quart, v29, p35 | 11 |
3191 | kogut b, 1992, organ sci, v3, p383, doi 10.1287/orsc.3.3.383 | 10 |
3804 | march jg, 1991, organ sci, v2, p71, doi 10.1287/orsc.2.1.71 | 10 |
6188 | yin r., 2003, case study res desig | 10 |
Appendix 5: Cluster 2 “Open and Distributed Innovation”
IDCL2 | ReferenceCL2* | Co-citation links |
|---|---|---|
5903 | von hippel e., 2005, democratizing innova | 35 |
5860 | von hippel e, 2002, manage sci, v48, p821, doi 10.1287/mnsc.48.7.821.2817 | 31 |
4146 | nambisan s, 2002, acad manage rev, v27, p392, doi 10.2307/4134386 | 24 |
1062 | chesbrough h., 2003, open innovation new | 21 |
1980 | franke n, 2006, j prod innovat manag, v23, p301, doi 10.1111/j.1540-5885.2006.00203.x | 17 |
2748 | howe j., 2008, crowdsourcing why po | 16 |
1358 | dahan e, 2002, j prod innovat manag, v19, p332, doi 10.1111/1540-5885.1950332 | 16 |
2053 | fuller j, 2010, calif manage rev, v52, p98 | 14 |
3433 | laursen k, 2006, strategic manage j, v27, p131, doi 10.1002/smj.507 | 14 |
3200 | kohler t, 2009, technovation, v29, p395, doi 10.1016/j.technovation.2008.11.004 | 14 |
2924 | jeppesen lb, 2010, organ sci, v21, p1016, doi 10.1287/orsc.1090.0491 | 13 |
2920 | jeppesen lb, 2005, j prod innovat manag, v22, p347, doi 10.1111/j.0737-6782.2005.00131.x | 13 |
4628 | prahalad c. k., 2004, future competition c | 13 |
2049 | fuller j, 2007, technovation, v27, p378, doi 10.1016/j.technovation.2006.09.005 | 12 |
1682 | ebner w, 2009, r&d manage, v39, p342, doi 10.1111/j.1467-9310.2009.00564.x | 11 |
4300 | ogawa s, 2006, mit sloan manage rev, v47, p65 | 11 |
6044 | west j, 2008, ind innov, v15, p223, doi 10.1080/13662710802033734 | 11 |
3694 | luthje c, 2004, technovation, v24, p683, doi 10.1016/s0166-4972(02)00150-5 | 11 |
1375 | dahlander l, 2010, res policy, v39, p699, doi 10.1016/j.respol.2010.01.013 | 10 |
2807 | huston l, 2006, harvard bus rev, v84, p58 | 10 |
4742 | raymond e, 1999, cathedral bazaar mus | 10 |
Appendix 6: Cluster 3 “Value (Co)creation”
IDCL3 | ReferenceCL3* | Co-citation links |
|---|---|---|
3373 | lakhani kr, 2003, res policy, v32, p923, doi 10.1016/s0048-7333(02)00095-1 | 29 |
4122 | muniz am, 2001, j consum res, v27, p412 | 26 |
4993 | sawhney m, 2005, j interact mark, v19, p4, doi 10.1002/dir.20046 | 25 |
1978 | franke n, 2004, j prod innovat manag, v21, p401, doi 10.1111/j.0737-6782.2004.00094.x | 23 |
3890 | mcalexander jh, 2002, j marketing, v66, p38, doi 10.1509/jmkg.66.1.38.18451 | 20 |
3251 | kozinets rv, 2002, j marketing res, v39, p61, doi 10.1509/jmkr.39.1.61.18935 | 19 |
1943 | fornell c, 1981, j marketing res, v18, p39, doi 10.2307/3151312 | 19 |
2047 | fuller j, 2007, j bus res, v60, p60, doi 10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.09.019 | 18 |
2474 | harhoff d, 2003, res policy, v32, p1753, doi 10.1016/s0048-7333(03)00061-1 | 18 |
2918 | jeppesen lb, 2003, technol anal strateg, v15, p363, doi 10.1080/09537320310001601531 | 18 |
2065 | fuller j., 2006, electronic commerce research, v6, doi 10.1007/s10660-006-5988-7 | 18 |
4123 | muniz am, 2005, j consum res, v31, p737, doi 10.1086/426607 | 15 |
5797 | vargo sl, 2004, j marketing, v68, p1, doi 10.1509/jmkg.68.1.1.24036 | 15 |
154 | algesheimer r, 2005, j marketing, v69, p19, doi 10.1509/jmkg.69.3.19.66363 | 13 |
309 | armstrong js, 1977, j marketing res, v14, p396, doi 10.2307/3150783 | 12 |
5981 | wasko mm, 2000, j strategic inf syst, v9, p155 | 12 |
1210 | constant d, 1996, organ sci, v7, p119, doi 10.1287/orsc.7.2.119 | 11 |
2408 | hagel j., 1997, net gain expanding m | 11 |
2680 | hoffman dl, 1996, j marketing, v60, p50, doi 10.2307/1251841 | 11 |
2050 | fuller j, 2008, j prod innovat manag, v25, p608, doi 10.1111/j.1540-5885.2008.00325.x | 11 |
5017 | schau hj, 2009, j marketing, v73, p30 | 11 |
4637 | prahalad ck, 2000, harvard bus rev, v78, p79 | 10 |
1548 | dholakia um, 2004, int j res mark, v21, p241, doi 10.1016/j.ijresmar.2003.12.004 | 10 |
402 | bagozzi rp, 2006, int j res mark, v23, p45, doi 10.1016/j.ijresmar.2006.01.005 | 10 |
Appendix 7: Cluster 4 “User/Customer Involvement in Innovation Processes”
IDCL4 | ReferenceCL4* | Co-citation links |
|---|---|---|
1977 | franke n, 2003, res policy, v32, p155, doi 10.1016/s0048-7333(02)00006-9 | 45 |
5902 | von hippel e., 1988, sources innovation | 30 |
3597 | lilien gl, 2002, manage sci, v48, p1042, doi 10.1287/mnsc.48.8.1042.171 | 25 |
1181 | cohen wm, 1990, admin sci quart, v35, p128, doi 10.2307/2393553 | 20 |
5556 | thomke s, 2002, harvard bus rev, v80, p74 | 20 |
5719 | urban gl, 1988, manage sci, v34, p569, doi 10.1287/mnsc.34.5.569 | 19 |
5858 | von hippel e, 2001, j prod innovat manag, v18, p247, doi 10.1016/s0737-6782(01)00090-x | 19 |
1714 | eisenhardt km, 1989, acad manage rev, v14, p532, doi 10.2307/258557 | 17 |
4089 | morrison pd, 2000, manage sci, v46, p1513, doi 10.1287/mnsc.46.12.1513.12076 | 15 |
5869 | von hippel e,1986, manage sci, v32, p791, doi 10.1287/mnsc.32.7.791 | 15 |
2603 | herstatt c, 1992, j prod innovat manag, v9, p213, doi 10.1016/0737-6782(92)90031-7 | 14 |
5925 | vonhippel e, 1986, manage sci, v32, p791, doi 10.1287/mnsc.32.7.791 | 13 |
5856 | von hippel e, 1998, manage sci, v44, p629, doi 10.1287/mnsc.44.5.629 | 12 |
5926 | vonhippel e, 1994, manage sci, v40, p429, doi 10.1287/mnsc.40.4.429 | 12 |
2355 | gruner ke, 2000, j bus res, v49, p1, doi 10.1016/s0148-2963(99)00013-2 | 11 |
1976 | franke n, 2003, res policy, v32, p1199, doi 10.1016/s0048-7333(03)00049-0 | 10 |
5881 | von hippel e,1994, manage sci, v40, p429, doi 10.1287/mnsc.40.4.429 | 10 |
6192 | yin rk, 1994, case study res desig | 10 |
Appendix 8: Cluster 5 “Knowledge Sharing in Communities”
IDCL5 | ReferenceCL5* | Co-citation links |
|---|---|---|
2921 | jeppesen lb, 2006, organ sci, v17, p45, doi 10.1287/orsc.1050.0156 | 34 |
5861 | von hippel e, 2003, organ sci, v14, p209 | 27 |
5904 | von hippel e.,2005, democratizing innova | 26 |
3516 | lerner j, 2002, j ind econ, v50, p197 | 24 |
2609 | hertel g, 2003, res policy, v32, p1159, doi 10.1016/s0048-7333(03)00047-7 | 23 |
5147 | shah sk, 2006, manage sci, v52, p1000, doi 10.1287/mnsc.1060.0553 | 20 |
5914 | von krogh g, 2006, manage sci, v52, p975, doi 10.1287/mnsc.1060.0560 | 13 |
2491 | hars a, 2002, int j electron comm, v6, p25 | 12 |
4090 | morrison pd, 2004, res policy, v33, p351, doi 10.1016/j.respol.2003.09.007 | 11 |
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Appio, F.P., Martini, A., Massa, S. et al. Unveiling the intellectual origins of Social Media-based innovation: insights from a bibliometric approach. Scientometrics 108, 355–388 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-1955-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-1955-9