[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Investigation of recharge dynamics and flow paths in a fractured crystalline aquifer in semi-arid India using borehole logs: implications for managed aquifer recharge

Etude de la dynamique et des écoulements dans un aquifère cristallin fracturé en zone semi-aride (Inde) à partir de données de forage: conséquences pour la recharge artificielle des aquifères

Investigación de la dinámica de la recarga y de las trayectorias de flujo en un acuífero fracturado cristalino en la India semiárida utilizando los registros de pozo: implicancias para el manejo de la recarga de los acuíferos

利用钻孔记录调查印度半干旱地区断裂结晶岩含水层中的补给动力学特征和水流通道:含水层补给管理的启示

Investigação da dinâmica e dos caminhos de fluxo de recarga em um aquífero cristalino fraturado no semiárido da Índia usando registros de poços: implicações para gestão da recarga de aquífero

  • Report
  • Published:
Hydrogeology Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The recharge flow paths in a typical weathered hard-rock aquifer in a semi-arid area of southern India were investigated in relation to structures associated with a managed aquifer recharge (MAR) scheme. Despite the large number of MAR structures, the mechanisms of recharge in their vicinity are still unclear. The study uses a percolation tank as a tool to identify the input signal of the recharge and uses multiple measurements (piezometric time series, electrical conductivity profiles in boreholes) compared against heat-pulse flowmeter measurements and geochemical data (major ions and stable isotopes) to examine recharge flow paths. The recharge process is a combination of diffuse piston flow and preferential flow paths. Direct vertical percolation appears to be very limited, in contradiction to the conceptual model generally admitted where vertical flow through saprolite is considered as the main recharge process. The horizontal component of the flow leads to a strong geochemical stratification of the water column. The complex recharge pattern, presented in a conceptual model, leads to varied impacts on groundwater quality and availability in both time and space, inducing strong implications for water management, water quality evolution, MAR monitoring and longer-term socio-economic costs.

Résumé

Les chemins d’écoulements lors de la recharge d’un aquifère typique de socle altéré en zone semi-aride d’Inde du Sud ont été étudiés en relation aux structures associées au schéma de recharge artificielle d’aquifère. Malgré un grand nombre de structures de recharge artificielle dans la région, les mécanismes d’écoulement à leur proximité restent peu connus. Cette étude utilise un bassin de percolation comme un outil pour identifier le signal de recharge et utilise de multiples mesures (séries piézométriques, profils de conductivité électrique en forages) appuyées par des mesures de débitmètre à impulsions de chaleur en forage et de données géochimiques (ions majeurs et isotopes stables), pour déterminer les chemins d’écoulements de la recharge. Le processus de recharge apparait comme une combinaison de déplacement convectif diffus des écoulements et de chemins d’écoulements préférentiels. La percolation verticale directe semble très limitée, en opposition au modèle conceptuel généralement admis où l’écoulement vertical à travers la saprolite est considéré comme le processus principal de recharge. La composante horizontale du flux crée une forte stratification géochimique de la colonne d’eau. Le schéma complexe des écoulements de recharge présenté dans un modèle conceptuel traduit des impacts variés sur la qualité des eaux souterraines et leur disponibilité aussi bien dans l’espace que dans le temps, ayant des conséquences importantes pour la gestion de l’eau, l’évolution de la qualité de l’eau et la surveillance des structures de recharge artificielle, le tout pouvant engendrer des coûts socio-économiques importants sur le long terme.

Resumen

Se investigaron las trayectorias del flujo de recarga en un acuífero típico de roca dura meteorizada en una zona semiárida del sur de la India en relación con las estructuras asociadas con un esquema de manejo de recarga de los acuíferos (MAR). A pesar del gran número de estructuras del MAR, los mecanismos de recarga en la vecindad aún no están claros. El estudio utiliza un tanque de percolación como una herramienta para identificar la señal de entrada de la recarga y utiliza mediciones múltiples (series temporales de datos piezométricos, perfiles de conductividad eléctrica en los pozos) en comparación con las mediciones del flujímetro por pulsos de calor y datos geoquímicos (iones principales e isótopos estables) para examinar las vías de flujo de la recarga. El proceso de recarga es una combinación de flujo difuso de pistón y las trayectorias preferenciales de flujo. La percolación vertical directa parece ser muy limitada, en contradicción con el modelo conceptual generalmente admitido donde el flujo vertical a través del saprolito está considerado como el principal proceso de recarga. El componente horizontal del flujo conduce a una fuerte estratificación geoquímica en la columna de agua. El patrón complejo de la recarga, se presenta en un modelo conceptual, que conduce a variados impactos en la calidad y disponibilidad del agua subterránea en tiempo y espacio, induciendo a fuertes implicancias para el manejo del agua, la evolución de la calidad del agua, el monitoreo MAR y los costos socio-económicos a largo plazo.

摘要

针对含水层补给管理计划相关设施,调查了印度南部半干旱地区典型风化硬岩含水层中的补给水流通道。尽管有众多的含水层补给管理设施,但周围的补给机理仍然不清楚。本研究中,采用渗透箱作为确定补给输入信号工具,采用多重测量结果(测压时间序列、钻孔的电导率剖面)与热脉冲流量计测量结果和地球化学资料(主要离子和稳定同位素)进行比较,以检测补给水流通道。直接垂直渗透看上去非常有限,这与概念模型通常得出的结果不一致,在概念模型中,通过风化土的垂直流被认为是主要补给过程。水流的横向成分导致水柱强烈的地球化学分层现象。概念模型展示的复杂补给模式导致在时间和空间上对地下水水质和可用性产生各种影响,对于水管理、水质演化、含水层补给管理监测和长期社会经济成本具有重要的启示作用。

Resumo

A trajetória do fluxo de recarga em um típico aquífero cristalino intemperizado em área semiárida do sudeste da Índia foi investigada, em relação às estruturas associadas à gestão da recarga de aquífero (GRA). Apesar do grande número de estruturas GRA, os mecanismos de recarga em sua proximidade ainda são desconhecidos. O estudo utiliza um tanque de percolação como uma ferramenta para identificar o sinal de entrada da recarga e compara várias medidas (séries temporais de piezometria, perfis de condutividade elétrica em poços) com medidas de pulso de calor de um medidor de vazão e dados geoquímicos (íons principais e isótopos estáveis) para examinar a trajetória do fluxo de recarga. A percolação vertical direta parece ser muito limitada, em contradição com o modelo conceitual geralmente adotado em que o fluxo vertical por meio do saprólito é considerado como um dos principais processos de recarga. A componente horizontal do fluxo conduz a uma forte estratificação geoquímica da coluna de água. O complexo padrão de recarga, apresentado em um modelo conceitual, ocasiona impactos variados na qualidade e na disponibilidade de águas subterrâneas tanto no tempo como no espaço, gerando fortes implicações para o gerenciamento de água, evolução da qualidade da água, monitoramento GRA e custos socioeconômicos de longo prazo.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
£29.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acworth RI (1987) The development of crystalline basement aquifers in a tropical environment. Q J Eng Geol Hydrogeol 20:265–272. doi:10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1987.020.04.02

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adhikari RN, Singh AK, Math SKN, Raizada A, Mishra PK, Reddy KK (2013) Augmentation of groundwater recharge and water quality improvement by water harvesting structures in the semi-arid Deccan. Current Sci (Bangalore) 104(11):1534--1542

  • Athavale RN, Chand R, Rangarajan R (1983) Groundwater recharge estimates for two basins in the Deccan Trap basalt formation / Estimation de la recharge des eaux souterraines de deux bassins dans la formation de basalte du Deccan Trap. Hydrol Sci J 28–4:525–538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aulong S, Chaudhuri B, Farnier L et al (2012) Are South Indian farmers adaptable to global change? A case in an Andhra Pradesh catchment basin. Reg Environ Chang 12:423–436. doi:10.1007/s10113-011-0258-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batchelor CH, Rama Mohan Rao MS, Manohar Rao S (2003) Watershed development: a solution to water shortages in semi-arid India or part of the problem. Land Use Water Resour Res 3:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Boisson A, Baisset M, Alazard M et al (2014) Comparison of surface and groundwater balance approaches in the evaluation of managed aquifer recharge structures: case of a percolation tank in a crystalline aquifer in India. J Hydrol 519(B):1620–1633. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.09.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boisson A, Guihéneuf N, Perrin J, Bour O, Dewandel B, Dausse A, Viossanges M, Ahmed S, Maréchal JC (2015) Determining the vertical evolution of hydrodynamic parameters in weathered and fractured south Indian crystalline rocks aquifers: insights from a study on an instrumented site. Hydrogeol J. doi:10.1007/s10040-014-1226-x

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouma JA, Biggs TW, Bouwer LM (2011) The downstream externalities of harvesting rainwater in semi-arid watersheds: an Indian case study. Agric Water Manag 98(7):1162--1170

  • Boutt DF, Diggins P, Mabee S (2010) A field study (Massachusetts, USA) of the factors controlling the depth of groundwater flow systems in crystalline fractured-rock terrain. Hydrogeol J 18:1839–1854. doi:10.1007/s10040-010-0640-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bouwer H, Rice RC (1976) A slug test for determining hydraulic conductivity of unconfined aquifers with completely or partially penetrating wells. Water Resour Res 12(3):423--423

  • Calder I, Gosain A, Rao MSRM et al (2008) Watershed development in India, 1: biophysical and societal impacts. Environ Dev Sustain 10:537–557. doi:10.1007/s10668-006-9079-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CGWB (2007) Manual on artificial recharge to groundwater. Central Ground Water Board, New Delhi

  • CGWB (2009) Dynamic ground water resources of India. Central Ground Water Board, New Delhi

  • Chilton P, Foster SS (1995) Hydrogeological characterisation and water supply potential of basement aquifers in tropical Africa. Hydrogeol J 3(1):36–49

  • de Silva CS, Rushton KR (2007) Groundwater recharge estimation using improved soil moisture balance methodology for a tropical climate with distinct dry seasons. Hydrol Sci J 52(5):1051--1067

  • de Vries JJ, Simmers I (2002) Groundwater recharge: an overview of processes and challenges. Hydrogeol J 10:5–17. doi:10.1007/s10040-001-0171-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewandel B, Lachassagne P, Wyns R et al (2006) A generalized 3-D geological and hydrogeological conceptual model of granite aquifers controlled by single or multiphase weathering. J Hydrol 330:260–284. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.03.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dillon P (2009) Water recycling via managed aquifer recharge in Australia. Bol Geol Min 120:121–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Drew L, Shuenemeyer J, Armstrong T, Sutphin D (2001) Initial yield to depth relation for water wells drilled into crystalline bedrocks: Pinardville Quadrangle, New Hampshire. Ground Water 39:676–684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fishman RM, Siegfried T, Raj P et al (2011) Over-extraction from shallow bedrock versus deep alluvial aquifers: reliability versus sustainability considerations for India’s groundwater irrigation. Water Resour Res. doi:10.1029/2011WR010617

    Google Scholar 

  • Gale IN, Macdonald DMJ, Calow RC, et al (2006) Managed aquifer recharge: an assessment of its role and effectiveness in watershed management. Final report, DFID KAR project R8169, DFID, London

  • Gleeson T, Novakowski K, Kyser T (2009) Extremely rapid and localized recharge to a fractured rock aquifer. J Hydrol 376:496–509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glendenning CJ, Van Ogtrop FF, Mishra AK, Vervoort RW (2012) Balancing watershed and local scale impacts of rain water harvesting in India: a review. Agric Water Manag 107:1–13. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2012.01.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gore KP, Pendke MS, Gurunadha Rao VVS, Gupta CP (1998) Groundwater modelling to quantify the effect of water harvesting structures in Wagarwadi watershed, Parbhani district, Maharashtra, India. Hydrol Process 12:1043–1052. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19980615)12:7<1043::AID-HYP638>3.0.CO;2-I

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guihéneuf N, Boisson A, Bour O et al (2014) Groundwater flows in weathered crystalline rocks: impact of piezometric variations and depth-dependent fracture connectivity. J Hydrol 511:320–334. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.01.061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Healy RW, Cook PG (2002) Using groundwater levels to estimate recharge. Hydrogeol J 10:91–109. doi:10.1007/s10040-001-0178-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herczeg AL, Leaney FW (2011) Review: environmental tracers in arid-zone hydrology. Hydrogeol J 19:17–29. doi:10.1007/s10040-010-0652-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez-Martínez J, Longuevergne L, Le Borgne T et al (2013) Temporal and spatial scaling of hydraulic response to recharge in fractured aquifers: insights from a frequency domain analysis: temporal and spatial scaling in fractured aquifers. Water Resour Res 49:3007–3023. doi:10.1002/wrcr.20260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr J, Pangare G, Pangare VL (2002) Watershed development project in India: an evaluation. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar MD, Gosh S, Patel A, Singh OP, Ravindranath R (2006) Rainwater harvesting in India: some critical issues for basin planning and research. Land Use Water Resour Res 6:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar MD, Patel A, Ravindranath R, Singh OP (2008) Chasing a mirage: water harvesting and artificial recharge in naturally water-scarce regions. Econ Polit Wkly 43:61–71

  • Kumar SB, Rai P, Saravana Kumar U et al (2010) Isotopic characteristics of Indian precipitation. Water Resour Res 46:W12548. doi:10.1029/2009WR008532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maréchal JC, Dewandel B, Subrahmanyam K (2004) Use of hydraulic tests at different scales to characterize fracture network properties in the weathered-fractured layer of a hard rock aquifer: fracture network properties in hard rock. Water Resour Res 40. doi: 10.1029/2004WR003137

  • Maréchal JC, Dewandel B, Ahmed S et al (2006) Combined estimation of specific yield and natural recharge in a semi-arid groundwater basin with irrigated agriculture. J Hydrol 329:281–293. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.02.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massuel S, George BA, Venot J-P, Bharati L, Acharya S (2013) Improving assessment of groundwater-resource sustainability with deterministic modelling: a case study of the semi-arid Musi sub-basin, South India. Hydrogeol J. doi:10.1007/s10040-013-1030-z

    Google Scholar 

  • Massuel S, Perrin J, Mascre C et al (2014) Managed aquifer recharge in South India: what to expect from small percolation tanks in hard rock? J Hydrol 512:157–167. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.062

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metha M, Jain S K (1997) Efficiency of artificial recharge from percolation tanks. In Simmers I (ed) Recharge of phreatic aquifers in (semi-)arid areas. IAH Int. Contrib. Hydrogeol. 19, Taylor and Francis, London, pp 271–277

  • Mukherji A, Shah T (2005) Groundwater socio-ecology and governance: a review of institutions and policies in selected countries. Hydrogeol J 13:328–345. doi:10.1007/s10040-005-0434-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Negrel P, Pauwels H, Dewandel B et al (2011) Understanding groundwater systems and their functioning through the study of stable water isotopes in a hard-rock aquifer (Maheshwaram watershed, India). J Hydrol 397:55–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oblinger JA, Moysey SMJ, Ravindrinath R, Guha C (2010) A pragmatic method for estimating seepage losses for small reservoirs with application in rural India. J Hydrol 385:230–237. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.02.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paillet FL (1998) Flow modeling and permeability estimation using borehole flow logs in heterogeneous fractured formations. Water Resour Res 34:997–1010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perrin J, Ahmed S, Hunkeler D (2011a) The effects of geological heterogeneities and piezometric fluctuations on groundwater flow and chemistry in a hard-rock aquifer, southern India. Hydrogeol J 19:1189–1201. doi:10.1007/s10040-011-0745-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perrin J, Mascré C, Pauwels H, Ahmed S (2011b) Solute recycling: an emerging threat to groundwater quality in southern India? J Hydrol 398:144–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettenati M, Perrin J, Pauwels H et al (2013) Simulating fluoride evolution in groundwater using a reactive multicomponent transient transport model: application to a crystalline aquifer of southern India. Appl Geochem 29:102–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettenati M, Picot-Colbeaux G, Thiéry D et al (2014) Water quality evolution during Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) in Indian crystalline basement aquifers: reactive transport modeling in the critical zone. Proc Earth Planet Sci 10:82–87. doi:10.1016/j.proeps.2014.08.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rangarajan R, Athavale RN (2000) Annual replenishable ground water potential of India: an estimate based on injected tritium studies. J Hydrol 234:38–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodhe A, Bockgard N (2006) Groundwater recharge in a hard rock aquifer: a conceptual model including surface-loading effects. J Hydrol 330:389–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz L, Varmac MRR, Kumar MSM, Sekhar M, Maréchal JC, Descloitres M, Riotte J, Kumar S, Kumar C, Braun JJ (2010) Water balance modelling in a tropical watershed under deciduous forest (Mule Hole, India): regolith matric storage buffers the groundwater recharge process. J Hydrol 380:460–472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saha D, Dwivedi SN, Roy GK, Reddy DV (2013) Isotope-based investigation on the groundwater flow and recharge mechanism in a hard-rock aquifer system: the case of Ranchi urban area, India. Hydrogeol J 21:1101–1115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sakthivadivel R (2007) The groundwater recharge movement in India. In: Giordano M, Villholth KG (eds) The agricultural groundwater revolution: opportunities and threats to development. CABI, Wallingford, UK

  • Scanlon BR, Tyler SW, Wierenga PJ (1997) Hydrologic issues in arid, unsaturated systems and implications for contaminant transport. Rev Geophys 35(4):461–490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scanlon BR, Keese KE, Flint AL, Flint LE, Gaye CB, Edmunds WM, Simmers I (2006) Global synthesis of groundwater recharge in semiarid and arid regions. Hydrol Process 20:3335–3370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shah T (2009) Taming the anarchy: groundwater governance in South Asia. Earthscan, London, 310 pp

  • Shanafield M, Cook PG, Brunner P et al (2012) Aquifer response to surface water transience in disconnected Streams. Water Resour Res 48:W11510. doi:10.1029/2012WR012103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simmers I (1997) Groundwater recharge principles, problems and developments. In: Simmers I, Hendrickx JMH, Kruseman GP, Rushton KR (eds) Recharge of phreatic aquifers in (semi-) arid areas. IAH, Wallingford, UK; Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

  • Stiefel JM, Melesse AM, McClain ME et al (2009) Effects of rainwater-harvesting-induced artificial recharge on the groundwater of wells in Rajasthan, India. Hydrogeol J 17:2061–2073. doi:10.1007/s10040-009-0491-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sukhija BS, Reddy DV, Nagabhushanam P, Hussain S (2003) Recharge processes: piston flow vs preferential flow in semi-arid aquifers of India. Hydrogeol J 11:387–395. doi:10.1007/s10040-002-0243-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sukhija BS, Reddy DV, Nagabhushanam P et al (2006) Characterisation of recharge processes and groundwater flow mechanisms in weathered-fractured granites of Hyderabad (India) using isotopes. Hydrogeol J 14:663–674

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Hoven SJ, Solomon DK, Moline GR (2003) Modeling unsaturated flow and transport in the saprolite of fractured sedimentary rocks: effects of periodic wetting and drying: modeling unsaturated flow and transport. Water Resour Res 39. doi: 10.1029/2002WR001926

  • Warrier CU, Babu MP (2012) A study on the spatial variations in stable isotopic composition of precipitation in a semiarid region of southern India. Hydrol Process 26:3791–3799. doi:10.1002/hyp.8453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White AF, Bullen TD, Schulz MS, Blum AE, Huntington TG, Peters NE (2001) Differential rates of feldspar weathering in granitic regoliths. Geochem Cosmochem Acta 65-6: 847–869

  • Wyns R, Baltassat JM, Lachassagne P et al (2004) Application of SNMR soundings for groundwater reserves mapping in weathered basement rocks (Brittany, France). Bull Soc Geol Fr 175(1): 21–34

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was carried out at the Indo-French Center for Ground Water Research (BRGM-NGRI). The authors thank the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Embassy in India for their support. This report has benefited immensely from the detailed comments and improvements provided by the editors and the anonymous reviewers. The authors also wish to acknowledge help from Wajid Uddin and David Villesseche for fieldwork.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Indo-French Centre for Groundwater Research, NGRI Campus, Groundwater Building, Uppal Road, 500007, Hyderabad, India

    M. Alazard, A. Boisson & T. Schwarz

  2. BRGM, Water Environment and Ecotechnology Division, D3E Unit, Montpellier, France

    M. Alazard, J-C. Maréchal & B. Dewandel

  3. BRGM, Water Environment and Ecotechnology Division, D3E Unit, Orléans, France

    A. Boisson, J. Perrin, M. Pettenati & G. Picot-Colbeaux

  4. BRGM, Laboratory Division, Orléans, France

    W. Kloppman

  5. National Geophysics Research Institute, Indo-French Centre for Groundwater Research, Hyderabad, India

    S. Ahmed

Authors
  1. M. Alazard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Boisson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  3. J-C. Maréchal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. Perrin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  5. B. Dewandel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  6. T. Schwarz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  7. M. Pettenati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  8. G. Picot-Colbeaux
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  9. W. Kloppman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  10. S. Ahmed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Alazard.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Alazard, M., Boisson, A., Maréchal, JC. et al. Investigation of recharge dynamics and flow paths in a fractured crystalline aquifer in semi-arid India using borehole logs: implications for managed aquifer recharge. Hydrogeol J 24, 35–57 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1323-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1323-5

Keywords