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Investigating metal pollution in the food chain surrounding a lead-zinc mine (Northwestern Iran); an evaluation of health risks to humans and animals

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Abstract

The current study aims to evaluate the health risk of heavy metals for humans and animals in the Angouran mining complex (northwest of Iran). Twenty-five plant species and their corresponding soils (natural soils) were collected along with mine tailings samples. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Co) for humans using the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were evaluated. Moreover, the health risk caused by forage feeding to grazing ruminants (cow and sheep) and the risk associated with animal products consumption by humans in the soil-plant-animal transfer system were assessed. The value of HI in natural soils (rangeland use) was less than one (HI < 1), while regarding tailings, the HQ via oral ingestion and the HI were greater than one (HI & HQ > 1). The range of total carcinogenesis risk in natural soils exceeded the target risk (Risk < 10-6) and for tailings, it showed the probability of cancer risk, 1 person per 3636 populations, which is much higher than the acceptable or tolerable range (10-4 < Risk < 10-6). Regarding the animal health risk, the content of Pb and Cd in most of the animal organs was higher than the control values. In turn, dietary exposure to Pb and Cd is worrying for residents due to exceeding the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). This comprehensive study suggests the necessity of risk assessment of mining sites in Iran and immediate control measures to diminish pollutants.

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Data availability

Datasets and other materials obtained during this study are available from the corresponding author and will be accessible at any time upon request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, Natural Resources Faculty, University of Tehran, R232+G78 Mesbah, Karaj, Iran

    Sadegh Hosseinniaee, Mohammad Jafari, Ali Tavili & Salman Zare

  2. Department of Civil- Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliar, Piazza d’Armi 1, 09123, Cagliari, Italy

    Giovanna Cappai

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  1. Sadegh Hosseinniaee
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  2. Mohammad Jafari
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Contributions

Mohammad Jafari and Salman Zare designed the hypotheses; Sadegh Hosseinniaee and Giovanna Cappai performed field and laboratory works, as well as Sadegh Hosseinniaee wrote the original draft of the article; Sadegh Hosseinniaee and Ali Tavili analysed and interpreted data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Hosseinniaee, S., Jafari, M., Tavili, A. et al. Investigating metal pollution in the food chain surrounding a lead-zinc mine (Northwestern Iran); an evaluation of health risks to humans and animals. Environ Monit Assess 195, 946 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11551-9

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