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Chemistry, Properties, and Uses of Commercial Fluorinated Surfactants

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Polyfluorinated Chemicals and Transformation Products

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 17))

Abstract

Fluorinated surfactants have been commercially available since the 1950s. The first available were perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids. The unique properties e.g., surface tension lowering in aqueous systems, high chemical and thermal stability of these acids and their derivatives when used at low concentrations resulted in their widespread use in industrial processes and consumer uses. The most common commercially produced perfluorinated surfactants are the perfluoroalkyl acids. Subsequently, additional commercial processes were developed for synthesis of a range of per- and poly-fluorinated surfactants whose unique properties make them largely irreplaceable in many applications. The widespread use and disposal and the high stability of the perfluoroalkyl acids, which do not breakdown readily either abiotically or biotically in the environment, has resulted in widespread presence of PFAAs in the environment. This caused commercial production to shift toward short chain alternatives and new fluorinated moieties such as the per- and polyfluorinated ethers. Clearly, there remains a need for fluorinated surfactants in many industries to obtain the beneficial performance properties of these substances that cannot be achieved with other types of surfactants. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the commercially relevant chemistry, properties, and uses of commercial fluorinated surfactants.

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Abbreviations

ABS:

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

AFFF:

Aqueous film-forming foams

CMC:

Critical micelle concentration

ECF:

Electrochemical fluorination

EOR:

Enhanced oil recovery

HFP:

Hexafluoropropene

HFPO:

Hexafluoropropene oxide

PBSF:

Perfluorobutanesulfonyl fluoride

PDSF:

perfluorodecane sulfonyl fluoride

PEM:

Polymer electrolyte membrane

PFAAs:

Perfluoroalkyl acids

PFCA:

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid

PFCAs:

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids

PFDS:

Perfluorodecane sulfonate

PFOS:

Perfluorooctane sulfonate

PFPA:

Perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acid

PFPIA:

Perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acid

PFSA:

Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid

PHxSF:

perfluorohexane sulfonyl fluoride

POSF:

Perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride

TFE:

Tetrafluoroethylene

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. DuPont Chemicals and Fluoroproducts, 4301 Lancaster Pike, CRP 702-2211B, Wilmington, 19880-0702, DE, USA

    Robert C. Buck

  2. Highway 141 & Henry Clay Blvd. E301/252, Wilmington, DE, USA, 19803

    Peter M. Murphy

  3. DuPont de Nemours, S.A, 2 Chemin du Pavillon, 1218, Geneva, Switzerland

    Martial Pabon

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  1. , Institute for Analytical Chemistry (IDAR, University of Applied Sciences Fresenius, Limburger Str. 2, Idstein, 65510, Germany

    Thomas P. Knepper

  2. DVGW Water Technology Center, Karlsruher Str. 84, Karlsruhe, 76139, Germany

    Frank T. Lange

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Buck, R.C., Murphy, P.M., Pabon, M. (2012). Chemistry, Properties, and Uses of Commercial Fluorinated Surfactants. In: Knepper, T., Lange, F. (eds) Polyfluorinated Chemicals and Transformation Products. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry(), vol 17. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21872-9_1

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