Abstract
Africa is one of the least urbanized continents. Less than 40 % of the population (413 million of over one billion) lived in urban areas in 2011. This situation is changing rapidly, and in 2050 around 70 % of the continent’s population is expected to be urban. This extremely fast pace means that the gap between Africa and other continents is closing rapidly—the world average was 52.1 % in 2011 (see Fig. 6.1).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
The Sahel is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa between the Sahara Desert to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south.
- 2.
Congo Terminal: Pointe Noire in brief. http://www.congo-terminal.net/index.php?page=pointe-noire-en-bref.
- 3.
Ministère du plan, de l’aménagement du territoire et de l’intégration économique. Centre national de la statistique et des études économiques: Enquête congolaise auprès des ménages pour l’évaluation de la pauvreté (Ministry for planning and economic integration. National centre for statistics and economic studies: Congolese household study for the evaluation of poverty), 2005.
- 4.
OMS Congo : Poster épidémie de poliomyélite (WHO Congo: Poster of the polio epidemic). Pointe Noire, 2010.
- 5.
Pointe-Noire is a department as well as being a municipality.
- 6.
The company Total E&P Congo, together with the mayoral office, a neighbourhood NGO and the residents of the four Loandjili neighbourhoods, are setting up a pilot project entitled ‘Clean Neighbourhood’ with the objective of ensuring the collective management of domestic waste collection and the construction of a waste separation facility able to produce compost.
- 7.
Approximately 203,000 EUR or 244,000 USD, at the 1 June 2010 exchange rate.
- 8.
Approximately 206,000 EUR or 268,000 USD at the 1 June 2013 exchange rate.
- 9.
The largest ethnic group in Kenya.
- 10.
Accra has two rainy seasons, one beginning in March, and peaking in May or June, the other in September/October.
- 11.
Bibliography
Accra Metropolitan Assembly-UN Habitat (AMA-UN Habitat). (2011). Participatory slum upgrading and prevention: Millennium city of Accra, Ghana. Accra: AMA.
Adaptation au changement climatique en Afrique: plan d’action pour le secteur santé 2012–2016.
Afrifa-Anane, E., Codjoe, S. N. A., Agyemang, C., Ogedegbe, G., de-Graft Aikins, A. (2014, May). The association of physical activity, body mass index and the blood pressure levels among urban poor youth in Accra, Ghana. In Paper presented at Population Association of America (PAA) Conference, Boston.
Awuah, R. B., Anarfi, J. K., Agyemang, C., Ogedegbe, G., & de-Graft Aikins, A. (2014). Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in urban poor communities in Accra, Ghana. Journal of Hypertension, 32(6), 1203–1210.
Bart, F., & Bonvallot, J. (2002). L’invention de la ville en Afrique subsaharienne. Regards sur l’Afrique Historiens et Géographes, 2002(379), 59–65.
Campbell, C., & Jovchelovitch, S. (2000). Health, community and development: Towards a social psychology of participation. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 10, 255–270.
Chenal, J. (2013). La ville ouest-africaine. Modèles de planification de l’espace urbain. Geneva: Métispresses.
de-Graft Aikins, A., Awuah, R. B., Pera, T., Mendez, M., & Ogedegbe, G. (2014a). Explanatory models of diabetes in poor urban Ghanaian communities. Ethnicity and Health, 20(4), 391–408. doi:10.1080/13557858.2014.921896.
de-Graft Aikins, A., Kushitor, M., Koram, K., Gyamfi, S., & Ogedegbe, G. (2014b). Chronic non-communicable diseases and the challenge of universal health coverage. Insights from community-based cardiovascular disease research in urban poor communities in Accra, Ghana. BMC Public Health, 14(Suppl 2), S3. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-S2-S3.
de-Graft Aikins, A., Unwin, N., Agyemang, C., Allotey, P., Campbell, C., & Arhinful, D. K. (2010). Tackling Africa’s chronic disease burden: From the local to the global. Globalization and Health, 6, 5.
Deuxième Stratégie de croissance et de réduction de la pauvreté (SNRP2) couvrant la période 2008–2011.
Document de Politique d’aménagement urbain et Habitat.
Rapport de l’Atelier Marché-Santé au Mali (Ministère de la santé du Mali, Direction régionale de la santé de Bamako 2009). [Report of the Healthy Markets workshop in Mali (Mali Health Ministry, Bamako regional directorate for health, 2009)].
Plan stratégique d’éducation à l’hygiène en milieu scolaire (Ministère de la santé du Mali, Division Hygiène Publique et Salubrité, 2008). [Strategic education plan for hygiene in schools (Mali Health Ministry, Division for Public Hygiene, 2008)].
Plan stratégique des pratiques d’hygiène à grand impact (Ministère de la santé du Mali, Division Hygiène Publique et Salubrité, 2010). [Strategic plan for high impact hygiene practices (Mali Health Ministry, Division for public hygiene, 2010)].
Durand-Lasserve, A. (2005). Land for housing the poor in African cities: Are neo-customary processes an effective alternative to formal systems? In N. Hamdi (Ed.), Urban futures: Economic development and poverty reduction (pp. 160–174). London: ITDG Publishing.
Durand-Lasserve, A., & Selod, H. (2009). The formalisation of urban land tenure in developing countries. In S. V. Lall, M. Freire, B. Yuen, R. Rajack, & J.-J. Helluin (Eds.), Urban land markets: Improving land management for successful urbanization (pp. 101–132). Washington, DC: Springer & World Bank.
Étude Dividende démographique, N’Djamena 2012.
Greif, M. J., Dodoo, F. N., & Jayaraman, A. (2011). Urbanisation, poverty and sexual behaviour: The tale of five African cities. Urban Studies, 48(5), 947–957.
Guareschi, P. A., & Jovchelovitch, S. (2004). Participation, health and the development of community resources in southern Brazil. Journal of Health Psychology, 9(2), 311–322.
Healthy cities: Guidelines for the development of Healthy cities: Projects and Activities. WHO, 1997.
Initiative ‘Ville-Santé’: Approche et expérience dans la région africaine de l’OMS (OMS 2002) [Healthy Cities initiative: Approach and experiences in the WHO Africa region (WHO 2002)].
Marchés-santé: Guide pour le respect des conditions d’hygiène sur les marchés alimentaires: (OMS 2007) [Healthy Markets: Guide for respecting hygiene conditions in food markets (WHO 2007).]. Retrieved from apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43616/1/9789242593938_fre.pdf.
Ministère de l’Economie, du Plan et de la Coopération Internationale (avril 2013) Plan National de Développement 2013–2015.
Ministère de la Santé Publique. (2008, octobre). Plan national de développement sanitaire du Tchad 2009–2012.
Myers, G. A. (2011). African cities: Alternative visions of urban theory and practice. London: Zed Books.
New African. (2013, May). A future made in Africa. Interview David Adjaye. No. 528, p. 70.
OMS/PNUE: Déclaration de Libreville sur la Santé et l’Environnement en Afrique. Libreville, août 2008.
Peterson, M. B., Dodoo, F. N., & de-Graft Aikins, A. (2014, May). Poverty and mental health in three inner city communities in Accra, Ghana. In Paper presented at the Population Association of America (PAA) Conference, Boston.
Première Stratégie Nationale de Réduction de la pauvreté (SNRP.1) de 2003 à 2006.
Quayson, A. (2014). Oxford Street, Accra. City Life and the itineraries of Transnationalism. Durham: Duke University Press.
Troisième Enquête sur la Consommation et le Secteur Informel au Tchad (ECOSIT3); N’Djaména, 2011.
UN-Habitat. (2014a). The state of planning in Africa. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.
UN-Habitat. (2014b). L’état des villes africaines. Réinventer la transition urbaine. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.
United Nations. World urbanization prospects: 2011. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/publications/world-urbanization-prospects-the-2011-revision.html.
USAID. (2010). USAID Country Profile—Niger. Property rights and resource governance—an overview. Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development. 17p.
Van Olmen, J., Ku, G., Bermejo, R., Kegels, G., Hermann, K., & van Damme, W. (2011). The growing caseload of chronic life-long conditions calls for a move towards full self-management in low-income countries. Globalization and Health, 7, 38.
WHO. (2007). Training manual for the healthy city programme.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Simos, J. et al. (2017). Healthy Cities in Africa: A Continent of Difference. In: de Leeuw, E., Simos, J. (eds) Healthy Cities. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6694-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6694-3_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6692-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6694-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)