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Morphological variability and genetic diversity assessment of agronomic traits in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) core collection using multivariate analysis

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Abstract

Cowpea is an extensively cultivated multipurpose legume that serves as a significant source of protein and income for smallholder farmers. Characterization and evaluation of cowpea germplasm are essential for future breeding initiatives. In this study, National genebank cowpea core collections (425 accessions), along with 5 checks, were evaluated using an augmented block design across diverse environments for agro-morphological traits. The H' index, derived from trait frequency distributions, revealed high phenotypic diversity (H′ > 60) for all traits except early plant vigour. Six quantitative traits-total leaf length, total leaf width, days to 50% flowering, days to 80% maturity, seeds per pod (SPP), and hundred seed weight (HSW) were analyzed using multivariate techniques. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis identified positive associations among these yield-related traits, suggesting their utility for indirect selection in breeding programs. PCA highlighted the most diverse accessions; i.e., EC244057, IC276936, IC372722, IC202781, IC278035, IC519570, EC724378, EC723746, EC738089, EC738091, and IC636989. These accessions are recommended as potential parental lines for exploiting heterosis in cowpea breeding. Cluster analysis revealed that genotypes in Cluster VI exhibited the highest HSW, while Cluster I genotypes had the highest SPP. Consequently, Cluster VI genotypes are ideal candidates for high-yielding cultivar development, whereas Cluster III accessions could be valuable for breeding early-maturing cultivars. The identified cowpea germplasm from PCA and cluster analysis are promising resources for breeding programs aimed at enhancing yield and productivity, thereby contributing to improved food and nutrition security.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank ICAR, NBPGR and DBT, GoI for funding the research Network on ‘Characterization, Evaluation, Genetic Enhancement and Generation of Genomic Resources for Accelerated Utilization and Improvement of Minor Pulses’.

Funding

This work was funded by Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India, BT/Ag/Network/Pulses-1/2017–18.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 110012, India

    Divya Chaudhary, Padmavati Ganpat Gore, Dhammaprakash Pandhari Wankhede, Raj Kumar Gautam, Gyanendra Pratap Singh & Kuldeep Tripathi

  2. Agricultural Research Station, Badnapur, Jalna, Maharashtra State, 431202, India

    Deepak Khanderao Patil

  3. Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Regional Station, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 834010, India

    Shashi Bhushan Choudhary

  4. University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065, India

    Annabathula Mohan Rao

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  1. Divya Chaudhary
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  2. Padmavati Ganpat Gore
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  8. Gyanendra Pratap Singh
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Contributions

KT and DPW conceived the project and designed the experiments; DC and PG analyzed data and wrote the original draft; KT, DKP, AMR, and SBC collected phenotyping data; RKG and GPS reviewed and edited the manuscript; KT and PG reviewed and finalized the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kuldeep Tripathi.

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Chaudhary, D., Gore, P.G., Wankhede, D.P. et al. Morphological variability and genetic diversity assessment of agronomic traits in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) core collection using multivariate analysis. Genet Resour Crop Evol (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-024-02299-3

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