Avatars

• Adams, F. M., & Osgood, C. E. (1973). A cross-cultural study of the affective meanings of color. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 4(2), 135–156.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Ash, E. (2016). Priming or Proteus effect? Examining the effects of avatar race on in-game behavior and post-play aggressive cognition and affect in video games. Games and Culture, 11(4), 422–440.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype-activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 230–244.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Bem, D. (1972). Self perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 6). New York: Academic.

  Google Scholar 

• Bessière, K., Seay, A. F., & Kiesler, S. (2007). The ideal elf: Identity exploration in World of Warcraft. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 10(4), 530–535.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Buisine, S., & Guegan, J. (2020). Proteus vs. social identity effects on virtual brainstorming. Behaviour & Information Technology, 39, 594–606.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Buisine, S., Guegan, J., Barré, J., Segonds, F., & Aoussat, A. (2016). Using avatars to tailor ideation process to innovation strategy. Cognition, Technology & Work, 18, 583–594.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Ducheneaut, N., Wen, M. H., Yee, N., & Wadley, G. (2009, April). Body and mind: A study of avatar personalization in three virtual worlds. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1151–1160). ACM Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Eastin, M. S., Appiah, O., & Cicchirllo, V. (2009). Identification and the influence of cultural stereotyping on postvideogame play hostility. Human Communication Research, 35(3), 337–356.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Fox, J., Bailenson, J. N., & Tricase, L. (2013). The embodiment of sexualized virtual selves: The Proteus effect and experiences of self-objectification via avatars. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 930–938.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Guegan, J., Moliner, P., & Buisine, S. (2015). Why are online games so self-involving: A social identity analysis of massively multiplayer online role-playing games. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(3), 349–355.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Guegan, J., Buisine, S., Mantelet, F., Maranzana, N., & Segonds, F. (2016). Avatar-mediated creativity: When embodying inventors makes engineers more creative. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 165–175.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Guegan, J., Segonds, F., Barré, J., Maranzana, N., Mantelet, F., & Buisine, S. (2017). Social identity cues to improve creativity and identification in face-to-face and virtual groups. Computers in Human Behavior, 77, 140–147.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Happ, C., Melzer, A., & Steffgen, G. (2013). Superman vs. BAD man? The effects of empathy and game character in violent video games. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 16(10), 774–778.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Haslam, S. A. (2004). Psychology in organizations: The social identity approach. London: Sage.

  Google Scholar 

• Jaruzelski, B., Staack, V., & Goehle, B. (2014). Proven paths to innovation success. Strategy + Business, 77, 2–16.

  Google Scholar 

• Mantelet, F., Segonds, F., Maranzana, N., Guegan, J., & Buisine, S. (2016). Virtual environment in the early design phases: How to be more creative? International virtual concept workshop on “major trends in product design”.

  Google Scholar 

• Meadows, M. S. (2008). I, Avatar: The culture and consequences of having a second life. Berkley: New Riders.

  Google Scholar 

• Michinov, N. (2012). Is electronic brainstorming or brainwriting the best way to improve creative performance in groups? An overlooked comparison of two idea-generation techniques. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(S1), E222–E243.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Paulus, P. B., & Brown, V. R. (2007). Toward more creative and innovative group idea generation: A cognitive-social-motivational perspective of brainstorming. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), 248–265.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Peña, J., & Kim, E. (2014). Increasing exergame physical activity through self and opponent avatar appearance. Computers in Human Behavior, 41, 262–267.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Peña, J., Hancock, J. T., & Merola, N. A. (2009). The priming effects of avatars in virtual settings. Communication Research, 36(6), 838–856.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Peña, J., Khan, S., & Alexopoulos, C. (2016). I am what I see: How avatar and opponent agent body size affects physical activity among men playing exergames. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21(3), 195–209.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (1998). Deindividuation and anti-normative behavior: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 123, 238–259.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Ratan, R., Beyea, D., Li, B. J., & Graciano, L. (2019). Avatar characteristics induce users’ behavioral conformity with small-to-medium effect sizes: A meta-analysis of the proteus effect. Media Psychology, 23(5), 651–675.

  Google Scholar 

• Reicher, S. D., Spears, R., & Postmes, T. (1995). A social identity model of deindividuation phenomenon. European Review of Social Psychology, 6, 161–198.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Rosenberg, R. S., Baughman, S. L., & Bailenson, J. (2013). Virtual superheroes: Using superpowers in virtual reality to encourage prosocial behavior. PLoS One, 8(1), e55003.

  Google Scholar 

• Spears, R., & Lea, M. (1992). Social influence and the influence of the “social” in computer-mediated communication. In M. Lea (Ed.), Contexts of computer-mediated communication (pp. 30–65). London: HarvesterWheatsheaf.

  Google Scholar 

• Spears, R., & Lea, M. (1994). Panacea or Panopticon? The hidden power in computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 21, 427–459.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Spivey, C. B., & Prentice-Dunn, S. (1990). Assessing the directionality of deindividuated behavior: Effects of deindividuation, modeling, and private self-consciousness on aggressive and prosocial responses. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 11(4), 387–403.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Stendal, K., Molka-Danielsen, J., Munkvold, B. E., & Balandin, S. (2012). Virtual worlds and people with lifelong disability: exploring the relationship with virtual self and others. In ECIS (pp. 156–179).

  Google Scholar 

• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relation. Monterey: Brooks/Cole.

  Google Scholar 

• Tanis, M., & Postmes, T. (2008). Cues to identity in online dyads: Effects of interpersonal versus intragroup perceptions on performance. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 12(2), 96.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Waddell, T. F., & Ivory, J. D. (2015). It’s not easy trying to be one of the guys: The effect of avatar attractiveness, avatar sex, and user sex on the success of help-seeking requests in an online game. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 59(1), 112–129.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Yee, N., & Bailenson, J. (2007). The Proteus effect: The effect of transformed self-representation on behavior. Human Communication Research, 33, 271–290.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Yee, N., & Bailenson, J. (2009). The difference between being and seeing: The relative contribution of self-perception and priming to behavioral changes via digital self-representation. Media Psychology, 12(2), 195–209.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Yee, N., Bailenson, J., & Ducheneaut, N. (2009). The Proteus effect: Implications of transformed digital self-representation on online and offline behavior. Communication Research, 36(2), 285–312.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Yoon, G., & Vargas, P. T. (2014). Know thy avatar the unintended effect of virtual-self representation on behavior. Psychological Science, 25(4), 1043–1045.

  Article  Google Scholar 

Download references