Abstract
Biotechnology applications include conventional biotechnology products and modern genetic engineering-based products. Conventional biotechnology products comprise the bio-agents and biopesticides (microbial agents, natural enemies, parasitoids and parasites and botanicals). Biopesticides refer to entomopathogenic bacteria, entomopathogenic fungi, baculoviruses, entomopathogenic nematodes etc. The advancement in modern biotechnology plays a major role in the pest management via increased production of biopesticides and improved protocol for the mass production. The promise of biotechnology as an instrument of development lies in its capacity to improve the quantity and quality of plants and biocontrol agents quickly and effectively. Genetic engineering application includes engineering of crop plants for insect resistance, genetic engineering of metabolic pathways, inducible resistance and gene switches, marker-assisted selection for insect/disease resistance in host plants, genetic engineering of insects, dominant repressible lethal genetic system, genetic engineering of natural enemies and genetic engineering or microbial pesticides. The advancement in biotechnology played a major role in the pest management. Biotechnology application in plant protection can also be broadly divided into two categories namely (a) characterization of pests and (b) management of pests. With the advent of molecular biology tools DNA fingerprinting & DNA barcoding, and insect pests and their natural enemies are accurately and quickly diagnosed. Biotechnological tools increase the efficacy of biopesticides and natural enemies and increase the levels of host plant resistance to insects through genetic engineering and gene pyramiding for sustainable crop protection and environment conservation. Modern biotech tools are useful in monitoring of insect resistance to insecticides, development of new pesticide molecules. Maternally inherited endosymbionts spread through populations by increasing relative fitness of infected females. They achieve this by increasing the fecundity and or survival of infected females relative to uninfected females through metabolic processes thereby providing benefit to both the host and symbiont (in a mutualistic association). They may prove to be useful for biological manipulations of the parasitoid as possible transgene drivers. These bacteria can drive particular mtDNA haplotypes through populations and alter reproductive biology. Rapid advances in DNA-based technologies have expanded the range of possibilities for the utilization of Wolbachia for such long-term goals. Wolbachia may prove to be useful agents for biological manipulations of insect species, for instance by driving the spread of genes conferring susceptibility to parasitoids or pesticides. The functions of different genes are involved in morphogenesis, behaviour, reproduction and detoxification of chemicals in insects. RNAi has been used to manage the viral diseases or parasites of beneficial insects. RNAi-based products for management of insect pests will be highly specific. RNAi-based biopesticides may come to the market in the form of transgenic plants, sprayable formulation, stem injections, seed treatment etc.
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Gandhi Gracy, R., Mani, M., Swathi, R.S., Venkatesan, T., Mohan, M. (2022). Biotechnological Applications in Horticultural Entomology. In: Mani, M. (eds) Trends in Horticultural Entomology . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0343-4_6
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