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A novel hybrid range-free approach to locate sensor nodes in 3D WSN using GWO-FA algorithm

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Abstract

The precise node location of the sensor nodes is an essential requirement in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to determine the place or event occurring at a particular instant of time. In WSN, existing localization schemes consider two-dimensional (2D) space, while in actual life, sensor nodes are placed in three-dimensional (3D) space. In 3D localization, there are many research challenges, such as higher computational complexity, poor location prediction, lesser coverage, and depending only on fewer anchor nodes. To address various research issues in a 3D environment we propose a range-free technique applied in an anisotropic scenario having degree of irregularity (DOI) as 0.01 using the concepts of a fuzzy logic system (FLS). Anisotropic properties of nodes are considered to determine the efficiency of Grey wolf with the Firefly algorithm. In our proposed scenario, the received signal strength (RSS) information is necessary among the target nodes and their corresponding anchor nodes for determining the location of target nodes using the information based on edge weights. These edge weights are further modeled using Hybrid Grey Wolf Optimization with Firefly Algorithm (GWO-FA) to estimate the location of target nodes. The proposed algorithm is energy efficient as a single location-aware node is used for localization. Further, the concept of virtual anchors is introduced that helps the algorithm to determine 3D positions.

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Abbreviations

(x t, y t):

Target node location for 2D scenarios

(x i, y i):

Location of Anchor node in 2D scenario

(d i,t):

Distance between target nodes and anchor node

x t , y t , z t :

Location of Anchor node in 3D scenario

x c , y c , z c :

Centroid calculation in 3D scenario

s \(({\text{x}}_{{{\text{s}},}} {\text{y}}_{{{\text{s}},{ }}} {\text{z}}_{{{\text{s}},{ }}} )\) :

Estimated coordinates of target node in 3D scenario

s \(x\),\( y\) :

Current location of the anchor node

\(x_{c,} y_{c}\) :

Centroid

s \((x_{s,} y_{s} )\) :

Estimated location of a target node

s \(E_{t}\) :

Error estimation

N t :

Number of target nodes in the WSN deployment

L :

Size of network grid

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India

    Prabhjot Singh & Nitin Mittal

  2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, LPU, Phagwara, India

    Parulpreet Singh

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  1. Prabhjot Singh
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  2. Nitin Mittal
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  3. Parulpreet Singh
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Correspondence to Nitin Mittal.

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Singh, P., Mittal, N. & Singh, P. A novel hybrid range-free approach to locate sensor nodes in 3D WSN using GWO-FA algorithm. Telecommun Syst 80, 303–323 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-022-00888-0

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