[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/ Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Robust hybrid watermarking approach for 3D multiresolution meshes based on spherical harmonics and wavelet transform

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Since the 3D mesh security problems imposed themselves, attempts to design watermarking algorithms targeting this data type have continued to grow up to secure data shared by remote users. The originality of the present approach is to insert a whole grayscale image in hybrid domain by using wavelet transform and spherical harmonics. Our algorithm includes then two rounds of insertion. The first is operating multiresolution domain by applying wavelet transform. The watermark, which is an image already coded using a convolutional encoder, is embedded into wavelet coefficients (using Least Significant Bit method) after a transformation to spherical coordinate system and a modulation step. Finally watermarked mesh is reconstructed using inverse wavelet transform. This mesh undergoes a second round on watermarking using spherical harmonics. In this case the same steps are executed to embed data into SHs harmonic coefficients before reconstructing the final version of the watermarked mesh. The experimentation of our approach has shown a very high insertion rate due to the use of hybrid insertion domain, while maintaining the mesh quality. Watermarked mesh and extracted data are obtained in real time. Our approach is also robust against the most popular attacks. Our results show that the present approach improves the existing works.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
£29.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Algorithm 1
Fig. 5
Algorithm 2
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The data of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.

Code Availability

The codes concerning this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Abbreviations

3D:

Three dimensional, Three dimension

MSQE:

Mean SQuare Error

PSNR:

Peak Signal to Noise Ratio

SHs:

Spherical Harmonics

WCV:

Wavelet Coefficients Vector

References

  1. Abdallah EE, Ben Hamza A, Bhattacharya P (2006) A robust block-based image watermarking scheme using fast Hadamard transform and singular value decomposition. 18th Int Conf Pattern Recognit 3:673–676

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Abdallah EE, Ben Hamza A, Bhattacharya P (2007) Spectral graph-theoretic approach to 3D mesh watermarking. In: Proceedings of graphics interface, pp 327–334

  3. Abdallah EE, Ben Hamza A, Bhattacharya P (2009) Watermarking 3D models using spectral mesh compression. Signal Image Video Process 3(4):375–389

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Arfaoui S, Rezgui I, Mabrouk AB (2017) A Wavelet Analysis On The Sphere, Spheroidal Wavelets. Walter de Gruyter, GmbH, Berlin, p 2017

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Arfaoui S, Ben Mabrouk A, Cattani C (2021) Wavelet Analysis, Basic concepts and applications. Chapman and hall/CRC, Boca Raton, p 2021

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. Biasotti S, Cerri A, Aono M (2016) Retrieval and classification methods for textured 3D models: a comparative study. Visual Comput 32:217–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Bülow T (2004) Spherical diffusion for 3-D surface smoothing. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal 26(12):1650–1654

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bülow T, Daniilidis K (2001) Surface representations using spherical harmonics and gabor wavelets on the sphere. Technical Report, No. MS-CIS-01-37, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Computer and Information Science

  9. Celine R, Fredric P (2011) Remaillage semi-regulier pour les maillages surfaciques triangulaires : un etat de l’art. Revue Electron Francoph dInformatique Graphique 5(1):27–40

    Google Scholar 

  10. Chao HL, Min WC, Jyun YC, Cheng WY, Wei YH (2013) A high-capacity distortion-free information hiding algorithm for 3d polygon models. Int J Innov Comput, Inf Control 9(3):1321–1335

    Google Scholar 

  11. Chung KM, Dalton r., Davidson J (2008) Tensor-based cortical surface morphometry via weighed spherical harmonic representation. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 27(8):1143–1151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Daubechies I (1992) Ten Lectures on Wavelets. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Derose DT, Salesin DH, Stollnitz EJ (1996) Wavelets for computer graphics, theory and applications. Comput Graph Geom Model

  14. Frederic P, Marc A (2006) Mean square error approximation for wavelet based semi-regular mesh compression. IEEE Trans Comput Graph 12(4):649–657

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Geri B (2015) A robust digital watermarking algorithm for three dimensional meshes. In: International conference on information engineering for mechanics and materials, pp 1105–1110

  16. Green R (2003) Spherical harmonic lighting: the gritty details. In: Game developers conference

  17. Hachicha S, Sayahi I, Elkefi A, Amar CB (2020) GPU-based blind watermarking scheme for 3D multiresolution meshes using unlifted butterfly wavelet transformation. Circ Syst Signal Process 39:1533–1560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Healy DN, Rockmore P, Kostelec J, Moore S (2003) FFTs for the 2-sphere improvements and variations. In: Game developers conference, pp 341–385

  19. Hitendra G, Krishna KK, Manish G, Suneeta A (2014) Uniform selection of vertices for watermark embedding in 3-D polygon mesh using IEEE754 floating point representation. In: International conference on communication systems and network technologies, pp 788–792

  20. Jallouli M, Zemni M, Mabrouk AB, Mahjoub MA (2018) Toward recursive spherical harmonics issued bi-filters Part I: theoretical framework. Soft Comput 23:10415–10428

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. Jallouli M, Belhaj khalifa W, Mabrouk AB (2019) Toward new spherical harmonic Shannon entropy for surface modeling. In: International conference on computer analysis of images and patterns, Mahjoub, MA

  22. Jallouli M, Belhaj khalifa W, Mabrouk AB, Mahjoub MA (2019) Assessment of global left ventricule deformation using recursive spherical harmonics. In: International conference on natural computation fuzzy systems and knowledge discovery

  23. Jallouli M, Belhaj khalifa W, Mabrouk AB, Mahjoub MA (2020) Toward recursive spherical harmonics issued Bi-Filters: Part II: an associated spherical harmonics entropy for optimal modeling. Soft Comput 24:5231–5243

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. Jallouli M, Zemni M, Mabrouk AB, Mahjoub MA (2021) Towards new multi-wavelets: associated filters and algorithms part l: theoretical framework and lnvestigation of biomedical signals, ECG and coronavirus cases. Soft Comput

  25. Jallouli M, Sayahi I, Mabrouk AB, Mahjoub MA, Amar CB (2021) Robust watermarking approach for 3D multiresolution meshes based on multi-wavelet transform, SHA512 and turbocodes. Comput Anal Images Patterns 13053:351–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Jallouli M, Sayahi I, Mabrouk AB (2022) Robust crypto-watermarking approach based on spherical harmonics and AES algorithm for 3D mesh safe transmission. Multimed Tools Appl

  27. Jen-Tse W, Yi-Ching CH, Shyr-Shen Y, Chun-Yuan Y (2014) Hamming code based watermarking scheme for 3D model verification. International symposium on computer. Consum Control 25:1095–1098

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  28. Jung-San L, Chieh L, Ying-Chin C, Wei-Che H, Bo L (2021) Robust 3D mesh zero-watermarking based on spherical coordinate and skewness measurement. Multimed Tools Appl 80:25757–25772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Kai W, Guillaume L, Florence D, Atilla B (2007) Hierarchical blind watermarking of 3D triangular meshes. In: IEEE international conference on multimedia and expo, pp 1235–1238

  30. Khalil OH, Ahmed E, Ghareeb A (2019) A blind proposed 3D mesh watermarking technique for copyright protection. The Imaging Science Journal 68(2):90–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Lamiaa B, Saleh HI, Abdelhalim MB (2015) Enhanced watermarking scheme for 3D mesh models. In: International conference on information technology, pp 612–619

  32. Lee AWF, Sweldens W, Schroder P, Cowsar L, Dobkin D (1998) Maps: multiresolution adaptive parameterization of surfaces. In: Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques

  33. Lounsbery M (1994) Multiresolution analysis for surfaces of arbitrary topological type. University of Washington

  34. Malipatil M, Shubhangi DC (2020) An efficient 3D watermarking algorithm for 3D mesh models. In: 4th international conference on i-SMAC (IoT in social, mobile, analytics and cloud), pp 1–5

  35. Mallat SG (2012) A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: the wavelet representation. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 11(7)

  36. Moussa MH (2007) Calcul efficace et direct des représentations de maillages 3D utilisant les harmoniques sphériques. Thèse de Doctorat en Informatique, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, France

  37. Muna ML (2021) 3D model watermarking based on wavelet transform. Iraqi J Sci 62(12):4999–5007

    Google Scholar 

  38. Ouled Zaid A, Hachani M, Puech W (2014) Wavelet-based high-capacity watermarking of 3-D irregular meshes. Multimed Tools Appl 74:5897–5915

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Sayahi I, Amar CB (2017) Blind watermarking algorithm based on spiral scanning method and error-correcting codes. Multimed Tools Appl 76 (15):16439–16462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Sayahi I, Amar CB (2021) Robust and hybrid crypto-watermarking approach for 3D multiresolution meshes security. In: 16th international conference on software technologies, pp 398–407

  41. Sayahi I, Elkefi A, Koubaa M, Amar CB (2015) Robust watermarking algorithm for 3D multiresolution meshes. In: International conference on computer vision theory and applications, pp 150–157

  42. Sayahi I, Elkefi A, Amar CB (2016) A multiresolution approach for blind watermarking of 3D meshes using scanning spiral method. In: International conference on computational intelligence in security for information systems, pp 526–537

  43. Sayahi I, Elkefi A, Amar CB (2016) A multi-resolution approach for blind watermarking of 3d meshes using scanning spiral method. In: International conference on computational intelligence in security for information systems, pp 526–537

  44. Sayahi I, Elkefi A, Amar CB (2017) Join cryptography and digital watermarking for 3D multiresolution meshes security. Int Conf Image Anal Process 10485:637–647

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  45. Sayahi I, Elkefi A, Amar CB (2019) Crypto-watermarking system for safe transmission of 3D multiresolution meshes. Int J Multimed Tools Appl 3:13877–13903

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Sayahi I, Jallouli M, Mabrouk AB, Amar CB, Mahjoub MA (2021) A spherical harmonics-LSB-quantification adaptive watermarking approach for 3D multiresolution meshes security. Comput Anal Images Patterns 13053:361–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Schroder P, Sweldens W (1995) Spherical wavelets: efficiently representing functions on the sphere. In: ACM SIGGRAPH’95, pp 161–172

  48. Sweldens W (1995) The lifting scheme: a construction of second generation wavelets. SIAM J Math Anal 29(2)

  49. Wang K, Guillaume L, Florence D, Atilla B (1995) Tatouage robuste et aveugle de maillage 3D base sur les moments volumiques, CORESA’09: compression et REprésentation des signaux audiovisuels

  50. Xiangjiu CH, Zhanheng G (2011) Watermarking algorithm for 3D mesh based on multi-scale radial basis functions. Int J Parallel Emergent Distrib Syst 27(2):133–141

    Google Scholar 

  51. Xiao Z, Qing Z (2012) A DCT-based dual watermarking algorithm for three-dimensional mesh models. In: International conference on consumer electronics, communications and networks, pp 1509–1513

  52. XiaoYing Y, Ruggero P, Holly R, Ioannis I (2016) A 3D steganalytic algorithm and Steganalysis-Resistant watermarking. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 23(2):1–12

    Google Scholar 

  53. Yuan YT (2014) An efficient 3D information hiding algorithm based on sampling concepts. Multimed Tools Appl 74:7891–7907

    Google Scholar 

  54. Zemni M, Jallouli M, Mabrouk AB, Mahjoub MA (2019) Explicit Haar-Schauder multi-wavelet filters and algorithms. Part II: relative entropy-based estimation for optimal modeling of biomedical signals. Int J Wavelets Multiresolution Inf Process 17(5)

Download references

Funding

The authors declare that no funding support is received from any organization for the present work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Groups on Intelligent Machines Laboratory, University of Sfax, ENIS, Sfax, Tunisia

    Ikbel Sayahi

  2. LATIS Laboratory of Advanced Technology and Intelligent Systems, Université de Sousse, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sousse, 4023, Sousse, Tunisie

    Malika Jallouli & Mohamed Ali Mahjoub

  3. Department of Mathematics, Higher Institute of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Kairouan, 3100, Kairouan, Tunisia

    Anouar Ben Mabrouk

  4. Laboratory of Algebra, Number Theory and Nonlinear Analysis, LR18ES15, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Monastir, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia

    Anouar Ben Mabrouk

  5. Computational and Analytical Mathematics and Application Research Unit, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, 71491, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

    Anouar Ben Mabrouk

  6. College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia

    Chokri Ben Amar

Authors
  1. Ikbel Sayahi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Malika Jallouli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Anouar Ben Mabrouk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mohamed Ali Mahjoub
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Chokri Ben Amar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

The authors confirm sole responsibility for the following: study and programming, data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, and manuscript preparation.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ikbel Sayahi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest for the present work.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sayahi, I., Jallouli, M., Mabrouk, A.B. et al. Robust hybrid watermarking approach for 3D multiresolution meshes based on spherical harmonics and wavelet transform. Multimed Tools Appl 82, 39841–39866 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-14722-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-14722-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation