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An HTTP/2 Push-Based Approach for Low-Latency Live Streaming with Super-Short Segments

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Abstract

Over the last years, streaming of multimedia content has become more prominent than ever. To meet increasing user requirements, the concept of HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) has recently been introduced. In HAS, video content is temporally divided into multiple segments, each encoded at several quality levels. A rate adaptation heuristic selects the quality level for every segment, allowing the client to take into account the observed available bandwidth and the buffer filling level when deciding the most appropriate quality level for every new video segment. Despite the ability of HAS to deal with changing network conditions, a low average quality and a large camera-to-display delay are often observed in live streaming scenarios. In the meantime, the HTTP/2 protocol was standardized in February 2015, providing new features which target a reduction of the page loading time in web browsing. In this paper, we propose a novel push-based approach for HAS, in which HTTP/2’s push feature is used to actively push segments from server to client. Using this approach with video segments with a sub-second duration, referred to as super-short segments, it is possible to reduce the startup time and end-to-end delay in HAS live streaming. Evaluation of the proposed approach, through emulation of a multi-client scenario with highly variable bandwidth and latency, shows that the startup time can be reduced with 31.2% compared to traditional solutions over HTTP/1.1 in mobile, high-latency networks. Furthermore, the end-to-end delay in live streaming scenarios can be reduced with 4 s, while providing the content at similar video quality.

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Notes

  1. https://peach.blender.org/.

  2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4IhCSMkADc.

  3. https://www.netflix.com/title/70297450.

  4. https://durian.blender.org/.

  5. https://mango.blender.org/.

  6. https://orange.blender.org/.

  7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-Jgf6rtEg8.

  8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOHd20F0e9k.

  9. https://ffmpeg.org.

  10. http://www.videolan.org/developers/x264.html.

  11. https://www.youtube.com.

  12. Available at http://users.ugent.be/~jvdrhoof/content.

  13. http://mininet.org/.

  14. http://ilabt.iminds.be/iminds-virtualwall-overview.

  15. https://webtide.com/.

  16. https://github.com/bitmovin/libdash/.

  17. https://nghttp2.org/.

  18. http://dashif.org/reference/players/javascript/1.4.0/samples/dash-if-reference-player/.

  19. The in-network computation performed by the authors has not been implemented in this work.

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Acknowledgements

Jeroen van der Hooft is funded by grant of the Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT). The research was performed partially within the iMinds V-FORCE (Video: 4K Composition and Efficient streaming) project under IWT Grant Agreement No. 130655, and within FLAMINGO, a Network of Excellence Project (318488) supported by the European Commission under its Seventh Framework Programme.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Information Technology, Ghent University - imec, Technologiepark 15, 9052, Ghent, Belgium

    Jeroen van der Hooft, Stefano Petrangeli, Tim Wauters & Filip De Turck

  2. Bell Labs, Nokia, Copernicuslaan 50, 2018, Antwerp, Belgium

    Rafael Huysegems & Tom Bostoen

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  1. Jeroen van der Hooft
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Correspondence to Jeroen van der Hooft.

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van der Hooft, J., Petrangeli, S., Wauters, T. et al. An HTTP/2 Push-Based Approach for Low-Latency Live Streaming with Super-Short Segments. J Netw Syst Manage 26, 51–78 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10922-017-9407-2

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