Abstract
The role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of depression has prompted the search for new antidepressants. Troxerutin, a bioflavonoid with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has shown promise, but its impact on neurobehavioral functions remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant potential of troxerutin and its effect on the neuroinflammatory response. Here, we exposed male Swiss mice (n = 5/group) to various treatments, including naive and negative controls receiving distilled water, troxerutin-treated groups administered at different doses (10, 20, 40 mg/kg, i.p.), and an imipramine-treated group (25 mg/kg, i.p.). After seven days of treatment, with the exception of the naive group, mice were administered a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.83 mg/kg). Behavioral evaluations, consisting of the novelty-suppressed feeding (NSF) test, forced swim test (FST), and open field test (OFT), were conducted. Additionally, brain samples were collected for biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. Troxerutin significantly reduced immobility time in the FST and mitigated behavioral deficits in the NSF test. Additionally, troxerutin increased glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels while reducing nitrite, malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels compared to the negative control. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed decreased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in troxerutin-treated mice. Overall, these findings suggest that troxerutin exerts significant antidepressive-like effects, likely mediated by its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. The reduction in neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, along with the improvement in behavioral outcomes, underscores troxerutin's potential as a therapeutic agent for depression.
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The authors declare that the databases that support the results will be available when requested from the corresponding author.
Abbreviations
- Akt/GSK3:
-
Protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase 3
- BDNF:
-
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- CREB:
-
CAMP response element–binding protein
- ELISA:
-
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EPK:
-
Eukaryotic protein kinase
- FST:
-
Forced swimming test
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- HO-1:
-
Heme oxygenase-1
- IFN-γ:
-
Interferon-gamma
- IL-1β:
-
Interleukin-1 beta
- IL-6:
-
Interleukin-6
- iNOS:
-
Inducible nitric oxide synthase
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor-kappa B
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- NQO1:
-
NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1
- Nrf2:
-
Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
- NSF:
-
Novelty-suppressed feeding
- OFT:
-
Open field test
- PMF:
-
Post-mitochondrial fraction
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SIRT1/SIRT3:
-
Sirtuin 1/3
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- TCA:
-
Tricyclic antidepressant
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- TRD:
-
Treatment-resistant depression
- Tx:
-
Treatment
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AS: conceptualization, experimental design, data curation, investigation, methodology, data analysis, and original draft writing; NAO: data curation, data analysis, original draft writing, review, and editing; AB: experimental design, data analysis, and co-supervision; HAA: softwares source, data analysis, review and editing of writing; AOA: conceptualization, experimental design, supervision, and review and editing of writing. All authors read the reviewed manuscript and declare that all data were generated in-house, with no paper mill used.
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Sowunmi, A.A., Omeiza, N.A., Bakre, A. et al. Dissecting the antidepressant effect of troxerutin: modulation of neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 397, 9965–9979 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-024-03252-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-024-03252-y