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Dissecting the antidepressant effect of troxerutin: modulation of neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice

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Abstract

The role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of depression has prompted the search for new antidepressants. Troxerutin, a bioflavonoid with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has shown promise, but its impact on neurobehavioral functions remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant potential of troxerutin and its effect on the neuroinflammatory response. Here, we exposed male Swiss mice (n = 5/group) to various treatments, including naive and negative controls receiving distilled water, troxerutin-treated groups administered at different doses (10, 20, 40 mg/kg, i.p.), and an imipramine-treated group (25 mg/kg, i.p.). After seven days of treatment, with the exception of the naive group, mice were administered a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.83 mg/kg). Behavioral evaluations, consisting of the novelty-suppressed feeding (NSF) test, forced swim test (FST), and open field test (OFT), were conducted. Additionally, brain samples were collected for biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. Troxerutin significantly reduced immobility time in the FST and mitigated behavioral deficits in the NSF test. Additionally, troxerutin increased glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels while reducing nitrite, malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels compared to the negative control. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed decreased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in troxerutin-treated mice. Overall, these findings suggest that troxerutin exerts significant antidepressive-like effects, likely mediated by its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. The reduction in neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, along with the improvement in behavioral outcomes, underscores troxerutin's potential as a therapeutic agent for depression.

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Data Availability

The authors declare that the databases that support the results will be available when requested from the corresponding author.

Abbreviations

Akt/GSK3:

Protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase 3

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

CNS:

Central nervous system

CREB:

CAMP response element–binding protein

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

EPK:

Eukaryotic protein kinase

FST:

Forced swimming test

GSH:

Glutathione

HO-1:

Heme oxygenase-1

IFN-γ:

Interferon-gamma

IL-1β:

Interleukin-1 beta

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor-kappa B

NO:

Nitric oxide

NQO1:

NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2

NSF:

Novelty-suppressed feeding

OFT:

Open field test

PMF:

Post-mitochondrial fraction

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SIRT1/SIRT3:

Sirtuin 1/3

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TCA:

Tricyclic antidepressant

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

TRD:

Treatment-resistant depression

Tx:

Treatment

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Contributions

AS: conceptualization, experimental design, data curation, investigation, methodology, data analysis, and original draft writing; NAO: data curation, data analysis, original draft writing, review, and editing; AB: experimental design, data analysis, and co-supervision; HAA: softwares source, data analysis, review and editing of writing; AOA: conceptualization, experimental design, supervision, and review and editing of writing. All authors read the reviewed manuscript and declare that all data were generated in-house, with no paper mill used.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Noah A. Omeiza or Adegbuyi O. Aderibigbe.

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The study received approval from the local ethical committee on preclinical biomedicine at the University of Ibadan, with certification number UI/ACUREC/22–034. All investigative procedures were conducted in accordance with the Animal in Research: Reporting In-Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines.

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Sowunmi, A.A., Omeiza, N.A., Bakre, A. et al. Dissecting the antidepressant effect of troxerutin: modulation of neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 397, 9965–9979 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-024-03252-y

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