Wolf Kibel

Wolf Kibel (16 Disemba 1903 - 29 June 1938) ^[1] bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ebi akwụkwọ na South Africa. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe kpatara iwebata Expressionism na South Africa. ^[2] Ihe osise ya na monotypes emeela ka a mara ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'eziokwu na onye nwere onyinye.

A mụrụ Wolf Kibel na Grodzisk Mazowiecki, shtetl 32 km site na Warsaw, na Russian Poland.

Nna Kibel si n'ezinụlọ ndị na-abụ abụ, ndị obodo were ha n'ọrụ n'ọrụ hazzan na shochet. A na-akwụ ya ụgwọ nke ọma ma nwee ike ịkwado ezinụlọ buru ibu, nke Wolf bụ nwa nwoke nke atọ na nwa nke ise nke isii. Ezinụlọ ahụ nwere ọmarịcha nka; Ọ bụghị nanị na nna ya na-abụ abụ ọkachamara, ma pịrị apị miniatures, dere cantorial music, dere amaokwu na mere bookbinding. Wolf sonyeere n'òtù ukwe nna ya zụrụ wee kpụrụ grotesques site na nkume mmanụ nna ya.

Mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ e zigara ya ụlọ akwụkwọ mpaghara ka ọ nwe kụzie na omenala ndị Juu . Na 1911, mgbe Wolf dị afọ asatọ, nna ya nwụrụ, na-ahapụ ezinụlọ ha enweghị nkwado ego.Na ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ha kpebiri ịkwaga Warsaw. N'ebe ahụ ka a mụrụ Wolf n'ịgba akwụkwọ, mana ọ tụfuru ọnọdụ a mgbe ihe mberede gasịrị. Ezinụlọ ahụ laghachiri na Grodzisk Mazowiecki na Wolf wee mụọ onye na-emepụta akpụkpọ ụkwụ. O doro anya na nke a adịghị amasị ya nke ukwuu wee gbaga n'ime ime obodo ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, e kwere ka ọ na-eme ihe osise na eserese ya n'efu.^[1]

Otu enyi ndị ikwu anyị bi na Lọndọn, aha ya bụ Appelbaum, lere ezinụlọ ha anya mgbe ọ gara Poland ite ụlọ nzukọ. Ọ bụ oge mbụ onye ọkachamara na-ese ihe hụrụ ọrụ Wolf. Appelbaum kpọọrọ ya gaa Warsaw, bụ ebe ọ zutere ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ, na-eleta ụlọ ngosi nka ma gụọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ oge. Ihe osise Jozef Israëls masịrị ya ma nwee mmasị na foto Jan Matejko.^[1]

Mgbe Nkwekọrịta nke Versailles, nke a bịanyere aka na 28 June 1919, ndị Poland na-ahụ maka mba ha sonyere n'oké mkpagbu. Mmegide a, tinyere atụmanya nke ịbanye n'ọrụ agha, mere ka Wolf gaa Paris na 1923. Ọ gafere Czechoslovakia wee rute Vienna ọtụtụ ọnwa ka e mesịrị, ebe ọ gara kilomita 524 n'ụkwụ.  Ọgwụgwụ nke agha ahụ bụkwa njedebe nke Austria-Hungary, Vienna bụkwa obodo dara ogbenye nke jupụtara na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.^[3] Ebe obibi dị ụkọ ma Kibel na-ehi ụra ugboro ugboro na Wiener Prater.^[1]

Onye na-ere ihe ochie mere ka ọ mata onye na-ese foto Edmund Pick-Morino. Pick-Morino hụrụ Kibel dị ka onye nkwado, onye ọgaranya na-echekwa ego, ma nye ya ohere ise ihe nlereanya ya, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị ọha na eze, na-eyi ihe nkpuchi. O yiri ka ọ matara ọrụ Oskar Kokoschka. Otú ọ dị, ndụ ya dara ogbenye n'oge na-adịghị anya gwụrụ ya, ebe ọ na-enweghị ike ịga Paris na-enweghị akwụkwọ, Pick-Morino mere ka ọ gaa Palestine.^[1]

Na 1925, Kibel hapụrụ Vienna gaa Haifa, mesịakwa gaa Jerusalem, na-ebute ịba n'ụzọ. Na Jerusalem ọ gara ozugbo gaa ụlọ ọgwụ, e wee wepụ ya mgbe ụbọchị abụọ gachara, ọ ka na-arịakwa ọrịa. Peripatetic na enweghị ebe obibi, nanị ihe onwunwe ya bụ akwụkwọ ozi mmeghe nye onye nduzi nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Art Bezalel, Boris Shatz, sitere na Pick-Morino. Ihe osise ụlọ akwụkwọ Bezalel nke ịhụ mba n'anya wutere ya nke a tụrụ anya ka ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ see, wee kpebie ịga Tel Aviv..^[1]

Ọ ka na-arịa ọrịa ịba na enweghị ego, ọ na-ehi ụra n'ụsọ osimiri. Nanị ihu ọma ya bịara mgbe ọ gara leta nwa nwanne nne ya, onye na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ na-ahụ maka mbata na ọpụpụ, onye kpọgara ya na dọkịta onwe ya maka usoro ọgwụ Salvarsan, nke gwọrọ ịba.^[1]

Otu enyi ya aha ya bụ Popek, onye na-ebi n'obere ugbo mmiri ara ehi dị na mpụga Tel Aviv, ya na nwunye ya, kpọọrọ ya bata. Mgbe Kibel siri ọnwụ na ha agaghị etinye aka n'obiọma ha wee mee ka ọ pụọ, Popek kụgidere ya akwụkwọ nzọpụta ya. iji ego zuru ezu ka ọ chọta ụlọ n'obodo ahụ. Ugbu a n'ụzọ ụfọdụ, ọ zutere ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe, ghọọ enyi na onye na-ese ihe nkiri Yitzhak Frenkel, onye nọrọla afọ asaa na Paris. Ọ bụ ezie na ha nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ọnụ, Wolf agaghị abụ nwa akwụkwọ Frenkel.^[1]

Ọ bụ na Tel Aviv ka Wolf ga-ezute nwunye ya n'ọdịnihu Freda, site na akụkọ ya, ha bụ akụkụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke otu ndị na-eto eto na-ekwu okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ, ndị na-akatọ ihe na ndị nwere oké ọchịchọ na-ahọrọ ise ihe, akwụkwọ, egwu, ihe nkiri, ọbụna egwuregwu karịa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ndị na-ese ihe na-anụbigara okpukpe ọkụ n'obi ókè n'inwe mmasị n'ebe Paul Cézanne nọ, ruo n'ókè nke iṅomi ndị ohu. Kibel hụrụ omume a dị ize ndụ ma na-ekwupụtakarị nkwenkwe ya na ndị enyi ya.^[1]

Kibel nwere mmasị dị ukwuu n'ebe Marc Chagall nọ, onye ọrụ ya weere dị ka ihe pụtara ìhè nke eserese nke oge a. Ọ banyekwara n'ọrụ Henri Matisse ma nwee mmasị na usoro iwu ya nwere nkà.

Ndị isi mgbasa ozi Kibel na Tel Aviv bụ mmiri na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na ihe osise ojii na ọcha, na-achọ njikwa siri ike, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-akpọnwụ ngwa ngwa ma na-esiri ike idozi njehie. Nke a bụkwa n'ihi mkpa ego, ebe ọ bụ na mmanụ na-adị oke ọnụ. Kibel ga-amalite ise ihe na mmanụ mgbe otu Dr. Zlockisty wepụtara onwe ya iji nye ihe ndị dị mkpa.^[1] Ọ zutere onye Hibru a ma ama na-ede uri Hayim Nahman Bialik, onye kwadoro ọrụ ya. Ha ghọrọ ezigbo ndị enyi.[1]^[1]

Mgbe afọ anọ gachara na Palestine, Kibel gafere ule nwa amaala n'asụsụ Hibru wee bụrụ nwa amaala Palestine. Ọ bụ onye na-enweghị obodo kemgbe a mụrụ ya. N'otu aka ahụ, akwụkwọ nkwupụta sitere n'aka nwanne ya nwoke Sam, onye biri na Cape Town, South Africa. Affidavit ahụ nyere ya ikike ibi na Union of South Africa. Nwanne Kibel amaghị na ya nwere nwunye, Freda gakwara Kraków na December 1928 bụ́ ebe ọ mụrụ nwa mbụ ha.^[1]

Kibel rutere Cape Town na 27 Jun 1929, ụbọchị a mụrụ nwa ha nwoke Joseph na Kraków. Ya na nwanne ya nwoke bi, onye bụ onye cantor n'ụlọ nzukọ dị n'ogige ụlọ ọrụ, ma n'oge na-adịghị anya, ha chọpụtara na ha ahụghị anya n'ihu n'ịchụso ọrụ nka ya, ma na-akwa ụta maka ịkwaga South Africa. N'oge na-adịghị anya Kibel gara ụlọ n'ụlọ Roza van Gelden, onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, bụ́ onye nyekwara ya ụlọ ihe nkiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ iji nweta ihe mmụta.

Ebe ngosi nka dị na Cape Town enweghị mmasị na Kibel, ọ chọpụtakwara na ụmụ amaala ya enweghị mmasị na eserese. O kpebiri ime ihe ngosi na Martin Melck House na Disemba 1931, na ebumnuche nke ịnakọta ego iji sonyere nwunye ya na nwa ya nwoke na Tel Aviv. Ọrụ ya nwetara iwe site n'aka ọha na eze na ndị na-akatọ nka, ọkachasị Bernard Lewis nke Die Burger, ndị na-amaghị ma ọ bụ na-emegide ndị na-eme ihe nkiri avant-garde nke oge ahụ. Ndị a ma ama bụ onye nkuzi nka Frank Barrington Craig, onye toro ihe ngosi ya, na onye na-ese ihe Hugo Naudé, onye nwere mmasị nke ukwuu ịkpọ Kibel n'ụlọ ya na Worcester.^[1]

Kibel weere ọkpụkpọ òkù ileta Hugo Naudé na nwunye ya, nọrọ na ya, ma mụta usoro etching na studio ya. Obiọma nke ndị Naudés mere ka Wolf na Freda kwenye na Paris ga-esi ike ime mgbanwe na Freda na Joseph rutere Cape Town na 19 January 1933. Freda Kibel na-edekọ na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu site na ndụ na iji mgbasa ozi dịgasị iche iche: pastel. , mmanụ, watercolor, tempera, nzu, pen, etching na ndị ọzọ. Mmetụta nke Matisse yiri ka ọ kwụsịrị iji kwado ụdị onwe onye mepụtara.

Kibel kwagara ụlọ ọrụ ya n'ụlọ mebiri emebi na Roeland Street, Cape Town, nke a na-akpọ Palm Studios, nke ya na enyi ya na onye na-ese ihe Lippy Lipshitz, onye ka si Paris lọta. Ndị na-ese ihe na-ewere ụmụ akwụkwọ iji mụbaa obere ego ha na-enweta.

Ihe ngosi 1935 ya na Ashbey's Gallery, nke Lipshitz meghere, zutere mmejọ ọha ọzọ, mana nyocha dị mma nke Melvin Simmers nke Cape Times, n'okpuru isiokwu Virile ngosi nke Wolf Kibel.Ihe ngosi ya nke dara ugboro ugboro, ọmụmụ nwa nke abụọ, nke a na-akpọ Erọn, na ịkpọasị n'ozuzu maka nka ya, mechara bute esemokwu n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe na nchụpụ ha na 1937.

  A na-akpọkarị Wolf Kibel dị ka onye na-ese okwu, mana okwu ya enweghị obi ụtọ nke Irma Stern ma ọ bụ àgwà pastor nke Maggie Laubser.Ọ kekọrịtaghị iwe mgbanwe nke ndị mbụ Expressionists na mmetụta ya ruru Matisse, Chagall na Soutine. Dị ka Chagall na Soutine, ọ bụ onye Eastern Europe, na nanị onye Juu, mmịpụta. Dị ka Soutine, ọ ga-eji usoro ihe osise eme ihe, nke nwere nnukwu ọgbaghara na akara nkwuwapụta.

Kibel bụ onye na-eme ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma ọ jụrụ inye nkọwa, tinye aka na okwu ahịa ma ọ bụ ọbụna ịbịanye aka na ụbọchị ọrụ ya. N'ihi nke a, ọ na-eleda ihe ngosi anya, o doro anya na ọ masịghị ya n'ihu ọha ma ọ bụ ndị nkatọ. Ma ọ na-emetụta ụkpụrụ mmadụ nke ukwuu ma nke a mere ka ọ zere ihe mara mma, dị ka Malay Quarter dara ogbenye na Cape Town, nke a na-egwupụta n'akwụsịghị akwụsị maka foto ndị a na-ere ere.^[1] Ọ bụkwa nke a ka nwunye ya ga-ekwu na ọ na-enwe mmasị na Rembrandt.[1]^[1]

Mmetụta ya nyere ya 'ikike ime ka ihe dị ndụ ma nye ndụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-ewere dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma n'ihi ihe ha maara nke ọma'.^[2][4] Freda Kibel na-eji Interior na àkwà dị ka ihe atụ, ebe mgbagwoju anya nke ọhụụ na-echetara Van Gogh.[1] Akpụkpọ ahụ ya na-echetara nke Renoir.[1]^[2]

Kibel bụ onye mbụ gosipụtara monotypes na South Africa na ọnụ ọgụgụ, karịsịa na prestigious 1936 Empire Exhibition na Johannesburg. N'ịrụ ọrụ site na mpempe ígwè, o wetara ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe zuru oke na nkwanye ùgwù dị ka ụdị nka.

Kibel nọwo na-arịa ọrịa ruo oge ụfọdụ tupu ngosi ya na 1937. Ọ jụrụ ịhụ dọkịta, na-atụ egwu na nchọpụta na-adịghị mma ga-emebi ihe ngosi ahụ.^[1] Ihe ngosi ahụ nwere ọrụ 45, gụnyere onyinyo tempera nke nwunye ya, nke South African National Gallery zụrụ. Melvin Simmers kwuru banyere monotypes ya na Cape Times nke 24 June 1937:   Nleta nke dọkịta mgbe ihe ngosi ahụ gasịrị gosiri na o nwere ụkwara nta nke ngụgụ na akpịrị. Ahụ ike ya dara n'oge na-adịghị anya ma kpụga ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ. Ọ natara nleta site n'aka ọtụtụ ndị enyi, karịsịa ọtụtụ ugboro n'izu site n'aka ndị na-ese ihe Cecil Higgs na Maggie Laubser, mana ọ dabara n'ọrịa ahụ mgbe ọnwa iri gasịrị, na Wednesde, 29 June 1938. ^[1]

A na-etinye ọrụ Wolf Kibel n'ọtụtụ nnukwu nchịkọta:

• South African National Gallery, Cape Town
• Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Johannesburg, Johannesburg
• Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie Pretoria, Pretoria
• Ụlọ ngosi nka Durban, Durban
• Ụlọ ngosi Eze George nke Isii, Port Elizabeth
• Ụlọ ngosi ihe nkiri Tatham, Pietermaritzburg
• Spier Art Collection, Stellenbosch
• William Humphreys Art Gallery, Kimberley
• Sanlam Art Collection, Cape Town