Dukungan sosial

'Dukungan sosial adalah informasi atau umpan balik dari orang lain yang menunjukkan bahwa seseorang dicintai dan diperhatikan, dihargai, dan dihormati, serta dilibatkan dalam jaringan komunikasi dan kewajiban yang timbal balik.^[1]

Ada 4 bentuk dukungan sosial yang umum:^[2]^[3]^[4]

- Emotional support
  - Pemberian empati, perhatian, kasih sayang, cinta, kepercayaan, penerimaan, keintiman, dorongan, atau kepedulian.^[5]^[6] Intinya melibatkan kehangatan dan pengasuhan sebagai sumber dari dukungan sosial.^[7] Memberikan dukungan emosional bertujuan agar sang peneriman dukungan merasakan bahwa dirinya berharga.^[6] Dukungan ini juga disebut sebagai "esteem support" atau "appraisal support."^[8]
- Tangible support
  - Pemberian bantuan keuangan, barang, ataupun layanan.^[9]^[10] Disebut juga "instrumental support", bentuk dukungan ini menggunakan materi untuk memberikan bantuan secara nyata (fisik) dan langsung kepada yang membutuhkan.^[5]
- Informational support
  - Pemberian nasihat, tuntunan, anjuran, atau informasi berguna bagi seseorang.^[8]^[11] Jenis informasi ini dapat menyelesaikan masalah orang lain.^[5]^[12]
- Companionship support
  - Jenis dukungan yang memberikan perasaan diterima menjadi bagian suatu kelompok dan rasa kebersamaan (disebut juga "belonging support").^[8] Ini berupa menghadirkan teman untuk melakukan aktivitas sosial.^[13]

Referensi

^ Czyz, Ewa K.; Liu, Zhuqing; King, Cheryl A. (Maret 2012). "Social Connectedness and One-Year Trajectories Among Suicidal Adolescents Following Psychiatric Hospitalization". Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology (dalam bahasa Inggris). 41 (2): 226. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.651998 Periksa nilai |doi= (bantuan).
^ Wills, T.A. (1991). Margaret, Clark, ed. "Social support and interpersonal relationships". Prosocial Behavior, Review of Personality and Social Psychology. 12: 265–289.
^ Wills, T.A. (1985). "Supportive functions of interpersonal relationships". Dalam S. Cohen; L. Syme. Social support and health. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. hlm. 61–82.
^ Uchino, B. (2004). Social Support and Physical Health: Understanding the Health Consequences of Relationships. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. hlm. 16–17.
^ ^a ^b ^c Langford, C.P.H.; Bowsher, J.; Maloney, J.P.; Lillis, P.P. (1997). "Social support: a conceptual analysis". Journal of Advanced Nursing. 25: 95–100. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.1997025095.x.
^ ^a ^b Slevin, M.L.; Nichols, S.E.; Downer, S.M.; Wilson, P.; Lister, T.A.; Arnott, S.; Maher, J.; Souhami, R.L.; Tobias, J.S.; Goldstone, A.H.; Cody, M. (1996). "Emotional support for cancer patients: what do patients really want?". British Journal of Cancer. 74: 1275–1279. doi:10.1038/bjc.1996.529. PMC 2075927 .
^ Taylor, S.E. (2011). "Social support: A Review". Dalam M.S. Friedman. The Handbook of Health Psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. hlm. 189–214.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Wills912
^ Heaney, C.A., & Israel, B.A. (2008). "Social networks and social support". Dalam Glanz, K.; Rimer, B.K.; Viswanath, K. Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice (edisi ke-4th). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
^ House, J.S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
^ Krause, N. (1986). "Social support, stress, and well-being". Journal of Gerontology. 41 (4): 512–519. doi:10.1093/geronj/41.4.512.
^ Tilden, V.P.; Weinert, S.C. (1987). "Social support and the chronically ill individual". Nursing Clinics of North America. 22 (3): 613–620.
^ Uchino, B. (2004). Social Support and Physical Health: Understanding the Health Consequences of Relationships. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. hlm. 17.

[1] Czyz, Ewa K.; Liu, Zhuqing; King, Cheryl A. (Maret 2012). "Social Connectedness and One-Year Trajectories Among Suicidal Adolescents Following Psychiatric Hospitalization". Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology (dalam bahasa Inggris). 41 (2): 226. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.651998 Periksa nilai |doi= (bantuan).

[Wills91-2] Wills, T.A. (1991). Margaret, Clark, ed. "Social support and interpersonal relationships". Prosocial Behavior, Review of Personality and Social Psychology. 12: 265–289.

[3] Wills, T.A. (1985). "Supportive functions of interpersonal relationships". Dalam S. Cohen; L. Syme. Social support and health. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. hlm. 61–82.

[4] Uchino, B. (2004). Social Support and Physical Health: Understanding the Health Consequences of Relationships. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. hlm. 16–17.

[Nursing-5] Langford, C.P.H.; Bowsher, J.; Maloney, J.P.; Lillis, P.P. (1997). "Social support: a conceptual analysis". Journal of Advanced Nursing. 25: 95–100. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.1997025095.x.

[Slevin_1996_1275–1279-6] Slevin, M.L.; Nichols, S.E.; Downer, S.M.; Wilson, P.; Lister, T.A.; Arnott, S.; Maher, J.; Souhami, R.L.; Tobias, J.S.; Goldstone, A.H.; Cody, M. (1996). "Emotional support for cancer patients: what do patients really want?". British Journal of Cancer. 74: 1275–1279. doi:10.1038/bjc.1996.529. PMC 2075927 .

[SETReview-7] Taylor, S.E. (2011). "Social support: A Review". Dalam M.S. Friedman. The Handbook of Health Psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. hlm. 189–214.

[Wills912-8] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Wills912

[HealthBehav-9] Heaney, C.A., & Israel, B.A. (2008). "Social networks and social support". Dalam Glanz, K.; Rimer, B.K.; Viswanath, K. Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice (edisi ke-4th). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

[House-10] House, J.S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

[11] Krause, N. (1986). "Social support, stress, and well-being". Journal of Gerontology. 41 (4): 512–519. doi:10.1093/geronj/41.4.512.

[12] Tilden, V.P.; Weinert, S.C. (1987). "Social support and the chronically ill individual". Nursing Clinics of North America. 22 (3): 613–620.

[13] Uchino, B. (2004). Social Support and Physical Health: Understanding the Health Consequences of Relationships. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. hlm. 17.

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