ULAS J1342+0928

ULAS J1342+0928
Ascensión recta (α)	13 h 42 m 08.10 s
Declinación	+09°28′38.61″
Corrimiento al rojo	7.54
Notas	Imagen: Concepto artístico de un cuásar similar
Otras designaciones	ULAS J134208.10+092838.61, Quasar20171206
	[editar datos en Wikidata]

ULAS J1342+0928 es el cuásar conocido más lejano y contiene el agujero negro supermasivo más distante y más antiguo conocido,^[1]^[3]^[2]^[4] en un corrimiento al rojo reportado de z = 7.54, superando el corrimiento al rojo de 7 para el cuásar más lejano conocido ULAS J1120+641.^[1] El cuásar ULAS J1342+0928 se encuentra en la constelación de Boötes.^[5] Se informa que el agujero negro supermasivo relacionado es "800 millones de veces la masa del sol".^[3]

Descubrimiento

El 6 de diciembre de 2017,^[1] los astrónomos publicaron que habían encontrado el cuásar utilizando datos del Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)^[2] combinado con encuestas en tierra desde uno de los Telescopios Magallanes en el Observatorio Las Campanas en Chile, así como el Gran telescopio binocular en Arizona y el telescopio Gemini Norte en Hawái. El agujero negro relacionado del cuásar existía cuando el universo tenía alrededor de 690 millones de años (aproximadamente el 5 por ciento de su edad actualmente conocida de 13,80 mil millones de años).^[1]

El cuásar proviene de una época conocida como "la era de la reionización", cuando el universo emergió de su Era Oscura.^[3] Se ha detectado que grandes cantidades de polvo y gas se liberan del cuásar al medio interestelar de su galaxia anfitriona.^[6]

Descripción

ULAS J1342+0928 tiene un corrimiento al rojo medido de 7,54, que corresponde a una distancia por comovimiento de 29,36 mil millones de años luz de la Tierra.^[1]^[7] Es el cuásar más lejano observado hasta la fecha. Emitió la luz observada en la Tierra hoy, menos de 690 millones de años después del Big Bang, hace aproximadamente 13,1 mil millones de años.^[3]^[8]

Significado

La luz de ULAS J1342+0928 se emitió antes del final de la transición pronosticada teóricamente del medio intergaláctico desde un estado eléctricamente neutro a un estado ionizado (la era de la reionización). Los cuásares pueden haber sido una fuente de energía importante en este proceso, que marcó el final de las edades oscuras cósmicas, por lo que observar un cuásar desde antes de la transición es de gran interés para los teóricos.^[9]^[10] Debido a su alta luminosidad ultravioleta, los cuásares también son algunas de las mejores fuentes para estudiar el proceso de reionización. El descubrimiento también se describe como teorías desafiantes sobre la formación de agujeros negros, al tener un agujero negro supermasivo mucho más grande de lo esperado en una etapa tan temprana en la historia del Universo^[2] aunque este no es el primer cuásar distante en ofrecer tal desafío.^[11]^[12]

Una pequeña minoría de fuentes argumentan que los agujeros negros supermasivos distantes cuyo gran tamaño es difícil de explicar poco después del Big Bang, como ULAS J1342+0928,^[2] pueden ser pruebas de que nuestro universo es el resultado de un Big Bounce, en lugar de un Big Bang, con estos agujeros negros supermasivos formándose antes del Big Bounce.^[13]^[14]

Véase también

Lista de quasares

Referencias

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Bañados, Eduardo (6 de diciembre de 2017). «An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5». Nature. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..473B. arXiv:1712.01860. doi:10.1038/nature25180.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Landau, Elizabeth; Bañados, Eduardo (6 de diciembre de 2017). «Found: Most Distant Black Hole». NASA. «"This black hole grew far larger than we expected in only 690 million years after the Big Bang, which challenges our theories about how black holes form," said study co-author Daniel Stern of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.»
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Choi, Charles Q. (6 de diciembre de 2017). «Oldest Monster Black Hole Ever Found Is 800 Million Times More Massive Than the Sun». Space.com.
↑ Decarli, Roberto (Septiembre de 2017). «Rest-frame optical photometry of a z-7.54 quasar and its environment». CalTech.
↑ Staff. «Finding the constellation which contains given sky coordinates». djm.com.
↑ Venemans, Bram P. (6 de diciembre de 2017). «Copious Amounts of Dust and Gas in a z = 7.5 Quasar Host Galaxy». The Astrophysical Journal Letters 851 (1).
↑ Wright, Ned (24 de abril de 2016). «Ned Wright's Javascript Cosmology Calculator». UCLA.
↑ Grush, Loren (6 de diciembre de 2017). «The most distant supermassive black hole ever found holds secrets to the early Universe - We’re seeing how it looked when the Universe was a toddler». TheVerge.
↑ Matson, John (29 de junio de 2011). «Brilliant, but Distant: Most Far-Flung Known Quasar Offers Glimpse into Early Universe». Scientific American. Consultado el 7 de diciembre de 2017.
↑ Willott, C. (2011). «Cosmology: A monster in the early Universe». Nature 474 (7353): 583-584. Bibcode:2011Natur.474..583W. PMID 21720357. arXiv:1106.6090. doi:10.1038/474583a. preprint of this paper
↑ Davide Castelvecchi (25 de febrero de 2015). «Young black hole had monstrous growth spurt». Nature. «A black hole that grew to gargantuan size in the Universe's first billion years is by far the largest yet spotted from such an early date, researchers have announced. The object, discovered by astronomers in 2013, is 12 billion times as massive as the Sun, and six times greater than its largest-known contemporaries. Its existence poses a challenge for theories of the evolution of black holes, stars and galaxies, astronomers say. Light from the black hole took 12.9 billion years to reach Earth, so astronomers see the object as it was 900 million years after the Big Bang. That “is actually a very short time” for a black hole to have grown so large, says astronomer Xue-Bing Wu of Peking University in Beijing.»
↑ «Discovery in the early universe poses black hole growth puzzle». Phys.org. 11 de mayo de 2015. «Now, researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) have discovered three quasars that challenge conventional wisdom on black hole growth. These quasars are extremely massive, but should not have had sufficient time to collect all that mass. The astronomers observed quasars whose light took nearly 13 billion years to reach Earth. In consequence, the observations show these quasars not as they are today, but as they were almost 13 billion years ago, less than a billion years after the big bang. The quasars in question have about a billion times the mass of the sun. All current theories of black hole growth postulate that, in order to grow that massive, the black holes would have needed to collect infalling matter, and shine brightly as quasars, for at least a hundred million years. But these three quasars proved to be have been active for a much shorter time, less than 100,000 years. "This is a surprising result," explains Christina Eilers, a doctoral student at MPIA and lead author of the present study. "We don't understand how these young quasars could have grown the supermassive black holes that power them in such a short time."».
↑ Jamie Seidel (7 de diciembre de 2017). «Black hole at the dawn of time challenges our understanding of how the universe was formed». News Corp Australia. «It had reached its size just 690 million years after the point beyond which there is nothing. The most dominant scientific theory of recent years describes that point as the Big Bang — a spontaneous eruption of reality as we know it out of a quantum singularity. But another idea has recently been gaining weight: that the universe goes through periodic expansions and contractions — resulting in a “Big Bounce”. And the existence of early black holes has been predicted to be a key telltale as to whether or not the idea may be valid. This one is very big. To get to its size — 800 million times more mass than our Sun — it must have swallowed a lot of stuff. ... As far as we understand it, the universe simply wasn’t old enough at that time to generate such a monster.»
↑ Youmagazine staff (8 de diciembre de 2017). «A Black Hole that is more ancient than the Universe» (en greek). You Magazine (Greece). «This new theory that accepts that the Universe is going through periodic expansions and contractions is called "Big Bounce"».

Enlaces externos

Datos: Q44914726
Multimedia: ULAS J1342+0928 / Q44914726

[NAT-20171206-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Bañados, Eduardo (6 de diciembre de 2017). «An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5». Nature. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..473B. arXiv:1712.01860. doi:10.1038/nature25180.

[NASA-20171206-2] Landau, Elizabeth; Bañados, Eduardo (6 de diciembre de 2017). «Found: Most Distant Black Hole». NASA. «"This black hole grew far larger than we expected in only 690 million years after the Big Bang, which challenges our theories about how black holes form," said study co-author Daniel Stern of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.»

[SPC-20171206-3] Choi, Charles Q. (6 de diciembre de 2017). «Oldest Monster Black Hole Ever Found Is 800 Million Times More Massive Than the Sun». Space.com.

[SPTZR-2017-4] Decarli, Roberto (Septiembre de 2017). «Rest-frame optical photometry of a z-7.54 quasar and its environment». CalTech.

[DJM-2008-5] Staff. «Finding the constellation which contains given sky coordinates». djm.com.

[APJL-20171206-6] Venemans, Bram P. (6 de diciembre de 2017). «Copious Amounts of Dust and Gas in a z = 7.5 Quasar Host Galaxy». The Astrophysical Journal Letters 851 (1).

[7] Wright, Ned (24 de abril de 2016). «Ned Wright's Javascript Cosmology Calculator». UCLA.

[VRG-20171206-8] Grush, Loren (6 de diciembre de 2017). «The most distant supermassive black hole ever found holds secrets to the early Universe - We’re seeing how it looked when the Universe was a toddler». TheVerge.

[SA-20110629-9] Matson, John (29 de junio de 2011). «Brilliant, but Distant: Most Far-Flung Known Quasar Offers Glimpse into Early Universe». Scientific American. Consultado el 7 de diciembre de 2017.

[CW-2011-10] Willott, C. (2011). «Cosmology: A monster in the early Universe». Nature 474 (7353): 583-584. Bibcode:2011Natur.474..583W. PMID 21720357. arXiv:1106.6090. doi:10.1038/474583a. preprint of this paper

[Nature2015-02-25a-11] Davide Castelvecchi (25 de febrero de 2015). «Young black hole had monstrous growth spurt». Nature. «A black hole that grew to gargantuan size in the Universe's first billion years is by far the largest yet spotted from such an early date, researchers have announced. The object, discovered by astronomers in 2013, is 12 billion times as massive as the Sun, and six times greater than its largest-known contemporaries. Its existence poses a challenge for theories of the evolution of black holes, stars and galaxies, astronomers say. Light from the black hole took 12.9 billion years to reach Earth, so astronomers see the object as it was 900 million years after the Big Bang. That “is actually a very short time” for a black hole to have grown so large, says astronomer Xue-Bing Wu of Peking University in Beijing.»

[Phys_org2017-05-11a-12] «Discovery in the early universe poses black hole growth puzzle». Phys.org. 11 de mayo de 2015. «Now, researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) have discovered three quasars that challenge conventional wisdom on black hole growth. These quasars are extremely massive, but should not have had sufficient time to collect all that mass. The astronomers observed quasars whose light took nearly 13 billion years to reach Earth. In consequence, the observations show these quasars not as they are today, but as they were almost 13 billion years ago, less than a billion years after the big bang. The quasars in question have about a billion times the mass of the sun. All current theories of black hole growth postulate that, in order to grow that massive, the black holes would have needed to collect infalling matter, and shine brightly as quasars, for at least a hundred million years. But these three quasars proved to be have been active for a much shorter time, less than 100,000 years. "This is a surprising result," explains Christina Eilers, a doctoral student at MPIA and lead author of the present study. "We don't understand how these young quasars could have grown the supermassive black holes that power them in such a short time."».

[News_com-AU_2017-12-07a-13] Jamie Seidel (7 de diciembre de 2017). «Black hole at the dawn of time challenges our understanding of how the universe was formed». News Corp Australia. «It had reached its size just 690 million years after the point beyond which there is nothing. The most dominant scientific theory of recent years describes that point as the Big Bang — a spontaneous eruption of reality as we know it out of a quantum singularity. But another idea has recently been gaining weight: that the universe goes through periodic expansions and contractions — resulting in a “Big Bounce”. And the existence of early black holes has been predicted to be a key telltale as to whether or not the idea may be valid. This one is very big. To get to its size — 800 million times more mass than our Sun — it must have swallowed a lot of stuff. ... As far as we understand it, the universe simply wasn’t old enough at that time to generate such a monster.»

[YouMagazine2017-12-08a-14] Youmagazine staff (8 de diciembre de 2017). «A Black Hole that is more ancient than the Universe» (en greek). You Magazine (Greece). «This new theory that accepts that the Universe is going through periodic expansions and contractions is called "Big Bounce"».

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