Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/ěsti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ḗˀstei (present *ḗˀdmi), usually explained as an instance of Winter's law, deriving from Proto-Indo-European *h₁édti (“to eat”).

The PIE root *h₁ed- is sometimes argued to have an acrostatic Narten present, with a lengthened-grade in the singular active, which would render the Proto-Indo-European source as *h₁ḗd-.

Verb

*ě̀sti^[1]

(transitive, intransitive) to eat

Conjugation

Conjugation of *ěsti, *ě(stъ), *ěstь (impf., athematic -C-, st-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*ědenьje	*ěsti	*ěstъ	*ědlъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*ědenъ	*ědomъ
Active	*ědъ	*ědy

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*ěsъ	*ě(stъ)	*ě(stъ)	*ěmь	*ěsi	*ěstь
Dual	*ěsově	*ěsta	*ěste	*ěvě	*ěsta	*ěste
Plural	*ěsomъ	*ěste	*ěsę	*ěmъ	*ěste	*ědętь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*ěděaxъ	*ěděaše	*ěděaše	—	*ěďь	*ěďь
Dual	*ěděaxově	*ěděašeta	*ěděašete	*ědivě	*ědita	—
Plural	*ěděaxomъ	*ěděašete	*ěděaxǫ	*ědimъ	*ědite	—

Derived terms

*ědlo (“meal, dish”)
*ědьca (“eater”)
*ědъ (“poison, venom”) ?
*obědъ (“meal; lunch”)
- *obědati (“to have lunch”)
*ědakъ (“greedy man”)
*ěda (“food”)
*ěstьje (“dish, food”)
*ěstva (“food; eating”)
*ědivo (“food, comestibles”)
*sъnědati
*ȗjědь (“food”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: ѣсти (jěsti)^[2]^[3]^[4]
  - Old Ruthenian: ѣ́сти (jě́sti), ѣ́ти (jě́ti), ѣ́сьти (jě́sʹti), ѣ́сть (jě́stʹ), є́сти (jésti) — alternative spelling
    - Belarusian: е́сці (jésci), е́сьці (jésʹci)
    - Carpathian Rusyn: ї́сти (jísty)
    - Ukrainian: ї́сти (jísty)
  - Russian: есть (jestʹ)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Cyrillic: ꙗсти (jasti)
  
  Glagolitic: ⱑⱄⱅⰹ (ěsti)
- Bulgarian: ям (jam)
- Macedonian: ја́де (jáde)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: је̏сти, јисти
  
  Latin script: jȅsti, jisti
- Slovene: jẹ́sti (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Kashubian: jesc
- Old Czech: jiesti
  - Czech: jíst
- Old Polish: jeść
  - Polish: jeść
- Polabian: jest
- Slovak: jesť
- Slovincian: jêsc
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: jěsć
  - Lower Sorbian: jěsć

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*ě̀sti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 154
^ Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1912) “ѣсти, ѣмь”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎^[1] (in Russian), volume 3 (Р – Ꙗ и дополненія), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 1623
^ Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1912) “ꙗсти, ꙗмь”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎^[2] (in Russian), volume 3 (Р – Ꙗ и дополненія), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 1666
^ Barkhudarov, S. G., editor (1978), “ѣсти, ѣмь”, in Словарь русского языка XI–XVII вв. [Dictionary of the Russian Language: 11ᵗʰ–17ᵗʰ cc.] (in Russian), issue 5 (е – зинутие), Moscow: Nauka, page 63

Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*ěsti, *ědmь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 53
Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*ědenьje”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 39
Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*ěstvo / *ěstva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 54
Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “есть”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 1 (а – пантомима), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 288
Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “ем”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “ешь”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

[1] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*ě̀sti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 154

[2] Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1912) “ѣсти, ѣмь”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎^[1] (in Russian), volume 3 (Р – Ꙗ и дополненія), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 1623

[3] Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1912) “ꙗсти, ꙗмь”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎^[2] (in Russian), volume 3 (Р – Ꙗ и дополненія), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 1666

[4] Barkhudarov, S. G., editor (1978), “ѣсти, ѣмь”, in Словарь русского языка XI–XVII вв. [Dictionary of the Russian Language: 11ᵗʰ–17ᵗʰ cc.] (in Russian), issue 5 (е – зинутие), Moscow: Nauka, page 63

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