Appendix:Old Tupi pronunciation

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AP:pron:tpw

Old Tupi phonemes as they are represented by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The Tupian alphabet used is the one developed by Antônio Lemos Barbosa and Eduardo de Almeida Navarro.

Consonants
IPA	Representation	Example	Simmilar to
ʔ	'^{[n 1]}	mba'e (“thing”)	(ʔ)uh-(ʔ)oh
β̞	b	abá (“man”)	Spanish huevo
ɣ	g	ygara (“canoe”)	Icelandic saga
ɡʷ^{[n 2]}	gû	gûará (“scarlet ibis”)	guano
h	h	hẽhẽ (“yes”)	house
k	k	ka'a (“forest”)	kite
kʷ	kû	kûarasy (“sun”)	quantic
m	m	mokaba (“gun”)	medic
ᵐb	mb	mboîa (“snake”)	Kimbundu mbunda
n	n	nambi (“ear”)	nugget
ⁿd	nd	nde (“you”)	Greek έντομο (éntomo)
ŋ	ng	nhe'eng (“to speak”)	sing
ɲ	nh	kunhã (“woman”)	Spanish jalapeño
p	p	pó (“hand”)	pot
pʲ	pî	epîak (“to see”)	pyeong
pʷ	pû	pûera (“old”)	pueblo
ɾ	r	gûariba (“howler monkey”)	better (AusE)
s	s^{[n 3]}	sy (“mother”)	saturday
t	t	tatu (“armadillo”)	tower
ʃ	x	ixé (“I”)	shock
Semivowels
j	î	îasy (“moon”)	yes
w	û	apûã (“pointy”)	watch
ɨ̯	ŷ	apŷaba (“man”)
Vowels
a	a	arara (“macaw”)	hat (RP)
ɛ	e	sykyîé (“fear”)	bet
i	i	karaíba (“white man”)	free
ɔ	o	só (“to go”)	not (RP)
u	u	gûasu (“big”)	boot
ɨ	y	'ybá (“fruit”)	Russian быть (bytʹ)
ã	ã	marã (“evil”)	French croissant
ã	a^{[n 4]}	marakanã (“mini-macaw”)	French croissant
ɛ̃	ẽ	nha'ẽ (“plate”)	French brin
ɛ̃	e^{[n 4]}	nhe'enga (“language”)	French brin
ĩ	ĩ	mirĩ (“small”)	Portuguese assim
ĩ	i^{[n 4]}	tinga (“white”)	Portuguese assim
ɔ̃	õ	mokõi (“two”)	French son
ɔ̃	o^{[n 4]}	komixã (“grumichama”)	French son
ũ	ũ	apekũ (“tongue”)	Portuguese um
ũ	u^{[n 4]}	una (“black”)	Portuguese um
ɨ̃	ỹ	amỹîa (“grandfather”)	Japanese 君 (くん, kun)
ɨ̃	y^{[n 4]}	aroane'ym (“unproperly”)	Japanese 君 (くん, kun)

Diacritics
	Use
´	Primary stress
~	Nasalisation
^	Semivowel

Notes

^ Traditionally represented by a simple apostrophe ('). Other languages that have the glottal stop, namely Guaraní, may prefer to use the modifier letter apostrophe (ʼ) instead.
^ Some scholars disagree this sound existed in Tupi, saying it came from a misundertanding of the Europeans at the time and that w was used in all cases.
^ Carvalho (1987) uses ç.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 When preceding M, N or next to a nasal vowel.

References

Antônio Lemos Barbosa (1956) Curso de tupi antigo: gramática, exercícios, textos [Course of Old Tupi: Grammar, Exercises, Texts]‎^[1] (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José
Moacyr Ribeiro de Carvalho (1987) Dicionário tupi (antigo)-português [(Old) Tupi–Portuguese Dictionary]‎^[2] (in Portuguese), Salvador: Empresa Gráfica da Bahia
Antônio Augusto Souza Mello (2000 March 17) “Reconstruções Lexicais e Cognatos” (chapter III), in Estudo histórico da família linguística tupi-guarani: aspectos fonológicos e lexicais (in Portuguese), Florianópolis: UFSC, page 141
Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2005) Método Moderno de Tupi Antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos [Modern method of Old Tupi: the language of Brazil's early centuries]‎^[3] (in Portuguese), 3 edition, São Paulo: Global Editora, →ISBN
Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN

Appendix:Old Tupi pronunciation

Notes

References

See also