-a
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Page categories
Translingual
editEtymology
editSuffix
edit-a
- Used to create genus names from proper nouns
- Used to take the form of certain plural Latin-derived taxonomic names
Derived terms
editEnglish
editEtymology 1
editFrom the homographic case endings of the nominative, accusative, and vocative forms of numerous Latin neuter second declension nouns.
Pronunciation
edit- (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA(key): /ɑ/, /ə/
- Homophones: -er, -or (in non-rhotic accents)
Suffix
edit-a
Usage notes
edit- Whereas the regular pluralization in English involves adding -s or -es, English words derived from a Latin/Greek etymon where the Latin/Greek would pluralize from -on (Greek) or -um (Latin) to -a do not always do so. Usage of -a instead of -s differs between words: sometimes the two are interchangeable (e.g. memorandums/memoranda, polyhedrons/polyhedra), sometimes one is far more common than the other (e.g. neurons over neura, automata over automatons), and sometimes one is completely absent from usage (e.g. bacteria over bacteriums, dendrons over dendra)
- The word data is etymologically the plural of datum but is commonly regarded as an uncountable noun.
Derived terms
editTranslations
editSee also
editEtymology 2
editRepresenting the nominative singular case ending of Latin first-declension feminine nouns.
Pronunciation
edit- (Received Pronunciation, General American) enPR: ə, IPA(key): /ə/
Suffix
edit- Marks singular nouns, with a foundation in Greek or Latin, often implying femininity, especially when contrasted with words terminating in -us.
Synonyms
editAntonyms
edit- (antonym(s) of “feminine suffix”): he-
Derived terms
editEtymology 3
editPronunciation
edit- (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA(key): /ə/
Suffix
edit-a
Etymology 4
editShortened form of verb have.
Pronunciation
edit- (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA(key): /ə/
Suffix
edit-a
Etymology 5
editEquivalent to Etymology 2, representing Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish feminine nouns.
Pronunciation
edit- (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA(key): /ə/
Suffix
edit-a
- Marks nouns, with a foundation in Italian, Spanish, or Portuguese, implying femininity.
Synonyms
editAntonyms
edit- (antonym(s) of “female suffix”): he-
Etymology 6
editAdded especially for metrical reasons, or as an empty filler syllable. Also used to imitate an Italian accent.
Pronunciation
edit- (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA(key): /ə/
Suffix
edit-a
- Added for metrical reasons to songs, poetry and verse, or as an empty filler syllable to other speech.
- c. 1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Winters Tale”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii]:
- A merry heart goes all the day
Your sad tires in a mile-a
- 1936 July 18, Leon Schlesinger (producer) / Norman Spencer (music), I Love to Singa:
- I love to sing-a / about the moon-a and the June-a and the spring-a, / I love to sing-a / about a sky of blue-a, or a tea for two-a.
- 1980s, “Wanna”, in Herb Owen (music), Kids Sing Praise[3], performed by Kids Sing Praise:
- I wanna wanna wanna wanna wanna wanna really wanna be just like the Lord
So every day Im gonna gonna read the Book and rest upon-a God's own holy Word
Of good in me there's none-a none-a that's okay because I'm gonna trust upon the work that's done-a on the Cross
and Jesus is the one-a one-a God the Father's Son-a Son-a and my sin He cures!
- 1981, Colin Hay, Ron Strykert, performed by Men At Work, Down Under:
- Buying bread from a man in Brussels
He was six-foot-four and full of muscle
I said, "Do you speak-a my language?"
He just smiled and gave me a Vegemite sandwich […]
- 2014, Don Pendleton, California Hit, Open Road Media, →ISBN:
- "I'm-a tell-a you why you better be. I named you in my will, Franco."
Alternative forms
editEtymology 7
editShortened version of preposition of.
Pronunciation
edit- (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA(key): /ə/
Suffix
edit-a
- (slang) Clitic form of o' (contraction of of).
- 1946, Elizabeth Metzger Howard, Before the Sun Goes Down, page 31:
Etymology 8
editShortened version of verb to.
Pronunciation
edit- (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA(key): /ə/
Suffix
edit-a
Etymology 9
editShortened version of verb do.
Pronunciation
edit- (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA(key): /ə/
Suffix
edit-a
- (informal) do (infinitive marker)
- 1988, Living Colour (lyrics and music), “Funny Vibe”, Epic:
- Yeah, Flav, I'm tired of them dissing brothers in the P.E. out there, we got to do something about this/(What-a we do? What-a we do?)
See also
editReferences
edit- Lesley Brown, editor-in-chief, William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, editors (2002), “-a”, in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles, 5th edition, Oxford, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 1.
- Christine A. Lindberg, editor (2002), “-a”, in The Oxford College Dictionary, 2nd edition, New York, N.Y.: Spark Publishing, →ISBN, page 1.
Albanian
editEtymology 1
editRelated to e (“of, the, to”) and -e.
Article
edit-a f
Etymology 2
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-a
Basque
editEtymology 1
editSuffix
edit-a
- Absolutive singular suffix.
- Liburua ekarri al duzu? ― Did you bring the book?
Usage notes
edit- The suffix -a is usually described as an article. However, its usage is not equivalent to that of English the or a. In Basque, every nominal phrase must carry a determiner, which usually takes the final position in the phrase. Although many others exist, -a is the default determiner which introduces no additional meaning. Compare the following sentences. In the first two, the determiners (-a and hau (“this”)) apply to the noun phrase etxe handi (“big house”); while in the last two they apply separately to etxe (“house”) and handi (“big”):
- Etxe handia da. ― It is a big house.
- Etxe handi hau da. ― It is this big house.
- Etxea handia da. ― The house is big.
- Etxe hau handia da. ― This house is big.
- In Standard Basque, nouns ending in -a in their indefinite form (known in Basque as a itsatsia (literally “attached a”)) don't change when the article is added:
Declension
editFurther reading
edit- “bat zenbatzailea / -a artikulua (batzuk/-ak)”, in Euskara Batuaren Eskuliburua [Handbook of Standard Basque], Euskaltzaindia, 2023
- “a itsatsia”, in Euskara Batuaren Eskuliburua [Handbook of Standard Basque], Euskaltzaindia, 2023
Etymology 2
editParticle
edit-a
- (Navarro-Lapurdian) Used to form yes/no questions.
- Liburua ekarri duzuia? ― Did you bring the book?
Usage notes
edit- It takes different forms depending on the ending of the verb:
- -a + -a → -ea
- -e + -a → -ea
- -o + -a → -oa, -oia
- -u + -a → -uia, -ia
- Other dialects use the unrelated particle al.
Further reading
edit- “-a galde-partikula”, in Euskara Batuaren Eskuliburua [Handbook of Standard Basque], Euskaltzaindia, 2023
Czech
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-a m anim (noun-forming suffix)
- forms agent nouns referring to male people
- posrat (“to shit oneself”) + -a → posera (“coward”)
- nafouknout (“to inflate, to blow up”) + -a → náfuka (“bighead, conceited person”)
Suffix
edit-a f (noun-forming suffix)
- forms nouns referring to results of processes
Derived terms
editFurther reading
edit- -a in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017
Dutch
editPronunciation
editAudio: (file)
Suffix
edit-a
Esperanto
editEtymology
editFrom feminine singular adjectives (and nouns) of the Romance languages, such as French ma, Italian mia, Spanish mía, fría.
Pronunciation
editAudio: (file)
Suffix
edit-a
- Related to, in the manner of, of. Ending for all adjectives in Esperanto.
- Belonging to, of. Ending for all possessive pronouns in Esperanto.
- Used to form the ordinal numeral.
- -kind of. Ending of all correlatives of kind in Esperanto.
Derived terms
editFaroese
editSuffix
edit-a
Finnish
editAlternative forms
edit- -ä (in words with front vowel harmony)
Etymology 1
editFrom Proto-Finnic *-da (variant of *-ta, whence -ta), from the Proto-Uralic ablative case *-ta.
Suffix
edit-a (front vowel harmony variant -ä, linguistic notation -A)
- (case suffix) Forms the partitive case of nouns, adjectives, numbers and some pronouns.
Usage notes
edit- This suffix is used after a short vowel or the plural marker -j-.
- See the appendix on Finnish nominal cases for more information on how the partitive case is used.
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-Finnic *-dak.
Suffix
edit-a (front vowel harmony variant -ä, linguistic notation -A)
- (verbal suffix) Forms the short form of the first infinitive of verbs.
Usage notes
edit- The first infinitive, short form, is the citation form of verbs.
See also
editFrench
editEtymology
editFrom Latin -āt, short counterpart to -āvit.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-a
- forms the third-person singular past historic of -er verbs
Garo
editSuffix
edit-a
- neutral, unmarked tense-aspect marker
Usage notes
editIn addition to present time, it often shows habitual action, and can also past and future
Gothic
editRomanization
edit-a
- Romanization of -𐌰
Hungarian
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom the *sᴕ̈ third-person personal pronoun of the ancestor language after it was appended to the word of possession. According to some linguists this attachment happened in the Proto-Uralic era, while others think it happened much later when the Hungarian language became independent.[1]
Suffix
edit-a
- Possessive (and genitive) suffix: [from 1055]
- (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …
- ház → (a) háza, az ő háza (“his/her/its house”) élet → (az) élete, az ő élete (“his/her/its life”) barát → (a) barátja (“his/her/its friend”) kapu → (a) kapuja (“his/her/its gate”) palota → (a) palotája (“his/her/its palace”) kert → (a) kertje (“his/her/its garden”) betű → (a) betűje (“his/her/its letter”) vese → (a) veséje (“his/her/its kidney”)
- (with a singular possessor) …-'s, of … (third-person singular, single possession)
- Anna háza (“Anna’s house”), a felkelő nap háza (“the house of the rising sun”) Anna élete (“Anna’s life”), a város élete (“the life of the city”) a király palotája (“the king’s palace”) a ház kapuja (“the gate of the house”) Anna kertje (“Anna’s garden”), a tulipán kertje (“the garden of the tulip”)
- (with a plural possessor) …-s’, of …-s (third-person plural, single possession)
- a szüleim háza (“my parents’ house”), a trópusi növények háza (“[the] house of [the] tropical plants”, literally “the tropical plants’ house”) a szüleim élete (“my parents’ lives”, literally “my parents’ life”), a könyvek élete (“[the] lives of [the] books”, literally “the books’ life”) az uralkodók palotája (“the rulers’ palace”) a szüleim kertje (“my parents’ garden”), Az elágazó ösvények kertje (“The Garden of Forking Paths”)
- (with instantaneous time expressions) … ago (referring to a preceding point in time considered as an instant)
- (with durative time expressions) for … (referring to some duration that precedes the point of time in question)
- Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for a century / two years / an hour / a long time.
- Synonym: óta (less common in this sense; more commonly means “since”)
- (mostly with quantities, often following -ik) of …, out of … (partitive sense)
- Synonym: (only with countable quantities) közül
- jó (jav-) (“the greater/better part”) → a java még hátravan (“the best/bulk is yet to come”, literally “its best/bulk is…”)
- legnagyobbik (“the biggest one”) → a bikák legnagyobbika (“the biggest [one] of the bulls”, synonymous with a legnagyobb bika)
- (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …
- (personal suffix) [from the end of the 12th century]
- Third-person singular personal suffix in back-vowel verbs. Today it can be found in the third-person singular definite forms (indicative past and imperative conjugations) as part of the suffix -ja/-je, -ta/-te.
- Third-person singular personal suffix in back-vowel conjugated infinitives and in the declined and postposition forms of the third-person personal pronoun ő (“he/she/it”).
- tanulni (“to study”) → tanulnia kell (“he/she must study”, literally “it is necessary for him/her to study”)
- kérni (“to request, ask for”) → kérnie kell (“he/she must request [it]”, literally “it is necessary for him/her to request”)
- -ról (“about”) → róla (“about him/her/it”)
- -től (“from”) → tőle (“from him/her/it”)
- után (“after”) → utána (“after him/her/it”)
- fölött (“above”) → fölötte (“above him/her/it”)
Usage notes
edit- (possessive suffix) Variants:
- -a is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -e is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ja is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-; final -o changes to -ó-.
- -je is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-; final -ö changes to -ő-.
- This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-person singular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-person plural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children’s ball” (a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see -juk and its variants).
- (personal suffix) Variants:
- Note that the corresponding (third-person singular) indicative mood of front-vowel verbs is -i, e.g. kéri (“s/he requests it”).
Declension
editInflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | -a | — |
accusative | -át | — |
dative | -ának | — |
instrumental | -ával | — |
causal-final | -áért | — |
translative | -ává | — |
terminative | -áig | — |
essive-formal | -aként | — |
essive-modal | -ául | — |
inessive | -ában | — |
superessive | -án | — |
adessive | -ánál | — |
illative | -ába | — |
sublative | -ára | — |
allative | -ához | — |
elative | -ából | — |
delative | -áról | — |
ablative | -ától | — |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
-áé | — |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
-áéi | — |
See also
editEtymology 2
editFirst attested in 1055. It can be traced back to Proto-Uralic *-i̮ which with the word-final vowel created the diphthong -ai̮/-ei̮. This had simplified to -á/-é, finally in the Old Hungarian era it had shortened to -a/-e. It was a productive suffix at that time, the back-vowel variant was used even in front-vowel words such as the Old Hungarian female given names Fehéra and Szépa, derived from fehér (“light in color”) and szép (“beautiful”), respectively.[1]
Suffix
edit-a
- (diminutive suffix) The back-vowel variant of the -a/-e diminutive suffix pair. In the past it could be found in common nouns, as well, but today it is used mostly in given names.
Etymology 3
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-a
- (personal suffix, archaic) Used to form the third-person singular indicative past indefinite, for back-vowel verbs. The front-vowel version is -e. The suffix currently used in this place is -t, -tt, or -ott. For the full paradigm, see the usage template.
Etymology 4
editAlong with its front-vowel counterpart -e, from the diphthongs -ai̮/-ei̮, developing to -á/-é, then shortened to this form by the end of the early Old Hungarian period. After the participle suffix became fixed as -ó/-ő, the remaining words suffixed with -a/-e underwent conversion; some became adjectives, others, nouns.[1]
Suffix
edit-a
- (obsolete participle suffix) Synonym of -ó (present-participle suffix) From a synchronic perspective, it can be viewed as a nominal-forming suffix, preserved in some adjectives and nouns (see below). No longer productive. Its front-vowel version is -e.
Derived terms
edit- borissza, bornemissza
- cafka
- (csala)finta (dubious)
- csóka
- csusza
- duda
- furcsa
- gyagya
- handa(banda)
- (hepe)hupá(s)
- hinta
- hulla
- huzavona
- illa (berek)
- inga
- kajla
- kába
- koca
- kósza
- kuka (“dumb”)
- kusza
- kutya (debated)
- léha
- morzsa (debated)
- pala
- pecá(zik)
- pilla
- pofa (debated)
- pongyola (debated)
- potya
- puha
- ronda (dubious)
- rozoga
- satra(fa)
- sima
- (zene)bona
References
edit- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 -a in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
Icelandic
editSuffix
edit-a
- forms verbs from nouns
- Used to form adverbs from adjectives.
Derived terms
editSee also
editIdo
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-a
Usage notes
editOne may elide the final a of the adjectives, but with the condition not to produce accumulation from the consonants. One advise to use the elision mainly with the derivatived adjectives and particularly when they finish with -al-(a).[1]
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- ^ “KGD”, in Kompleta gramatiko detaloza[1] (in Ido), 2015 December 23 (last accessed), archived from the original on 27 January 2012
Ingrian
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-Finnic *-da. Cognates include Finnish -a and Estonian -a.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-a (front vowel variant -ä)
- Used to form the partitive case: part of
Inflection
editPossessive forms of -a | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | singular | plural |
1st person | -haan | -amme |
2nd person | -haas | -anne |
3rd person | -haa | -asse |
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-Finnic *-dak. Cognates include Finnish -da.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-a (front vowel variant -ä)
- First infinitive marker
Usage notes
editIrish
editSuffix
edit-a
- plural ending of certain nouns
- plural ending of adjectives in the nominative, vocative, dative, and strong genitive cases
- genitive singular ending of third-declension nouns
Italian
editEtymology 1
editInherited from Latin -a, from Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ (forms action nouns).
Suffix
edit-a f (noun-forming suffix, plural -e)
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editSuffix
edit-a (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
- used, with a stem, to form the third-person singular present tense of -are verbs
Etymology 3
editSuffix
edit-a (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
- used, with a stem, to form the second-person singular imperative of -are verbs
Etymology 4
editFrom Latin -(e/i)am, -(e/i)ās, -(e/i)at.
Suffix
edit-a (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
- used, with a stem, to form the first-person singular, second-person singular and third-person singular present subjunctive of -ere verbs, and of those -ire verbs that do not insert -isc-
Etymology 5
editSuffix
edit-a (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
- used, with a stem, to form the third-person singular imperative of -ere verbs, and of those -ire verbs that do not insert -isc-
Khalaj
editSuffix
editpreceding vowel | |
---|---|
A / I / O / U | E / Ə / İ / Ö / Ü |
-a | -ə |
-a
- Form of -ə after the vowels A / I / O / U.
Latin
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-Italic *-ā, from Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ (suffix originally used to form collective nouns, extended in Late PIE to also be a marker of feminine gender). For the use to form masculine agent nouns from verb roots, compare Latin poeta from Ancient Greek ποιητής (poiētḗs).
Pronunciation
edit- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /a/, [ä]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /a/, [ä]
Suffix
edit-a
- inflection of -us:
- nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural of -s
Suffix
edit-a f or m (genitive -ae); first declension
- suffix used to form feminine first-declension nouns
- added to the root of a masculine noun denoting a male to form a feminine noun denoting a female counterpart.
- (Late Latin) added to the stem of a third-declension noun to adapt its inflection to that of a feminine first-declension noun
- lendis, lendin- f + -a → lendina f
- pūlex, pūlic- m + -a → *pūlica f
- suffix used to form (usually masculine) agent nouns from the roots of (usually compound) verbs
Declension
editFirst-declension noun.
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | -a | -ae |
genitive | -ae | -ārum |
dative | -ae | -īs |
accusative | -am | -ās |
ablative | -ā | -īs |
vocative | -a | -ae |
1. Certain masculine nouns ending in -a, especially those ending in -cola and -gena, sometimes have a short genitive plural form ending in -um instead of -ārum.
2. Feminine nouns such as fīlia (“daughter”) that have a second-declension masculine counterpart sometimes take the ending -ābus instead of -īs in the dative and ablative plural to avoid ambiguity (since fīliīs could be misunderstood as the dative/ablative plural of fīlius (“son”)). Forms in -ābus are attested earliest for the nouns fīlia and dea (“goddess”), and later on for others such as līberta (“freedwoman”), equa (“mare”) and anima.
Synonyms
edit- (suffixed to the roots of verbs, forms masculine agent nouns): -ō¹
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- “-a¹” on page 1/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Etymology 2
editFrom Old Latin -ād, first-declension ablative singular ending.
Pronunciation
edit- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /aː/, [äː]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /a/, [ä]
Suffix
edit-ā
Suffix
edit-ā (not comparable)
- suffixed chiefly to the stems of adjectives terminating in -ter, forms adverbs which are frequently also used as prepositions
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- “-ā²” on page 1/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Etymology 3
editSee the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation
edit- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /aː/, [äː]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /a/, [ä]
Suffix
edit-ā
- second-person singular present active imperative of -ō (first conjugation)
Latvian
editSuffix
edit-a
Derived terms
editRelated terms
editLushootseed
editSuffix
edit-a
Derived terms
editMakasar
editArticle
edit-a
References
edit- ^ Aburaerah Arief (1995) Kamus Makassar–Indonesia, Ujung Pandang: Yayaan Perguruan Islam Kapita, page 29.
Maltese
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom Arabic ـَة (-a), reinforced by Sicilian and Italian -a, which are unrelated but used similarly.
Pronunciation
edit- IPA(key): /a/
- Homophone: -ha (distinct after -h, -ħ, -għ; may also trigger different stem alternations)
Suffix
edit-a
- Used to form the feminine forms of most nouns and adjectives.
- Used to form the plurals of some nouns and adjectives.
- Used to form singulatives from collective nouns.
Maori
editSuffix
edit-a
- passive ending (used mainly for verbs with one or two vowels)
Derived terms
editMbyá Guaraní
editEtymology 1
editSuffix
edit-a
- nominalizes the action of the verb
- pendeayvua
- that which you say
- indicates the place of the verb
- ooa
- where he is going
- indicates the time of the action of the verb
Etymology 2
editSuffix
edit-a
- forms ordinal numbers
- mboapya
- third
Murui Huitoto
editAlternative forms
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-a
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.[4], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 81
Northern Sami
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Samic *-ëk. Cognate with Finnish -e.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-a (with odd-syllable stems -at)
- Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something used for performing the verb.
- Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that results from having the verb's action performed.
Usage notes
edit- This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.
Inflection
editOdd, no gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -at | |||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -aga | |||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | -at | -agat | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accusative | -aga | -agiid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -aga | -agiid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Illative | -agii | -agiidda | ||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | -agis | -agiin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Comitative | -agiin | -agiiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Essive | -agin | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
Derived terms
editNorwegian Nynorsk
editEtymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-a
- the, Definite marker used for
- Synonym: (only for strong nouns; nonstandard since 2012) -i
- the definite singular of (strong) feminine nouns.
- the definite plural of strong neuter nouns.
- (dialectal) the dative singular case of strong masculine nouns.
- (archaic, nonstandard) Used to form definite singular dative case of weak masculine and neuter nouns
- -ed, Used for:
- Used to form an infinitive form for most verbs. When using split infinitive, this only applies to a select group.
- Used to form singular indefinite feminine form of some pronouns and adjectives (e.g. inga, lita, noka etc.).
- plural of -um
- plural of -on
- Used as an ending of weak nouns and adjectives. Used for:
- the singular of weak feminine nouns, indefinite (non-standard since 2012) and definite forms.
- the singular of weak neuter nouns, indefinite and definite forms (e.g. auga, hjarta, øyra).
- (dated or dialectal) adverbs ((pre-2012) alternative form of -e).
- (pre-1901 (Landsmål), archaic or dialectal) the singular definite feminine and neuter forms of adjectives.
- (pre-1901 (Landsmål), archaic, nonstandard) Used to form the feminine indefinite plural of adjectives.
- (pre-1901 (Landsmål), archaic, nonstandard) Used to form the genitive plural of nouns.
Anagrams
editOld English
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-West Germanic *-ō, from Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate with Old High German -o.
Suffix
edit-a
- nominative masculine n-stem ending
- used to form the nominative singular n-stem (weak) adjective and subsequent nominalised form
- eald (“old”) + -a → (sē) ealda (“(the/that) old; (the/that) old one/thing”)
- used to form masculine agents, usually from verbs
Declension
editWeak:
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- Middle English: -e
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-West Germanic *-ō, from Proto-Germanic *-ô.
Suffix
edit-a
- Ending forming adverbs
Usage notes
edit- Though it was common in Proto-Germanic and Proto-West Germanic, in Old English this ending is restricted to only a few adverbs, among them sōna (“immediately”) and ġeāra (“long ago”). The competing suffix -e is much more common, along with -līċe.
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- Middle English: -e (fossilised)
Etymology 3
editSuffix
edit-a
- Forms the nominative, accusative, and genitive plural of o-stem feminine nouns and u-stem masculine nouns
Etymology 4
editSuffix
edit-a
Etymology 5
editSuffix
edit-a
Old Galician-Portuguese
editEtymology 1
editSuffix
edit-a f (plural -as)
Derived terms
editDescendants
editEtymology 2
editInherited from Latin -at, from Proto-Italic *-āt, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti.
Suffix
edit-a
- a suffix indicating the second-person singular present indicative of a verb in -ar
Descendants
editOld Irish
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronoun
edit-a
- combines with prepositions to form a relative pronoun
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editAn allomorph of -iu. It derives from Proto-Celtic *-is, the neuter of *-yūs. -is was extended to -ais thanks to a rebracketing of Proto-Celtic *mais (“more”) from *ma-is to *m-ais (neuter of *māyūs from which Old Irish mó).[1]
Suffix
edit-a
- forms the comparative degree of some adjectives
Usage notes
editUsed with a relatively small number of adjectives to form an irregular comparative. The regular, productive comparative suffix is -iu.
Derived terms
editReferences
editFurther reading
edit- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, §§ 372-73, pages 235; reprinted 2017
Old Norse
editEtymology 1
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Alternative forms
editSuffix
edit-a
- indicates negation; does not (Can we add an example for this sense?)
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-Germanic *-ōną.
Suffix
edit-a
- Creates denominative verbs from nouns
- Creates factitive verbs from adjectives
Conjugation
editinfinitive | -a | |
---|---|---|
present participle | -andi | |
past participle | -aðr | |
indicative | present | past |
1st-person singular | -a | -aða |
2nd-person singular | -ar | -aðir |
3rd-person singular | -ar | -aði |
1st-person plural | -um | -uðum |
2nd-person plural | -ið | -uðuð |
3rd-person plural | -a | -uðu |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st-person singular | -a | -aða |
2nd-person singular | -ir | -aðir |
3rd-person singular | -i | -aði |
1st-person plural | -im | -aðim |
2nd-person plural | -ið | -aðið |
3rd-person plural | -i | -aði |
imperative | present | |
2nd-person singular | -a | |
1st-person plural | -um | |
2nd-person plural | -ið |
Derived terms
editDescendants
editEtymology 3
editFrom Proto-Germanic *-ê and *-ô.
Suffix
edit-a
Descendants
edit- Icelandic: -a
Etymology 4
editFrom Proto-Germanic *-ǭ or *-ô.
Suffix
edit-a f or n
- Occurs in the nominative singular of feminine on-stem nouns
- Occurs in the singular of neuter an-stem nouns
Declension
editEtymology 5
editDifferent noun forms.
Suffix
edit-a
- indefinite genitive plural (of nouns)
- inflection of -i (masculine an-stem nouns):
- indefinite accusative plural of -r (masculine a-stem nouns)
Old Swedish
editEtymology
editSuffix
edit-a
- Creates denominative verbs from nouns
- Creates factitive verbs from adjectives
- sighia
- to say
- hælgha
- to celebrate
Conjugation
editpresent | past | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | -a | — | |||
participle | -andi, -e | -aþer | |||
active voice | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
iæk | -ar | -i, -e | — | -aþi, -e | -aþi, -e |
þū | -ar | -i, -e | -a | -aþi, -e | -aþi, -e |
han | -ar | -i, -e | — | -aþi, -e | -aþi, -e |
vīr | -um, -om | -um, -om | -um, -om | -aþum, -om | -aþum, -om |
īr | -in | -in | -in | -aþin | -aþin |
þēr | -a | -in | — | -aþu, -o | -aþin |
mediopassive voice | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
iæk | -as | -is, -es | — | -aþis, -es | -aþis, -es |
þū | -as | -is, -es | — | -aþis, -es | -aþis, -es |
han | -as | -is, -es | — | -aþis, -es | -aþis, -es |
vīr | -ums, -oms | -ums, -oms | — | -aþums, -oms | -aþums, -oms |
īr | -ins | -ins | — | -aþins | -aþins |
þēr | -as | -ins | — | -aþus, -os | -aþins |
Descendants
edit- Swedish: -a
Old Tupi
editEtymology
editPossibly from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-aβ, making it a doublet of -sab.
Cognate with Guajajára, Kamayurá, Mbyá Guaraní, and Tapirapé -a.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-a
- forms nouns from a word's stem
- forms the gerund of verbs ending in a consonant
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “-a”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 3, column 1
Phalura
editEtymology 1
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-a
- Third person singular suffix
Alternative forms
edit- -íi (With e-ending verb stems)
- -óo (With a-ending verb stems)
- -e (Biori)
- -úu (With a-ending verb stems in Biori)
References
edit- Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “-a”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[5], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
Etymology 2
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-a
- Plural suffix (with a-declension nouns)
Alternative forms
editReferences
edit- Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “-a”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[6], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
Etymology 3
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-a
- Oblique case suffix (with a-declension nouns)
Alternative forms
editReferences
edit- Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “-a”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[7], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
Etymology 4
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-a
- Masculine plural agreement suffix
References
edit- Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “-a”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[8], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
Etymology 5
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-a
- Masculine non-nominative and non-singular agreement suffix
References
editPolish
editPronunciation
edit- IPA(key): /a/
Audio: (file) - Rhymes: -a
- Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
- Homophones: a, a-
Etymology 1
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *-a.
Suffix
edit-a f
- forms nominative feminine nouns
- forms feminine names from masculine names
- (obsolete) forms feminine nominative and vocative forms of short forms of adjectives
Declension
editSuffix
edit-a m pers (feminine -yni)
- forms masculine personal agent nouns
Declension
editEtymology 2
editInherited from Old Polish -á, from Proto-Slavic *-aja.
Suffix
edit-a f
Etymology 3
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьja. Doublet of -ia.
Suffix
edit-a f (neuter -e)
- forms collective nouns, causes palatalization
Suffix
edit-a
Etymology 4
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *-a, from Proto-Indo-European *-éad, the thematic ablative suffix.
Suffix
edit-a
- used to create the masculine genitive singular, usually of animate nouns, but also of some inanimate nouns
- forms genitive singular of neuter nouns
- used in some adverbial constructions
Etymology 5
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *-a.
Suffix
edit-a
Derived terms
editFurther reading
edit- -a in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Portuguese
editPronunciation
edit
Etymology 1
editInherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -a, from Latin -am, from Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂, from *-h₂.
Suffix
edit-a f (plural -as)
Suffix
edit-a f (noun-forming suffix, plural -as)
- forms feminine nouns from adjectives, indicating people having the quality of the source adjective
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editInherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -a, from Latin -at.
Suffix
edit-a
- a suffix indicating the third-person singular present indicative of a verb in -ar
See also
editEtymology 3
editFrom Old Galician-Portuguese -a, from Latin -ā.
Suffix
edit-a
- forms the second-person singular affirmative imperative of verbs ending in -ar
- João, conta-nos o teu apelido. ― John, tell us your last name.
Etymology 4
editFrom Old Galician-Portuguese -a, from Latin -am, -eam.
Suffix
edit-a
- forms the first-person singular present subjunctive of verbs ending in -er and -ir
- É importante que eu coma carne. ― It is important that I eat meat.
Etymology 5
editFrom Old Galician-Portuguese -a, from Latin -at, -eat.
Suffix
edit-a
- forms the third-person singular present subjunctive of verbs ending in -er and -ir
- É importante que ele coma carne. ― It is important that he eat meat.
- forms the third-person singular affirmative imperative of verbs ending in -er and -ir
- Ei você aí, coma carne. ― Hey you there, eat meat.
- forms the third-person singular negative imperative of verbs ending in -er and -ir
- Ei você aí, não coma carne. ― Hey you there, don’t eat meat.
Usage notes
edit- The third-person imperative is not used with third person pronouns but rather with você, which is a second-person pronoun but always takes third-person conjugation.
Etymology 6
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-a m or f (noun-forming suffix, plural -as)
Romani
editSuffix
edit-a
- Forms the nominative plural of consonantal oikoclitic nouns
- Forms the accusative singular of unjotated oikoclitic animate feminine nouns
- Forms the feminine singular oblique of consonantal oikoclitic nouns. Displaced by -e in most dialects
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- Yaron Matras, Anton Tenser, editors (2020 August), The Palgrave Handbook of Romani Language and Linguistics, Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, pages 30, 166
Romanian
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editInherited from Latin illa, nominative feminine singular of ille.
Alternative forms
edit- -ua — used for feminine nouns ending in a stressed vowel or diphthong
Suffix
edit-a f
- (definite article) the (feminine singular, nominative and accusative)
Usage notes
editThis form of the definite article is used for feminine nouns in the nominative and accusative cases which end in -ă or in an unstressed vowel:
The suffix is also used with feminine adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases to make the articulated definite form, often for emphasis, and it is used before the noun it modifies:
- fata bună + -a → buna fată (both meaning "the good girl")
- câmpia întinsă + -a → întinsa câmpie (both meaning "the wide/extensive plain")
Related terms
editEtymology 2
editInherited from Latin -āre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of first conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish -ar, French -er, Italian -are, etc.
Suffix
edit-a
- A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs.
Conjugation
editinfinitive | a -a | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | -ând | ||||||
past participle | -at | ||||||
number | singular | plural | |||||
person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
indicative | eu | tu | el/ea | noi | voi | ei/ele | |
present | - | -i | -ă | -ăm | -ați | -ă | |
imperfect | -am | -ai | -a | -am | -ați | -au | |
simple perfect | -ai | -ași | -ă | -arăm | -arăți | -ară | |
pluperfect | -asem | -aseși | -ase | -aserăm | -aserăți | -aseră | |
subjunctive | eu | tu | el/ea | noi | voi | ei/ele | |
present | să - | să -i | să -e | să -ăm | să -ați | să -e | |
imperative | — | tu | — | — | voi | — | |
affirmative | -ă | -ați | |||||
negative | nu -a | nu -ați |
Related terms
editSee also
editDerived terms
editSerbo-Croatian
editEtymology 1
editSuffix
edit-a (Cyrillic spelling -а)
- Suffix appended to words (usually verbal stems) to create a feminine noun, usually denoting a relation or to form a proper noun.
Etymology 2
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *-a, from Proto-Indo-European *-ōd, the thematic ablative ending.
Suffix
edit-a (Cyrillic spelling -а)
- Forms the genitive singular of masculine and neuter nouns and indefinite adjectives.
Slovak
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *-ę.
Suffix
edit-a n
- forms nouns for young animals and other diminutives
Usage notes
edit- After labio-dental and bilabial consonants -ä is used instead.
Declension
editSpanish
editEtymology 1
editSuffix
edit-a f (noun-forming suffix, plural -as)
Suffix
edit-a f (non-lemma form of adjective-forming suffix)
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editInherited from Latin -at, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of first conjugation verbs.
Suffix
edit-a (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
Etymology 3
editInherited from Latin -eam, Latin -am, and Latin -iam the first-person singular present active subjunctive endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively; and from Latin -eat, Latin -at, and Latin -iat, the third-person singular present active subjunctive ending of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.
Suffix
edit-a (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
- forms the first and third-person singular (also used with usted) singular present subjunctive mood of -er and -ir verbs, also used for the imperative mood of usted
Etymology 4
editInherited from Latin -ā (second-person singular present active imperative ending of first conjugation verbs).
Suffix
edit-a (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
Swahili
editSuffix
edit-a
- positive indicative ending for verbs of Bantu origin
Usage notes
editSeveral tenses (such as the ones which historically derive from auxiliary + main verb) keep their ending -a even in the negative.
See also
editSwahili TAM markers | |
---|---|
Initial | |
Positive infinitive | ku-/kw-1 |
Negative infinitive | kuto- |
Habitual | hu-1 |
Telegrammic | ka-1 |
Final | |
General (positive indicative) | -a |
Positive subjunctive | -e |
Negative present | -i |
Second person plural | -ni |
Infix position positive subject concord | |
Positive past | -li- |
Positive present | -na- |
Positive future | -ta- |
Negative subjunctive | -si-1 |
Positive present conditional | -nge- |
Negative present conditional | -singe- |
Positive past conditional | -ngali- |
Negative past conditional | -singali- |
Gnomic | -a-1 |
Perfect | -me- |
"Already" past | -lisha- |
"Already" present | -mesha-/-sha- |
"If/When" | -ki-1 |
"If not" | -sipo- |
Consecutive | -ka-1 |
Infix position negative subject concord | |
Negative past | -ku-1 |
Negative future | -ta- |
"Not yet" | -ja-1 |
Negative present conditional | -nge- |
Negative past conditional | -ngali- |
Relative | |
Past | -li- |
Present | -na- |
Future | -taka- |
Negative | -si- |
1 Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs. |
Swedish
editEtymology 1
editFrom Old Swedish -a, from Old Norse -a, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.
Suffix
edit-a
- A verb-building suffix that can be added to nouns or adjectives.
Conjugation
edit- For weak verbs with a voiceless ending stem:
Active | Passive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | - | -s | ||
Supine | -t | -ts | ||
Imperative | - | — | ||
Imper. plural1 | -en | — | ||
Present | Past | Present | Past | |
Indicative | -er | -te | -s, -es | -tes |
Ind. plural1 | - | -te | -s | -tes |
Subjunctive2 | -e | -te | -es | -tes |
Participles | ||||
Present participle | -nde | |||
Past participle | -t | |||
1 Archaic. 2 Dated. See the appendix on Swedish verbs. |
- For weak verbs with a voiced ending stem:
Active | Passive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | - | -s | ||
Supine | -t | -ts | ||
Imperative | - | — | ||
Imper. plural1 | -en | — | ||
Present | Past | Present | Past | |
Indicative | -er | -de | -s, -es | -des |
Ind. plural1 | - | -de | -s | -des |
Subjunctive2 | -e | -de | -es | -des |
Participles | ||||
Present participle | -nde | |||
Past participle | -d | |||
1 Archaic. 2 Dated. See the appendix on Swedish verbs. |
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editThe language noun sense originally comes from the definite adjective + tunga (“tongue; language”). Thus svenska (“Swedish”) was originally svenska tungan (the Swedish tongue)
Suffix
edit-a
- (on a positive adjective) Weak (definite) singular suffix, historically feminine
- Transform an adjective describing a people speaking a language into the noun for that language.
Usage notes
edit- On adjectives: Traditionally, if the noun is in the definite singular form it should not refer to a male human if it uses the suffix -a. If it refers to such a person, the suffix should instead be -e, but one should note that this rule is not universally adhered to – in particular dialects of northern Sweden do not recognize the -e suffix at all, but use -a in all instances.
Etymology 3
editSuffix
edit-a
- Definite plural suffix for neuter nouns of the fourth declension with regular plurals in -n, e.g. äpplen (“apples”) + -a → äpplena (“the apples”); see also -na.
Usage notes
edit- In informal/dialectal usage, -a may be used instead of -en to form the definite plural of the irregular fourth-declension nouns öron (“ears”), ögon (“eyes”).
Etymology 4
editSuffix
edit-a
Tokelauan
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-Polynesian *-a. Cognates include Tuvaluan -a and Samoan -a.
Suffix
edit-a
- Creates a verb denoting an abundancy of the suffixed noun; -ful
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editSuffix
edit-a
- Added to transitive verbs when preceded by the subject pronoun.
References
edit- R. Simona, editor (1986), Tokelau Dictionary[10], Auckland: Office of Tokelau Affairs, page 1
Turkish
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editpreceding vowel | ||
---|---|---|
A / I / O / U | E / İ / Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal | -a | -e |
postvocalic | -ya | -ye |
From Proto-Turkic *-ka (“dative case”).
Suffix
edit-a (in words with back vowel harmony)
- Used to form the dative case
Etymology 2
editpreceding vowel | ||
---|---|---|
A / I / O / U | E / İ / Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal | -a | -e |
postvocalic | -ya | -ye |
From Proto-Turkic *-ü (“gerundive suffix”).
Suffix
edit-a (in words with back vowel harmony)
Etymology 3
editpreceding vowel | ||
---|---|---|
A / I / O / U | E / İ / Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal | -a | -e |
postvocalic | -ya | -ye |
From Proto-Turkic *-gey (“optative-predictive future case”).
Suffix
edit-a (in words with back vowel harmony)
References
edit- Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “-a¹, -a², -a³”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 73
Volapük
editSuffix
edit-a
- A morpheme used to mark the genitive singular of a word (such as a noun, adjective or pronoun). It is also the most common morpheme used in creating innumerable compound words, some of which can be very long
- pledadinaselidöp ― toy store, toy shop
- tanoganilamedin ― antibiotic
- taglumaladälamedin ― anti-depressant
- natrinakarbatazüd telik ― bicarbonate of soda
- Elaf Tyrannosaurus rex älifon in taledadil, kel nu binon dil Nolüda-Meropa.
- Tyrannosaurus rex lived in an area of the earth, which is now a part of North America.
- Buks binons stumem lärnazilana (/ lärnazilanastumem / stumem lärnazilanik).
- Books are a scholar's tools.
Walloon
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-a
- Forming masculine nouns from verbs and nouns, having the sense of 'tool, object for a specific purpose'.
Derived terms
editWelsh
editAlternative forms
edit- -af (superlative; colloquial first-person singular future)
Pronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom -ha.
Suffix
edit-a
- Forms verbnouns from verb stems. Usually denotes an action that is often repeated, e.g. frequenting a certain place or gathering a certain item.
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editFrom -ha.
Suffix
edit-a
- (literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular present indicative/future
Etymology 3
editFrom -ha.
Suffix
edit-a
- (literary) verb suffix for the second-person singular present imperative
- (colloquial) verb suffix for the second-person singular present imperative
Etymology 4
editFrom -af.
Suffix
edit-a
- (colloquial) used to form the superlative of an adjective of one or two syllables.
Usage notes
editLike the more formal -af, this triggers causes final b, d and g to mutate to p, t and c, respectively. For example, the superlative of teg (“fair”) is teca.
Etymology 5
editFrom -af.
Suffix
edit-a
- (colloquial) verb suffix for the first-person singular future
Ye'kwana
editALIV | -a |
---|---|
Brazilian standard | -a |
New Tribes | -a |
Alternative forms
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-a
- Forms the nonpast tense.
- Marks imperfective aspect in both the recent and distant past tenses.
Usage notes
editThis suffix can cause syllable reduction. The suffix takes the form -ka when the preceding syllable is reducible and has an onset of k, -ya when the preceding syllable ends in i, and -a in other contexts.
When marking the past imperfective, this suffix never occurs alone but is always accompanied by other suffixes bearing tense/aspect or at least number information. Conversely, when marking the nonpast tense, it occurs alone without other tense/aspect markers, though it can form a plural -aato.
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- Cáceres, Natalia (2011) Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[11], Lyon, pages 213–224
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