-o

• (UK) IPA^(key): /əʊ/
• (General Australian) IPA^(key): /əʉ/, [æ̠ʉ~ɐʉ]
• (General American) IPA^(key): /oʊ/
• Homophones: o, owe, oh

Perhaps from a special use of the interjection O, oh; and/or perhaps from o (“one”), from Middle English o, oo, variant of a, on, oon, an (“one”). See one and -y.

• -oh

-o (plural -os or -oes)

1. A colloquializing suffix, typically appended to names, abbreviations of long words, or substantive uses of adjectives.

   ‎kid + ‎-o → ‎kiddo

   ‎ugly + ‎-o → ‎uggo

   • 1991, Stephen Fry, chapter III, in The Liar, London: William Heinemann, →ISBN, page 26:

     Adrian thought it worth while to try out his new slang. ‘I say, you fellows, here's a rum go. Old Biffo was jolly odd this morning. He gave me a lot of pi-jaw about slacking and then invited me to tea. No rotting! He did really.’

-o generally does not change the meaning of the word or name but only makes it more colloquial, as with cheapo and Jacko. It is often appended to clipped or elided forms of longer words, as with ambo and parmo. Occasionally, the terminal consonant of the clipped form is doubled for clarity of meaning or pronunciation, as with uggo and doggo. It sometimes does change the meaning of words, usually by being applied to adjectives to indicate a person with a pronounced trait, as with weirdo (“weird person”), or to nouns used metonymously to indicate a person with a pronounced connection to the other object, as with wino (“poor or vagrant alcoholic”). Especially in American English, some uses of this suffix are understood as dated slang, as with bucko and neato. The suffix is most frequently and widely encountered in Australian English, which has additional uses (such as rego for registration and nasho for national service) that are never or only extremely rarely encountered in other dialects.

Its meaning is very similar to some uses of -y and its use is particularly common where use of -y might cause misunderstanding, as with randy and rando, journey and journo, whiny and wino.

• -ie, -y

From many Spanish or Italian words that end in o. This ending in such Spanish or Italian words generally derives from -um, the accusative singular inflectional ending for masculine and neuter nouns in Latin.

-o

1. (humorous) Converts certain words to faux Italian or Spanish. Can be used with Spanish el for expressions such as el stinko.

   no problemo

• problemo
• stinko
• enduro
• aggro

Back-formation from typo.

-o (plural -os)

1. Added to verb stems to create a noun describing an error relating to the action described by the verb.

• IPA^(key): /-ˈo/ [-ˈɔ]

-ó

1. Used to form feminine nouns from verbs.

• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

• IPA^(key): /ɔ/

-ó

1. Creates a second-person singular active imperative verb form from a non-verb.

   ‎áfër (“close, nearby”, adverb/preposition) + ‎-o → ‎afró! (“bring closer”)

   ‎báraz (“equal”, adverb) + ‎-o → ‎barazó! (“eqalize!”)

   ‎kráhas (“arm in arm, side by side”, adverb/preposition) + ‎-o → ‎krahasó! (“compare!”)

   ‎pástër (“clean”, adjective/adverb) + ‎-o → ‎pastró! (“cleanse”)

   ‎zhúrmë (“noise”, noun) + ‎-o → ‎zhurmó! (“make a noise, scream!”)

-o

2. Alternative form of o

• From the masculine singular of the Romance languages, such as Italian (amico); perhaps also the neuter singular common to all Slavic languages (окно (okno))
• Perhaps from the above (Italian quello, Russian то (to))
• Possibly derived from Greek second declension syllabic nucleus -o, from which plural -oj in greek is likely also derived.

• Audio:

  (file)

• IPA^(key): /o/

-o

1. Nominal suffix. Most Esperanto nouns end in -o. (A few nouns end in -aŭ, and with some writers some feminine names end in -a.)
   • amiko (“friend”)
   • patro (“father”)
   • vorto (“word”)
2. -thing. (correlative object ending.)
   • kio (“what?, what”)
   • tio (“that”)
   • ĉio (“everything”)
   • io (“something”)
   • nenio (“nothing”)

Conflated:

• from Proto-Finnic *-o (forms action/result nouns), from Proto-Uralic *-w (as applied to stems ending in -a).
• from Proto-Finnic *-oi (variant/diminutive), from Proto-Uralic *-j (diminutive ending); the -o- is a re-extraction from the suffix being applied to stems ending in -a which was labialized by -j.

-o (front vowel harmony variant -ö, linguistic notation -O)

1. Forms result or action nouns from verbs.

   ‎huutaa (“shout”) + ‎-o → ‎huuto (“shout”)

   ‎keittää (“boil, cook”) + ‎-o → ‎keitto (“cooking; soup”)

   ‎nähdä (“see”) + ‎-o → ‎näkö (“vision”) (ability to see)

2. Forms variants or diminutives from a few nominal roots.

   ‎hilla (“cloudberry”) + ‎-o → ‎hillo (“jam”)

   ‎lehti (“leaf”) + ‎-o → ‎lehto (“grove”)

   ‎tasa (“level”) + ‎-o → ‎taso (“plane”)

• Used deverbally especially with those verbs whose dictionary form (first infinitive) ends with -aa or -ää. Somewhat unusually, the front-vowel form -ö is used only with stems that contain what is considered a front vowel under harmony, i.e. -ä-, -ö- or -y-; if it only contains neutral vowels (e, i), the back-vocalic form -o is used, even though such words or stems have front vowel harmony by default.

Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved.

• -u
• -uu

-o

1. postpositive form of o

Analogically extended from various clippings with etymological o, such as vélo, resto < vélocipède, restaurant. Its pronunciation perhaps had input from -aud.

• IPA^(key): /o/

-o (informal)

1. Added to a clipped noun or adjective

• hosto

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

-o

1. (inflectional suffix) forms the locative case

• -no (“forms locative”)

• -na (“forms dative”)
• -ko (“forms accusative”)
• -chi (“forms instrumental”)
• -ni (“forms genitive”)

-o

1. Romanization of -𐍉

From Esperanto -o, from Romance languages.

-o

1. Nominal suffix. All Ido nouns end in -o.

From Proto-Finnic *-o. Cognates include Finnish -o.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-o/, [-o̞]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-o/, [-o̞]

-o (front vowel variant -ö)

2. Used to form result or action nouns from verbs.
4. (rare) Used to form nouns denoting something related to the suffixed noun.

From Proto-Finnic *-oi. Cognates include Finnish -o.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-o/, [-o̞]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-oi̯/, [-o̞i̯]

-o (front vowel variant -ö)

2. Used to form diminutives.

Inherited from Latin -us, from Proto-Indo-European *-os (creates action nouns from verbs).

-o m (noun-forming suffix, plural -i)

2. (productive) used with a stem to form a masculine singular noun, usually a deverbal

   Synonym: -a

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

-o (past participle-forming suffix, feminine -a, masculine plural -i, feminine plural -e)

2. (not productive) used with a verb stem to form a past participle

From Latin -ō.

-o (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

1. (productive) used with a stem to form the first-person singular present of regular are and ere verbs and those -ire verbs that do not take -isc-

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /oː/, [oː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /o/, [o]

From Proto-Indo-European *-h₃onh₂- (with nominative ō made common to all cases). Etymologically, it forms part of the abstract noun suffixes -iō f, -tiō f, -āgō f, -īgō f, -ūgō f, -tūdō f, -ēdō f, but synchronically, these have become differentiated in Latin: abstract nouns in -ō are regularly feminine (and those that end in a consonant + -ō show -in- rather than -ōn- in oblique cases), whereas non-abstract nouns in -ō, -ōnis are typically masculine.

-ō m (genitive -ōnis); third declension

1. Used to form masculine nouns with various meanings:
   1. forms agent nouns, positive and especially negative nicknames and other personal designations, especially in colloquial language.

      combibere (“to drink together”) → combibō (“drinking buddy”)

      vāpulāre (“to get beaten”) → vāpulō (“who gets frequently flogged”)

      ?cōci- → cōciō (“broker”)

      centuria (“century”) → centuriō (“centurion”)

      mūlus (“mule”) → mūliō (“muleteer”)

      Ancient Greek μωρός (mōrós, “dull, sluggish”) → mōriō (“idiot”)

   2. also forms names, especially cognomina.

      aquila (“eagle”) → Aquilō (“the North wind”)

      incubāre (“to lie on top”) → Incubō (“a spirit that watches over buried treasures”)

      cūria (“curia”) → Cūriō

      cicer (“chickpea”) → Cicerō

      vārus (“bow-legged”) → Varrō

      catus (“clever, shrewd”) → Catō

      conger (“sea-eel”) → Congriō (“name of a cook in Plautus”)

   3. (Late Latin) also used as an ending for some inanimate nouns.

Third-declension noun.

• (forms masculine agent nouns): -a¹, -ārius, -ātor

• Franco-Provençal: -on
• French: -on
  • → English: -oon
• Italian: -one
• Portuguese: -ão
• Romanian: -oi, -oni
• Sicilian: -uni, -una
• Spanish: -ón

• “-ō¹” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

From Proto-Italic *-ōd, an ablative suffix, derived from Proto-Indo-European *-éad.

-ō (comparative -ius, superlative -issimō)

1. forms adverbs

   prīmus + -ō → prīmō

   tūtus + -ō → tūtō

• “-ō²” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

From Proto-Italic *-āō, from denominative verbs with *-eh₂-yé-ti, in which the first person singular ends in *-eh₂-yóh₂ > intermediate phase **-ājō with accent shift > Proto-Italic *-āō (e.g., laudō, dōnō, pugnō, cūrō). Cognates of the whole first conjugation in the present in Latin and Proto-Italic include Proto-Germanic *-ōną (referring to the whole conjugation in which the infinitive is *-ōną), Ancient Greek -άω (-áō, contracted verb), -अयति (-ayati) (for the causative in Sanskrit), Proto-Celtic *-āti and Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei (whence the infinite Proto-Slavic *-ati, referring again to the whole conjugation).

Etymologically, this denominative suffix was not used to form all first-conjugation verbs. It can be distinguished in origin from the following types that happened to fall together with it phonetically:

• Verbs from roots in *-h₁- (e.g. flō).
• Verbs from roots in *-h₂- (e.g. for, nō, hiō, domō, iuvō).
• Verbs from roots in *-h₃- (e.g. dō, lavō, arō).
• In one exceptional case, by sound laws acting on *-h₂ + stative suffix *-éh₁-ye-ti, whence *-h₂-éh₁-ye-ti. This case is the verb stō: *sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti > *staēō > stō).

-ō (present infinitive -āre, perfect active -āvī, supine -ātum); first conjugation

2. suffixed to nouns or adjectives — originally a-stem nouns, but later nouns with other stems — forms regular first-conjugation verbs

   cūra + -ō → cūrō

   dōnum + -ō → dōnō

   laus (stem: laud-) + -ō → laudō

   multa + -ō → multō

   nūndinae + -or → nūndinor (deponent)

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
²The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.
³At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.

(from infinitive -āre:)

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• “-ō³” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

Some third-conjugation verbs show a shift to the first declension in composition, such as pellō, pellere vs. -pellō, -pellāre (in compellō, compellāre and interpellō, interpellāre) or sternō, sternere vs. cōnsternō, cōnsternāre. Schrijver (1991) derives the simplex third-conjugation versions from nasal presents in *-n-H-ti of the type *tl-n-h₂-ti > *tl̥năti > tollit (arguing that Proto-Indo-European present forms in *-né-H-ti, showing the full grade of the suffix, were replaced by paradigmatic leveling) and proposes that the compounds were derived by addition of the thematic suffix *-ye-/-yo- to *-nă-, forming *-năye-/-năyo-. In this case, the Proto-Italic form would be *-aō. Traditionally, these compound verbs in -āre were explained as "intensive" forms alongside cases like occupō, occupāre, but Schrijver argues that the latter are clearly denominative while the former are clearly not.^[1]

-ō (present infinitive -āre, perfect active -āvī, supine -ātum); first conjugation

2. suffixed to third-conjugation verbs in composition, forms regular first-conjugation verbs

   com- + pellō (pres. act. inf.: pellere) + -ō → compellō (pres. act. inf.: compellāre)

   prō- + flīgō (pres. act. inf.: flīgere) + -ō → prōflīgō (pres. act. inf.: prōflīgāre)

From Proto-Italic *-ō, from at least two sources:

1. Proto-Indo-European thematic *-e-ti in which the first person singular ends in *-oh₂ (e.g., agō < *h₂éǵeti; coquo < *pékʷeti).
2. Proto-Indo-European athematic *-ti, in which the first person singular ends in *-mi (e.g., dūcō < *déwkti; edō < *h₁édti; linquō < *linékʷti; discō < *di-dḱ-ské-ti).

• -iō

-ō (present infinitive -ere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation

1. forms regular third-conjugation verbs

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.

Dative from Old Latin -ōi, from Proto-Italic *-ōi, from Proto-Indo-European *-oey. Ablative from Old Latin -ōd.

-ō

1. dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -us

Borrowed from Paleo-Balkan. Compare Albanian -ónjë, Aromanian -oanje, -oanji, -onje and Romanian -oaie, all forming feminine equivalent of nouns.

-ō f (genitive -ōnis); third declension

1. form feminine equivalents of given names of central Dalmatia

   ‎Aplis m + ‎-o → ‎Aplo f

   ‎Baezus m + ‎-o → ‎Baezo f

   ‎Dasant- m + ‎-o → ‎Dasto f

   ‎Ditus m + ‎-o → ‎Dito f

   ‎Paius m + ‎-o → ‎Paio f

   ‎Vendes m + ‎-o → ‎Vendo f

• Katičić, Radoslav (1976) Ancient Languages of the Balkans, page 180

• Category:Latin terms suffixed with -o

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā; compare Latvian -a, Proto-Slavic *-a (“id”). From the Proto-Indo-European thematic masculine ablative ending *-ōd, with regular Balto-Slavic loss of final d. Compare Sanskrit -आत् (-āt), Latin -ō and Ancient Greek ὄπ-ω (óp-ō, “whence”). In Balto-Slavic, the genitive merged with the ablative. The original genitive was retained, however, in West Baltic; compare Old Prussian -as, presumably from Proto-Indo-European *-os; compare Hittite 𒀸 (-as).

-õ

1. Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem nouns.
2. Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem adjectives.

-o

1. Used to form third person present tense forms in third declension verbs.
2. Used to form third person past tense forms in first declension verbs.

-õ

1. An illative suffix.

   ‎namas + ‎-o → ‎namo

• -op
• -on, -yn, -ėn

-o

1. -ly (used to turn an adjective into an adverb of manner)

• -je

-o

1. Third person singular demonstrative suffix, equivalent to yon or that (specifically, an object far from both the speaker and listener)

   ‎rais (“rice”) + ‎-o → ‎raisso (“that rice over there, yon rice”)

This suffix typically triggers gemination of the final consonant of the noun to which it is applied, if there is one.

• Harrison, Sheldon P., Mokilese Reference Grammar, University of Hawaii Press 1977

-o

1. Used to make plural indefinite and definite forms for some neuter nouns
2. (non-standard since 1917) Used to make singular definite form for some weak feminine nouns
3. (archaic, nonstandard) Used to mark plural form for strong verbs in past tense

From Proto-West Germanic *-ō, from Proto-Germanic *-ô.

-o

2. Forms adverbs from adjectives.

• Middle Dutch: -e

From Proto-West Germanic *-jō, from Proto-Germanic *-jô.

-o

2. Forms agent nouns from verbs.

• IPA^(key): /o/

-o

1. (Anglian, Kentish) Alternative form of -e, as used to form the first person singular present indicative of strong verbs and class I weak verbs
2. Alternative form of -u

Inherited from Latin -ō.

-o

1. a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of verbs

   ‎amar (“to love”) + ‎-o → ‎amo (“[I] love”)

   ‎querer (“to want”) + ‎-o → ‎quero (“[I] want”)

• Galician: -o
• Portuguese: -o

From Proto-Germanic *-ô.

-o

1. Forms adverbs from adjectives.

• Middle High German: -e

From Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Old Norse -i, Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”). In some cases, the root appears in the zero-grade as in boto (from biotan).

-o m

1. used to form masculine agents from verbs

   ‎geban (“to give”) + ‎-o → ‎gëbo (“giver”)

   ‎sprehhan (“to speak”) + ‎-o → ‎sprëhho (“speaker”)

   ‎biotan (“to offer, send, command”) + ‎-o → ‎boto (“messenger”)

   ‎ziohan (“to pull, lead”) + ‎-o → ‎herizogo (“army leader”)

   ‎sagēn (“to say”) + ‎-o → ‎fora-sago (“prophet”)

Most nouns with this suffix follow the n-declension, like hano (“cock”), namo (“name”), gomo (“man”).

• Middle High German: -e
  • German: -e

In Middle High German, the suffix is replaced by -er (whence German -er), as in Middle High German gëber instead of Old High German gëbo. Only a few German words still have a final -e that results from Old High German -o.

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /ɔ/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ɔ/

-o

1. forms adverbs from adjectives

   ‎barzy + ‎-o → ‎barzo

• -ie

From Proto-Germanic *-ô.

-o

1. Forms adverbs from adjectives.

From Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”).

-o m

1. used to form masculine agents from verbs and nouns

   ‎gevan (“to give”) + ‎-o → ‎gevo (“giver”)

   ‎beddi (“bed”) + ‎-o → ‎gibeddio (“bedfellow”)

• Middle Low German: -e

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) Doublet of -um.

• IPA^(key): /ɔ/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
• Homophones: o, o-, -o-

-o

1. forms adverbs from adjectives

   ‎beztroski + ‎-o → ‎beztrosko

2. forms diminutives, softening the previous consonant

   ‎dziad + ‎-o → ‎dziadzio

• -ie

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -o, from Latin -um.

-o

1. forms masculine singular nouns and adjectives

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -o, from Latin -ō, -eō, -iō. Compare Galician and Spanish -o.

-o

1. a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of -ar

   ‎amar (“to love”) + ‎-o → ‎amo (“[I] love”)

2. a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of -er

   ‎comer (“to eat”) + ‎-o → ‎como (“[I] eat”)

3. a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of -ir

   ‎unir (“to unite”) + ‎-o → ‎uno (“[I] unite”)

-o

1. Forms the nominative singular of vocalic oikoclitic masculine nouns
2. Forms the nominative masculine singular of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives
3. Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person singular masculine past tense of intransitive verbs

From Proto-Slavic.

-o

1. Vocative singular (feminine)

   ‎mamă (“mother”) + ‎-o → ‎mamo

   ‎focă (“seal”) + ‎-o → ‎foco

This form of the vocative is informal, especially when referring to a person. The nominative/accusative ending is preferred.

• -e (vocative used for masculine and neuter adjectives or nouns)

Inherited from Latin -um, accusative of -us.

-o m (noun-forming suffix, plural -os)

1. Used with a stem to form a masculine singular noun

   ‎azafata (“female flight-attendant”) + ‎-o → ‎azafato (“male flight-attendant”)

Inherited from Latin -ō.

-o (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

1. suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of verbs

-o

1. suffix used in nominal forms of verbs in the absence of a more specific suffix (such as -aji), in conjunction with a noun class prefix

   ‎-penda (“to love”) + ‎-o → ‎upendo (“love”)

   ‎-enda (“to go”) + ‎-o → ‎mwendo (“motion”)

2. wa class_(II), m class_(III), and u class_(XI) relative marker

-o

1. nonce suffix added for rhyming and scansion purposes
   • (Can we date this quote?), K. Amri Abedi, Ukitaka moyo wangu:

     Ukitaka moyo wangu, ni tayari kukupao

     If you want my heart, I am ready to give it to you