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U+60E1, 惡
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-60E1

[U+60E0]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+60E2]
U+F9B9, 惡
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9B9

[U+F9B8]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs
[U+F9BA]

Translingual

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Traditional
Shinjitai
Simplified

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 61, +8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一一心 (MMP), four-corner 10331, composition )

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 391, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10824
  • Dae Jaweon: page 724, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2307, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+60E1

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
   

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ) : phonetic (OC *qraːɡs) + semantic (heart).

Etymology 1

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trad.
simp. *
alternative forms
𱏀 (oh) Hokkien (common)

𢛫
𢝏
𱏀 (oh) Hokkien (common)

𢛫
𢝏

𲂉
 

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔak (bad); cognate with Tibetan ཨག་པོ (ag po, bad) (Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007). Also related to Thai ยาก (yâak, difficult) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.
Note:
  • ok - literary (“hostile; to reprimand”);
  • oh - vernacular (“difficult; slow”).
Note:
  • ag4 - literary;
  • oh4 - vernacular (“difficult”).

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 惡 (善)
Mandarin Beijing /ɤ⁵¹/
Harbin /ɤ⁴⁴/
/nɤ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /nɤ⁵³/
Jinan /ŋə²¹³/
Qingdao /və⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ɤ²⁴/
Xi'an /ŋɤ²¹/
Xining /nu⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ə¹³/
Lanzhou /ə¹³/
Ürümqi /ŋɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /uo²¹³/
Chengdu /ŋo³¹/
/o³¹/
Guiyang /ŋo²¹/
Kunming /o³¹/
Nanjing /oʔ⁵/
Hefei /ʐɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /ɣaʔ²/
Pingyao /ŋʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /ŋaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /oʔ⁵/
Suzhou /oʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /ʔoʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /o²¹³/
Hui Shexian /ŋɔʔ²¹/
Tunxi /ŋo⁵/
Xiang Changsha /o²⁴/
Xiangtan /o²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /ŋɔʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /ok̚¹/
Taoyuan /ok̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ɔk̚³/
Nanning /ɔk̚³³/
Hong Kong /ɔk̚³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ok̚³²/
/oʔ³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ɔuʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ɔ²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /ak̚²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ɔk̚⁵/

Rime
Character
Reading # 3/3
Initial () (34)
Final () (103)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter 'ak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ʔɑk̚/
Pan
Wuyun
/ʔɑk̚/
Shao
Rongfen
/ʔɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ʔak̚/
Li
Rong
/ʔɑk̚/
Wang
Li
/ɑk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/ʔɑk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
e
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
ok3
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
è
Middle
Chinese
‹ ʔak ›
Old
Chinese
/*ʔˁak/
English bad, ugly

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 3/3
No. 14220
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*qaːɡ/

Definitions

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  1. evil; wicked; foul
      ―  è  ―  malicious
    經常終於犯事 [MSC, trad.]
    经常终于犯事 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā jīngcháng zuò'è, zhè huí zhōngyú fànshì le. [Pinyin]
    He often does bad things and has finally been caught.
    Antonym: (shàn)
  2. fierce; hostile; ferocious
      ―  èzhàn  ―  to fight fiercely
      ―  nèi yǒu è quǎn  ―  there is a fierce dog inside
    心情 [Cantonese, trad.]
    心情 [Cantonese, simp.]
    keoi5 sam1 cing4 m4 hou2 zau6 hou2 ok3 gaa3 laa3. [Jyutping]
    When he's upset, he gets really hostile.
  3. (Cantonese, transitive) to be hostile against (someone)
  4. bad; poor
      ―  è  ―  bad habits
      ―  èhuà  ―  to deteriorate
  5. (Cantonese, Southern Min) difficult
    [Cantonese, trad.]
    [Cantonese, simp.]
    ni1 daan1 je5 hou2 ok3 gaau2. [Jyutping]
    This is really hard to deal with.
  6. (Quanzhou, Xiamen and Philippine Hokkien) to verbally abuse; to reprimand; to curse; to rebuke
  7. (Taiwanese Hokkien) slow
Synonyms
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Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (あく) (aku)
  • Korean: 악(惡) (ak)
  • Vietnamese: ác ()
  • Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽵𐾄 (ak, hateful, despicable)
  • Etymology 2

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    trad.
    simp. *
    alternative forms

    Exoactive of etymology 1 (Schuessler, 2007).

    Pronunciation

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    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 2/3
    Initial () (34)
    Final () (23)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () I
    Fanqie
    Baxter 'uH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /ʔuoH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /ʔuoH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ʔoH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /ʔɔH/
    Li
    Rong
    /ʔoH/
    Wang
    Li
    /uH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren
    /ʔuoH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    wu3
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ ʔuH ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*ʔˁak-s/
    English hate (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 2/3
    No. 14219
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*qaːɡs/

    Definitions

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    1. to hate; to loathe; to dislike
        ―  yàn  ―  to loathe

    Compounds

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    Etymology 3

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    trad.
    simp. *
    alternative forms

    Cognate with (OC *qaːn, “where; how”), (OC *qan, “where; how”).

    Pronunciation

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    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/3
    Initial () (34)
    Final () (23)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () I
    Fanqie
    Baxter 'u
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /ʔuo/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /ʔuo/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ʔo/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /ʔɔ/
    Li
    Rong
    /ʔo/
    Wang
    Li
    /u/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren
    /ʔuo/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    wu1
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/3
    No. 14217
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*qaː/

    Definitions

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    1. An interrogative pronoun: how
    2. Interjection used to express surprise: oh; ah

    Compounds

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    See also

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    Etymology 4

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    For pronunciation and definitions of – see .
    (This character is a variant traditional form of ).

    Etymology 5

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    trad.
    simp. *
    alternative forms

    Probably related to etymologies 1 and 2 (Zhengzhang, 2011b; Xiang, 2019). Alternatively, (MC 'waH, “to soil; to stain”) has been proposed to be the etymon (Cao, 2008).

    Pronunciation

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    Definitions

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    1. (Wu) excrement
    Synonyms
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    References

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    Japanese

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    Shinjitai

    Kyūjitai

    Kanji

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    (Jinmeiyō kanjikyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form )

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Readings

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    • Go-on: あく (aku) (u)
    • Kan-on: あく (aku) (o)
    • Kun: わるい (warui, 惡い)

    Korean

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    Etymology 1

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    From Middle Chinese (MC 'ak).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅙᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: qák)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 모〯딜 (Yale: mwǒtìl) 악〮 (Yale: ák)

    Pronunciation

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    Hanja

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    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (eumhun 악할 (akhal ak))

    1. hanja form? of (evil; wickedness) [noun]
    Compounds
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    Etymology 2

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    From Middle Chinese (MC 'uH).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅙᅩᆼ〮 (Yale: qwó)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 아쳐 (Yale: achye) (Yale: wo)

    Pronunciation

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    Hanja

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    (eumhun 미워할 (miwohal o))

    1. hanja form? of (to hate) [affix]
    Compounds
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    References

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    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [3]

    Tày

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    Adjective

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    (ác)

    1. Nôm form of ác (much).
      平賊平獅
      Kin ác bặng slấc bặng slữa
      Eat a lot like invaders, like tigers
    2. Nôm form of ác (cruel, evil).
      老吱𫢱正𱺵父師
      Lạo chê là ác chính là po̱ slay
      Those who call us bad are our teachers

    References

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    • Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎[4] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    : Hán Nôm readings: ác,

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.