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U+5BE1, 寡
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BE1

[U+5BE0]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5BE2]

Translingual

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Han character

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(Kangxi radical 40, +11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 十一金竹 (JMCH), four-corner 30227, composition )

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 290, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7286
  • Dae Jaweon: page 574, character 26
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 947, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+5BE1

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
2nd round simp. 𠆣
alternative forms 𧵿
𡩼
𠆣

Glyph origin

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In the bronze script from the Western Zhou period, it was originally an ideogrammic compound (會意会意) : (house) + (head) — only one person in the house; alone.

In the bronze script from the Warring States period, two decorative strokes were added around . The seal script found in Shuowen adds two additional strokes, making the component under appear as and , leading Shuowen to erroneously interpret the character as an ideogrammic compound (會意会意) : (house) + (to distribute).

Etymology

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Related to (OC *kruːn, *kruːns, “widower”), (OC *kʷaː, “orphan; alone”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan དགོན་པ (dgon pa, solitary place; desert; wilderness), Tibetan སྒོས (sgos, private; individual).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • 2ko - vernacular;
  • 2kua - literary.

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (28)
Final () (99)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division () II
Fanqie
Baxter kwaeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kˠuaX/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʷᵚaX/
Shao
Rongfen
/kuaX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kwaɨX/
Li
Rong
/kuaX/
Wang
Li
/kwaX/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/kwaX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
guǎ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gwaa2
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
guǎ
Middle
Chinese
‹ kwæX ›
Old
Chinese
/*[C.k]ʷˁraʔ/
English few

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 4400
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʷraːʔ/

Definitions

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  1. few; scant
      ―  guǎdé zhī rén  ―  person of meager virtue
  2. widowed
  3. widow
  4. alone; friendless
  5. tasteless
    淨係好似 [Cantonese, trad.]
    净系好似 [Cantonese, simp.]
    zing6 hai6 sik6 coi3 hou2 ci5 gwaa2 zo2 di1 wo3. [Jyutping]
    It's kind of tasteless to eat vegetables only.
  6. (Hokkien) some
    菜市仔青菜 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
    菜市仔青菜 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
    Góa khì chhài-chhī-á bé kóa chheⁿ-chhài. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    I'm going to the market to buy some vegetables.
  7. (Central Min) one

Synonyms

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Compounds

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Further reading

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(Jōyō kanji)}

  1. few, scant
  2. to decrease
  3. lonely
  4. widow, widower
  5. lowly (humble; of low virtue)

Readings

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  • Go-on: (ke)
  • Kan-on: (ka, Jōyō)
  • Kun: やもめ (yamome, )すくない (sukunai, 寡ない)

Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term

Grade: S
kan'on

From Middle Chinese (MC kwaeX).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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() (ka

  1. minority
    ()()って(しゅう)(せい)する
    ka o motte shū o seisuru
    Majority can be conquered by minority.
Antonyms
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
やもめ
Grade: S
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
やもめ
[noun] , 寡婦, : widow
Alternative spellings
寡婦,
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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(eumhun 적을 (jeogeul gwa))

  1. hanja form? of (widowed, alone)

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Nôm readings: quả, góa/goá

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.