培

Translingual

Han character

培 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 土卜廿口 (GYTR), four-corner 4016₁, composition ⿰土咅)

Derived characters

𣼯, 𦟷, 𦹷, 𢊫

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 231, character 11
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5195
Dae Jaweon: page 468, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 457, character 2
Unihan data for U+57F9

Chinese

simp. and trad.		培

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (咅) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
蓓	bɯːʔ, bɯːʔ
倍	*bɯːʔ
菩	bɯːʔ, bɯʔ, bɯː, bɯːɡ
掊	bruː, poːʔ, bɯ, bɯ
剖	pʰoːʔ, pʰoʔ
婄	pʰɯʔ, bɯʔ, *bɯː
踣	pʰɯs, bɯːɡ
箁	*bɯ
咅	pʰɯʔ, pʰl'oːs
部	boːʔ, boːʔ, boːʔ, boːʔ
培	boːʔ, bɯː
犃	*boːʔ
瓿	boːʔ, bɯ, *bo
殕	pɯʔ, pʰoʔ, *qɯːɡ
醅	pʰɯ, pʰɯː
棓	bɯ, broːŋʔ, *bɯː
涪	*bɯ
賠	*bɯː
陪	*bɯː
毰	*bɯː
焙	*bɯːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *boːʔ, *bɯː) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 咅 (OC *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs).

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): péi (pei²)

(Zhuyin): ㄆㄟˊ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): pei²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): pui⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): poi³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): phì

(Meixian, Guangdong): pi²
Eastern Min (BUC): buòi
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): pôe / pê

(Teochew, Peng'im): buê⁵
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶be

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: péi
  - Zhuyin: ㄆㄟˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: péi
  - Wade–Giles: pʻei²
  - Yale: péi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: peir
  - Palladius: пэй (pɛj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰeɪ̯³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: pei²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: pei
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰei²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: pui⁴
  - Yale: pùih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: pui⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: pui⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰuːi̯²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: poi³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰᵘɔi²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phì
  - Hakka Romanization System: pi^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: pi²
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰi¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: pi²
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰi¹¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: buòi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pui⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pôe
  - Tâi-lô: puê
  - Phofsit Daibuun: poee
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /pue²³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /pue²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /pue¹³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Jinjiang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pê
  - Tâi-lô: pê
  - Phofsit Daibuun: pee
  - IPA (Xiamen, Jinjiang): /pe²⁴/

Note:

pôe - literary;
pê - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: buê⁵
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: puê
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /pue⁵⁵/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶be
  - MiniDict: be^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³be
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /be²³/

Middle Chinese: bwoj

Rime
Character	培
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	並 (3)
Final (韻)	灰 (42)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	薄回切
Baxter	bwoj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/buʌi/
Pan Wuyun	/buoi/
Shao Rongfen	/buɒi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/bwəj/
Li Rong	/buᴀi/
Wang Li	/buɒi/
Bernhard Karlgren	/bʱuɑ̆i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	péi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	pui⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*bɯː/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	培
Reading #	2/2
No.	9865
Phonetic component	咅
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	裴
Old Chinese	/*bɯː/

Definitions

培

(agriculture) to hill up; to earth up; to bank up
to cultivate; to educate; to foster
to bury
a surname

Synonyms

(to hill up):

edit

培土 (péitǔ)
培塗／培涂 (Hokkien)
培泥 (Zhao'an Hakka)
壅土 (yōngtǔ)
壅泥 (Taiwanese Hakka)

(to cultivate): 哺育 (bǔyù), 培養／培养 (péiyǎng), 培育 (péiyù), 栽培 (zāipéi)

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): pǒu (pou³)

(Zhuyin): ㄆㄡˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): pau²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: pǒu
  - Zhuyin: ㄆㄡˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: pǒu
  - Wade–Giles: pʻou³
  - Yale: pǒu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: poou
  - Palladius: поу (pou)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰoʊ̯²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: pau²
  - Yale: páu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: pau²
  - Guangdong Romanization: peo²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɐu̯³⁵/

Middle Chinese: buwX

Rime
Character	培
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	並 (3)
Final (韻)	侯 (137)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	蒲口切
Baxter	buwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bəu^X/
Pan Wuyun	/bəu^X/
Shao Rongfen	/bəu^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/bəw^X/
Li Rong	/bu^X/
Wang Li	/bəu^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/bʱə̯u^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bòu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	bau⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*boːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	培
Reading #	1/2
No.	9848
Phonetic component	咅
Rime group	侯
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	部
Old Chinese	/*boːʔ/

Definitions

培

(archaic) small hill; barrow; grave

Compounds

培塿／培𪣻 (pǒulǒu)
壘培／垒培

References

“培”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
(Cantonese) 粵音資料集叢

Japanese

Kanji

培

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Korean

Hanja

培 (eumhun 북을 돋울 배 (bugeul dodul bae))

hanja form^? of 배 (“bank up with dirt, raise, cultivate”)

培 (eumhun 언덕 부 (eondeok bu))

hanja form^? of 부 (“hill, mound”)

Vietnamese

Han character

培: Hán Nôm readings: bồi, bổi, bòi, bụi, vùi

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