روم
Arabic
editEtymology
editFrom Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭬 (Hrom), from Byzantine Greek Ῥωμανία (Rhōmanía, “Byzantine Empire”), from Latin Romani (“Romans”), from Roma (“Rome”).
Pronunciation
editNoun
editرُوم • (rūm) m (collective, singulative رُومِيّ m (rūmiyy), plural أَرْوَام (ʔarwām))
Declension
editCollective | basic collective triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | رُوم rūm |
الرُّوم ar-rūm |
رُوم rūm |
Nominative | رُومٌ rūmun |
الرُّومُ ar-rūmu |
رُومُ rūmu |
Accusative | رُومًا rūman |
الرُّومَ ar-rūma |
رُومَ rūma |
Genitive | رُومٍ rūmin |
الرُّومِ ar-rūmi |
رُومِ rūmi |
Singulative | basic singulative triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | رُومِي rūmī |
الرُّومِي ar-rūmī |
رُومِي rūmī |
Nominative | رُومِيٌّ rūmiyyun |
الرُّومِيُّ ar-rūmiyyu |
رُومِيُّ rūmiyyu |
Accusative | رُومِيًّا rūmiyyan |
الرُّومِيَّ ar-rūmiyya |
رُومِيَّ rūmiyya |
Genitive | رُومِيٍّ rūmiyyin |
الرُّومِيِّ ar-rūmiyyi |
رُومِيِّ rūmiyyi |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | رُومِيَّيْن rūmiyyayn |
الرُّومِيَّيْن ar-rūmiyyayn |
رُومِيَّيْ rūmiyyay |
Nominative | رُومِيَّانِ rūmiyyāni |
الرُّومِيَّانِ ar-rūmiyyāni |
رُومِيَّا rūmiyyā |
Accusative | رُومِيَّيْنِ rūmiyyayni |
الرُّومِيَّيْنِ ar-rūmiyyayni |
رُومِيَّيْ rūmiyyay |
Genitive | رُومِيَّيْنِ rūmiyyayni |
الرُّومِيَّيْنِ ar-rūmiyyayni |
رُومِيَّيْ rūmiyyay |
Paucal (3-10) | basic broken paucal triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | رُوم rūm |
الرُّوم ar-rūm |
رُوم rūm |
Nominative | رُومٌ rūmun |
الرُّومُ ar-rūmu |
رُومُ rūmu |
Accusative | رُومًا rūman |
الرُّومَ ar-rūma |
رُومَ rūma |
Genitive | رُومٍ rūmin |
الرُّومِ ar-rūmi |
رُومِ rūmi |
Plural of variety | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | أَرْوَام ʔarwām |
الْأَرْوَام al-ʔarwām |
أَرْوَام ʔarwām |
Nominative | أَرْوَامٌ ʔarwāmun |
الْأَرْوَامُ al-ʔarwāmu |
أَرْوَامُ ʔarwāmu |
Accusative | أَرْوَامًا ʔarwāman |
الْأَرْوَامَ al-ʔarwāma |
أَرْوَامَ ʔarwāma |
Genitive | أَرْوَامٍ ʔarwāmin |
الْأَرْوَامِ al-ʔarwāmi |
أَرْوَامِ ʔarwāmi |
References
edit- Wehr, Hans (1979) “روم”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN
Ottoman Turkish
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Arabic رُوم (rūm), الرُّوم (ar-rūm), from Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭬 (Hrom), from Byzantine Greek Ῥωμανία (Rhōmanía), from Latin Romani, from Roma (“Rome”). In particular application to central Anatolia, from such use in Seljuk Old Anatolian Turkish.
Proper noun
editروم • (Rum or Rûm)
- (historical) Byzantine Empire (a former country in Europe, Asia and Africa)
- (historical) Rum (an eyalet in the Ottoman Empire)
- (historical) Various other areas of the Ottoman Empire full of "Roman" (i.e. Byzantine Greek) people, particularly central Anatolia
- Rome (the capital of Italy)
Synonyms
edit- (Ottoman eyalet): سیواس (Sivas)
Derived terms
edit- رومایلی (“Rumelia”)
Descendants
edit- English: Rum
- German: Rum
- → Laz: ურუმი (urumi), რუმი (rumi) — Ortaalan, Lome, Batumi
- Swahili: Rum
- Turkish: Rum
References
edit- Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “Rum”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- Redhouse, James W. (1890) “روم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon[1], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 994
Persian
editEtymology 1
editFrom Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭬 (Hrōm), from Byzantine Greek Ῥώμη (Rhṓmē, “Rome”) and Ῥωμανία (Rhōmanía, “Byzantine Empire”), from Latin Romani (“Romans”), from Roma (“Rome”) of uncertain origin. In particular application to central Anatolia, from such use in Seljuk Old Anatolian Turkish.
Pronunciation
edit- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [ɾuːm]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [ɹuːm]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [ɾum]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | rūm |
Dari reading? | rūm |
Iranian reading? | rum |
Tajik reading? | rum |
Proper noun
editDari | روم |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | Рум |
روم • (Rum)
- (obsolete or archaic) Synonym of رُم (Rom), Rome (the capital of Italy)
- روم باستان ― rum-e bâstân ― Ancient Rome
- (historical) Ancient Rome (a former country in Europe, Asia and Africa)
- جمهوری روم ― jomhuri-ye rum ― Roman Republic
- (historical, dated) Synonym of بیزانس (Bizâns), Byzantine Empire (a former country in Europe, Asia and Africa)
- (archaic) Synonym of آناتولی (Ânâtoli), Anatolia (a region of southwestern Asia)
- (historical, dated) Synonym of امپراتوری عثمانی (Emperâturi 'Osmâni), Ottoman Empire (a former country in Europe, Asia and Africa)
Usage notes
editMedieval Persian sources followed Byzantine usage in referring to their empire as "Rome". This usage was then continued as a conventional name for the Ottoman empire over the same lands.
The term was also sometimes used vaguely for all the lands west of Iran, particularly hostile powers. In the Shahnama epic tradition, "Rome" is one of the three kingdoms into which the world is divided, along with Iran in the center and Turan (the Turks) in the east. Thus Alexander the Great was typically described as "Roman" in Persian poetry. Persian poetry also used the pale-skinned "Romans" and "Turks" as metaphors for light, whiteness, or the day in contrasted with the darkness, blackness, or night of زنگ (Zang, “Abyssinia or Africa”).
Derived terms
edit- رومی (rumi)
- یا رومی روم، یا زنگی زنگ (yâ rumi-ye rum, yâ zangi-ye zang)
- نه رومی روم، نه زنگی زنگ (na rumi-ye rum, na zangi-ye zang)
Etymology 2
editPronunciation
edit- (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [roːm]
Readings | |
---|---|
Dari reading? | rōm |
Noun
editDari | روم |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | رُم |
Tajik | Рум |
روم • (rôm)
- Arabic terms borrowed from Middle Persian
- Arabic terms derived from Middle Persian
- Arabic terms derived from Byzantine Greek
- Arabic terms derived from Latin
- Arabic 1-syllable words
- Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Arabic lemmas
- Arabic nouns
- Arabic collective nouns
- Arabic masculine nouns
- Arabic terms with quotations
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote collective
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote singulative
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote broken paucal
- Arabic nouns with broken plural
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote broken plural
- Ottoman Turkish terms borrowed from Arabic
- Ottoman Turkish terms derived from Arabic
- Ottoman Turkish terms derived from Middle Persian
- Ottoman Turkish terms derived from Byzantine Greek
- Ottoman Turkish terms derived from Latin
- Ottoman Turkish terms inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish
- Ottoman Turkish terms derived from Old Anatolian Turkish
- Ottoman Turkish lemmas
- Ottoman Turkish nouns
- Ottoman Turkish terms with historical senses
- ota:Historical polities
- ota:Rome
- ota:Cities in Italy
- ota:National capitals
- ota:Places in Italy
- Persian terms derived from Middle Persian
- Persian terms derived from Byzantine Greek
- Persian terms derived from Latin
- Persian terms derived from Old Anatolian Turkish
- Persian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Persian lemmas
- Persian proper nouns
- Persian terms with obsolete senses
- Persian terms with archaic senses
- fa:Rome
- fa:Cities in Italy
- fa:National capitals
- fa:Places in Italy
- Persian terms with usage examples
- Persian terms with historical senses
- fa:Historical polities
- Persian dated terms
- fa:Regions of Asia
- Persian terms borrowed from English
- Persian terms derived from English
- Dari