The Tower Commission was a United States presidential commission established on December 1, 1986, by President Ronald Reagan in response to the Iran–Contra affair (in which senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, which was the subject of an arms embargo). The commission, composed of former Senator John Tower of Texas, former Secretary of State Edmund Muskie, and former National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft, was tasked with reviewing the proper role of the National Security Council staff in national security operations generally, and in the arms transfers to Iran specifically.
| Formation | December 1, 1986 |
|---|---|
| Dissolved | February 27, 1987 (report published) |
| Purpose | "a comprehensive study of the future role and procedures of the National Security Council (N.S.C.) staff in the development, coordination, oversight and conduct of foreign and national security policy."[1] |
| Location | |
Chairman | John Tower |
| Staff | 23[2] |
The Commission's report, published on February 27, 1987, concluded that CIA Director William Casey, who supported the Iran-Contra arrangement, should have taken over the operation and made the president aware of the risks and notified Congress as legally required.[3] The Commission's work was continued by two congressional investigative committees (both formed in January 1987).
Process
editThe Commission report described its purpose in the following way:
The President directed the board to examine the proper role of the National Security Council staff in national security operations, including the arms transfers to Iran. The President made clear that he wanted all the facts to come out. The board was not, however, called upon to assess individual culpability or be the final arbiter of the facts. These tasks have been properly left to others. Indeed, the short deadline set by the President for completion of the board's work and its limited resources precluded a separate and thorough field investigation. Instead, the board has examined the events surrounding the transfer of arms to Iran as a principal case study in evaluating the operation of the National Security Council in general and the role of the N.S.C. staff in particular.[1]
Because of its limited mandate, the Commission had no powers to subpoena documents, compel testimony, or grant immunity from prosecution.[4] Over the course of several weeks, the Commission took testimony from 86 witnesses, and was able to retrieve backup copies from an NSC mainframe of some files which NSC staff had sought to delete.[2] There was some debate about whether to publish the Commission's detailed chronology of events, but with the removal of some details of sourcing, methods and names of contacts, it was ultimately published as an annex to the Commission's report.[5]
Report
editIssued on February 26, 1987, the commission's report "held Reagan accountable for a lax managerial style and aloofness from policy detail."[6]
Oliver North, John Poindexter, Caspar Weinberger, and others were also implicated.[7][8]
Summarised, the main findings showed that "Using the Contras as a front, and against international law, and US law, weapons were sold, using Israel as intermediaries, to Iran, during the brutal Iran–Iraq War. The US was also supplying weapons to Iraq, including ingredients for nerve gas, mustard gas and other chemical weapons."[9]
Appendix B of the report opens with the line attributed to Juvenal, "Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?"[10] ("Who watches the watchmen?").
Responses
editPresident Ronald Reagan issued a primetime address on March 4, 1987, addressing the report's conclusions.[11] Some individuals named in the report complained about how they were portrayed.[12]
References
edit- ^ a b "The White House Crisis; Excerpts from the Tower Commission's Report Part I: Introduction". The New York Times. February 27, 1987. Archived from the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
- ^ a b Rasky, Susan F. (March 3, 1987). "Washington Talk: The Tower Commission; Those Who Labored on the Report". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
- ^ Butterfield, Fox (February 28, 1987). "The White House Crisis; Tower Commission Feared Analysis Was Compromised". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
- ^ Alan A. Block, "The Origins of IRAN-CONTRA: Lessons from the Durrani Affair", p2; in Frank Bovenkerk and Michael Levi (eds, 2007), The Organized Crime Community: Essays in Honor of Alan A. Block, Springer
- ^ Rasky, Susan F. (February 23, 1987). "Tower Commission Finishing Report". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
- ^ Busby, Robert (February 3, 2010). "The Scandal That Almost Destroyed Ronald Reagan". Salon.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
- ^ Roberts, Stephen V. (February 27, 1987). "The White House Crisis: The Tower Report Inquiry Finds Reagan and Chief Advisers Responsible for 'Chaos' in Iran Arms Deals; Reagan Also Blamed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 19, 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
- ^ Toth, Robert C. (February 27, 1987). "The Tower Commission Report : NSC Staff Is Faulted for Making Policy in Secret". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
- ^ Tower Commission report, page 2
- ^ "The White House Crisis; A Juvenal Quotation Opens Tower Report". The New York Times. February 27, 1987. Archived from the original on February 4, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
- ^ "President Reagan on Iran-Contra Affair & Tower Commission Report". C-SPAN. Archived from the original on November 18, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
- ^ Richey, Warren (March 11, 1987). "Tower Report Takes Knocks of Its Own". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
Further reading
edit- Chapter 5, "The Politics of Scandal: The Tower Commission and Iran-Contra," in Kenneth Kitts, *Presidential Commissions and National Security (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2006).
- The Great War for Civilisation, The Conquest of the Middle East by Robert Fisk
External links
edit- Complete text of the Tower Commission Report at the Internet Archive
- "Excerpts from the Tower Commission Report". Presidency.ucsb.edu.
- Regan, Donald T. (March 1, 1987). "The Tower Commission; Report on Iran-Contra Affair Depicts 'A Very Unprofessional Operation'". The New York Times.
- "The White House Crisis; Excerpts from the Tower Commission's Report Appendix C: The N.S.C. Staff and the Contras". The New York Times. February 27, 1987.