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Timeline of the September 11 attacks

The following timeline is a chronological list of all the major events leading up to, during, and immediately following the September 11 attacks against the United States in 2001, through the first anniversary of the attacks in 2002.

Background history

edit
Day Month Year(s) Location Notes
- - 1950 Egypt Sayyid Qutb returns to Egypt from a two-year visit to the United States sponsored by the Ministry of Education, and joins the Muslim Brotherhood due to his disgust towards Western culture.[1]
- - 1951-1965 Qutb writes the book Fi Zilal al-Quran while in prison for an assassination attempt against Gamal Abdel Nasser. The book claims that Israel and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf are American satellite states and calls for an Islamist revolution against secularism—including Arab nationalism, socialism, and liberal democracy—to establish a Middle Eastern theocracy rooted in sharia law.[1] The book also concludes that any Muslims who support secularism are kuffar.[2] The book becomes highly influential towards Islamic terrorists.[1]
5 Aug 1966 Lower Manhattan in New York City, United States Work is started on the original World Trade Center[3]
- - Egypt Sayyid Qutb is executed in Egypt and his brother Muhammad Qutb flees to Saudi Arabia, acquiring a teaching position at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah.
- - 1973 Lower Manhattan in New York City, United States Work is completed on the original World Trade Center[3]
- - 1976 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Osama bin Laden, son of Saudi billionaire businessman Mohammed bin Laden, is radicalized by Qutb while attending King Abdulaziz University for business administration.[4][2]
- - 1979 United States The United States first becomes concerned over Islamic extremism after the Iranian Revolution, the Iran hostage crisis, and the Grand Mosque seizure.
- - 1980 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Bin Laden completes University[4][2]
- - Pakistan Bin Laden travels to Pakistan to volunteer and assist the Sunni Mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War. He will become increasingly radicalised over the course of his participation in the conflict.[5][6]
- - 1981 Bin Laden's future deputy Ayman al-Zawahiri, the leader of Jama At al-Jihad, is arrested for his role in the assassination of Anwar Sadat and imprisoned for three years.[1]
- - 1983 United States Marine Corps barracks, Beirut Airport

'Drakkar' barracks of French 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment and 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Ramlet al Baida, Beirut

The 1983 Beirut barracks bombings targeting the Multinational Force in Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War provides inspiration for Bin Laden.[7]
- Oct 1984 Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) and Pakistan Bin Laden cofounds a network, the Maktab al-Khidamat, with Abdullah Yusuf Azzam in Afghanistan and Pakistan to recruit Muslims for the Afghan resistance.[4][8]
- - 1986 Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) Bin Laden travels to Afghanistan to lead MAK forces in combat.[8]
- Feb 1987 Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) Al-Qaeda establishes its first training camps in Afghanistan.[8]
25 May Paktia Province, Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) Bin Laden withstands a Soviet attack during the Battle of Jaji, establishing his reputation in the Arab world.[8]
8 Dec Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territory The First Intifada begins in Palestine. Bin Laden expresses vocal support for the conflict, and begins to advocate in favor of jihad against the West.[9][10]
- - 1988 Osama bin Laden forms a computer database of Islamist militants, founding al-Qaeda.[11] He declares that Muslims must protect the holy sites of Mecca and Medina from foreign control as a religious duty.[10]
15 Feb 1989 Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) The Soviet Army completes its withdrawal from Afghanistan, and bin Laden advocates transforming al-Qaeda into a global network to fund jihad. Azzam prefers to focus on the Afghan Civil War and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[12][2]
- May-June Jalalabad, Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) Al-Qaeda forces are badly defeated by the Afghan National Army in the Battle of Jalalabad, leading to a drop in membership and reorientation of tactics.[2][8]
30 Jun Sudan, North Africa Omar al-Bashir and Hassan Al-Turabi's National Islamic Front seize control of Sudan in a coup d'état. Al-Turabi would invite bin Laden to stay in the country.[13]
- Nov Saudi Arabia Bin Laden returns to Saudi Arabia and Prince Turki bin Faisal rejects his offer to send al-Qaeda to overthrow the Communist government in South Yemen.[2]
24 Peshawar, Pakistan Azzam is assassinated in a car bombing, allowing bin Laden to dominate the organization.[12]
22 May 1990 South and North Yemen The governments of South and North Yemen merge into the unified Republic of Yemen. Bin Laden runs afoul of the Saudi Interior Ministry for attempting to violently disrupt the unification process.[2]
2 Aug Kuwait, West Africa Ba'athist Iraq invades and annexes Kuwait. Fearing an Iraqi threat to Eastern Province oilfields, King Fahd rapidly accepts American military assistance to the opposition of Bin Laden.[2][14]
- Sept Bin Laden makes an offer to Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud to defend Saudi Arabia from Ba'athist Iraq with 100,000 fighters after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. He is turned down, and becomes embittered by the intervention of non-Islamic troops from the U.S.-led international coalition in the Gulf War.[15][2]
5 Nov New York Marriott East Side, Midtown Manhattan, New York City El Sayyid Nosair commits the assassination of Meir Kahane at the New York Marriott East Side, one of the first Islamist terrorist attacks in the United States. The FBI subsequently finds documents linking the attack to al-Qaeda, making it the organization's first involvement in attacks in the United States.[16]
- Apr 1991 Sudan, East Africa Bin Laden moves to Sudan and begins expanding al-Qaeda using legitimate businesses as front organizations.[13][10][17]
- - 1992 Arabian Peninsula and Horn of Africa Bin Laden begins to target U.S. military forces in the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa, as well as to consider alliances with Shiite Iranian-backed organizations such as Hezbollah.[17]
27 Apr Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan collapses after Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin seizes Kabul, but a new stage of civil war begins when the Peshawar Accords collapse.
29 Dec Aden, Yemen, West Africa Al-Qaeda attacks U.S. military forces for the first time in the Yemen hotel bombings in Aden.
26 Feb 1993 World Trade Center

New York City, New York, U.S.

Ramzi Yousef carries out the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.
3-4 Oct Mogadishu, Somalia, Horn of Africa 18 American servicemen are killed by al-Qaeda-trained forces in the Battle of Mogadishu.[17]
9 Apr 1994 Bin Laden's Saudi citizenship is revoked.[10][17]
- Sept Kandahar, Kandahar Province, Islamic State of Afghanistan Mohammed Omar founds the Taliban in Kandahar.
24-26 Dec Houari Boumediene Airport, Algiers, Algeria and Marseille Provence Airport, Marseille, France Armed Islamic Group of Algeria militants attempt to crash Air France Flight 8969 into the Eiffel Tower, influencing al-Qaeda's future planning.[9][18]
6 Jan 1995 Doña Josefa apartments in Manila, Philippines, Operation Bojinka, a planned terrorist attack, is discovered by the Filipino police in Manila on a laptop computer in an apartment after a fire.
7 Feb Pakistan Ramzi Yousef is arrested in Pakistan, and is discovered to have financial links to Bin Laden.[17][2]
- Jun U.S. intelligence links al-Qaeda to an unsuccessful assassination attempt against Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.[17]
8 Jan 1996 As Bin Laden makes bellicose statements regarding United States and Saudi Arabia. Michael Scheuer creates a CIA unit, the Bin Laden Issue Station, to gather intelligence on Bin Laden.[1][10]
18 May Islamic State of Afghanistan Heading from Africa to Asia, Bin Laden moves to Afghanistan providing him a safe haven for al-Qaeda activities.[2]
25 Jun Khobar Towers,Khobar, Saudi Arabia Al-Qaeda commits the Khobar Towers bombing targeting American servicemen in Saudi Arabia to participate in Operation Southern Watch.
23 Aug Bin Ladin issues a fatwa declaring war on the United States, which is published in the Arabic-language newspaper Al-Quds Al-Arabi in London.[19] The FBI and the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York open a criminal file on him under the charge of seditious conspiracy.[2]
27 Sept Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan The Taliban, a radical Islamic movement, rises to power by conquering Kabul and declares the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
- Nov Informant Jamal al-Fadl reveals the existence of al-Qaeda to the FBI.[2]
23 Grande Comore, Comoros Attackers hijack Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 and most of the passengers die in the resulting crash landing.[20]
- - 1998 An embassy bombing suspect claims that an 'extensive network of al-Qaeda sleeper agents' is planning a 'big attack' inside the United States.[21]
- - Hamburg, Germany 9/11 hijacker Mohamed Atta and associates are monitored some by US and Germany in their Hamburg apartment.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]
- Feb Bin Laden expands religious edict against US and allies by issuing a second fatwa calling on Muslims to join a jihad against Jews and Christians until the United States and Israel evacuate the Middle East, and reiterates the themes in a televised interview with ABC News.[17][13]
8 Jun A U.S. grand jury delivers a sealed indictment of bin Laden for "conspiracy to attack defense utilities of the United States."[17]
7 Aug Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania The 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania bring al-Qaeda to US public attention for the first time.
8-10 Mazar-i-Sharif, Balkh, Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan In Mazar-i-Sharif, the Taliban and Al Qaeda's 055 Brigade massacred between 4,000 and 8,000 people, including 11 Iranian diplomats. Iran threatened to intervene, but relented after mediation by the United Nations.
20 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Operation Infinite Reach, U.S. cruise missile strikes on Al-Qaeda training camp in Khost, Afghanistan, in retaliation of Al-Qaeda's U.S. embassy bombings two weeks earlier.
8 Oct 1999 United States Al-Qaeda is designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organisation by the U.S. State Department.[30][31] The Federal Aviation Administration instructs airlines to maintain "a high degree of alertness" against the organization.[32]
15 New York City, New York, United States The United Nations Security Council passes a resolution demanding that the Taliban extradite Bin Ladin.
31 Atlantic Ocean, 100 km (62 mi; 54 nmi) south of Nantucket Suicide pilot crashes EgyptAir Flight 990 into the ocean.[33]
- Nov-Dec The 2000 millennium attack plots for bombings in Jordan and Los Angeles International Airport are discovered and prevented.
- Dec Hijacked in Indian airspace between Kathmandu, Nepal and Delhi, India; landed at Amritsar, India; Lahore, Pakistan; Dubai, United Arab Emirates; and Kandahar, Afghanistan. Indian Airlines Flight 814 hijacked. One passenger dies while the others are released.
12 Oct 2000 Yemen, West Africa The USS Cole is bombed in Yemen by Al-Qaeda.
10 Jul 2001 FBI Agent Kenneth Williams writes a memo warning that al-Qaeda members are training at flight schools in the United States, and CIA Director George Tenet briefs officials such as National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice.[32]
6 Aug President George W. Bush receives the President's Daily Brief Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US warning of an imminent attack on the United States by al-Qaeda.[34]
4 Sept The United States National Security Council prepares a $200 million plan to aid opponents of the Taliban in the Afghan Civil War, but it is not presented to President Bush.[32]
9 Khwājah Bahā ud Dīn (Khvājeh Bahāuḏḏīn), Takhar Province in northeastern Afghanistan Al-Qaeda assassinates Ahmad Shah Massoud, commander of the Northern Alliance.

Planning

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Main article: Planning of the September 11 attacks
Day Month Year(s) Location Notes
- - 1992 Germany Mohamed Atta arrives in Germany.
- - 1994 Philippines Planning on Operation Bojinka begins
- - 1995 Germany Operation Bojinka foiled, Said Bahaji and Ramzi bin al-Shibh arrive in Germany.
- - 1996 Marwan al-Shehhi and Ziad Jarrah arrive in Germany.
- - 1997 Zakariyah Essabar arrives in Germany.
- - 1998 Recruitment of terrorists in Germany starts.
- - United States Bill Clinton warned 'bin Laden preparing to hijack US aircraft' inside US.[35]
- - 1999 Hamburg, Germany Hamburg cell is fully formed.
- - Germany German authorities monitors call to 9/11 hijacker al-Shehhi, shares information with CIA.[36]
- - Germans monitor call mentioning key al-Qaeda Hamburg cell members, including 9/11 hijacker Atta's full name and number.[37]
- - 9/11 hijacker Jarrah has unofficial wedding; photograph later suggests German intelligence has informant.[38]
- - Three 9/11 hijackers obtain US visas.[39]
- - Hani Hanjour obtains pilot's license despite dubious skills.[40][41][42][43]
- - Germany German intelligence records calls between 9/11 hijacker al-Shehhi and others linked to al-Qaeda.[29][37]
- - Saudi ambassador's wife gives funds that are possibly passed to 9/11 hijackers.[44]
- - United States President Clinton warned about al-Qaeda operatives living in US.[45]
- - Watch list importance is stressed but procedures are not followed.[46][47]
- - United States NSA tells CIA about planned al-Qaeda summit involving future hijackers.
- - 2000 Malaysia and United States 2000 al-Qaeda Summit in Malaysia, pilots head to the United States and attend flight training schools.
- - 2001 United States Remaining hijackers go to the United States, Zacarias Moussaoui goes to the United States and is arrested, other cell members flee Germany.

September 11, 2001

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Main article: Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks

All times are in local time (EDT or UTC−4).

Time (a.m)

H:M:

Location Notes
7:59 Logan International Airport, Boston, Massachusetts American Airlines Flight 11 takes off from Boston Logan, bound for Los Angeles.
8:14 Logan International Airport, Boston, Massachusetts United Airlines Flight 175 takes off from Boston Logan, also bound for Los Angeles.
8:20 Washington Dulles International Airport, Dulles, Virginia American Airlines Flight 77 takes off from Washington Dulles International Airport, also bound for Los Angeles.
8:42 Newark International Airport, Newark and Elizabeth, New Jersey United Airlines Flight 93 takes off from Newark International Airport, bound for San Francisco International Airport.
8:42–8:46 United States airspace Flight 175 is hijacked.
8:46:40 North Tower, World Trade Center, New York City, New York Flight 11 crashes into the North Tower of the World Trade Center between the 93rd and 99th floors.
8:50–8:54 United States airspace Flight 77 is hijacked.
9:03:02[48] South Tower, World Trade Center, New York City, New York Flight 175 crashes into the South Tower of the World Trade Center between the 77th and 85th floors.
9:28 United States airspace Flight 93 is hijacked.
9:37:46 The Pentagon, Arlington, Virginia Flight 77 crashes into The Pentagon.
9:59:00 South Tower, World Trade Center, New York City, New York The South Tower collapses.
10:03:11 Shanksville, Pennsylvania Flight 93 crashes into a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.[49]
10:28:25 North Tower, World Trade Center, New York City, New York The North Tower collapses.

Rest of September

edit
Main article: Timeline for September following the September 11 attacks

October

edit
Main article: Timeline for October following the September 11 attacks

Beyond October

edit
Main article: Timeline beyond October following the September 11 attacks

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Law, Randall David (September 26, 2016). Terrorism : a history (Second ed.). Cambridge, UK. ISBN 9780745690896. OCLC 935783894.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wright, Lawrence (2011). The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 (First Vintage books edition, [revised] ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-525-56436-2. OCLC 761224415.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ a b "History of the World Trade Center". www.panynj.gov. Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c "Osama bin Laden | Biography, al-Qaeda, Terrorist Attacks, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on June 16, 2015. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  5. ^ Riedel, Bruce (2008). Pakistan and Terror: The Eye of the Storm. American Academy of Political and Social Science.
  6. ^ Rashid, Ahmed (September 13, 2001). "Osama Bin Laden: How the U.S. helped midwife a terrorist". Center for Public Integrity. Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2023.
  7. ^ "September 11 attacks | Facts & Information". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on October 12, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  8. ^ a b c d e Farrall, Leah. “Revisiting Al-Qaida’s Foundation and Early History.” Perspectives on Terrorism, vol. 11, no. 6, 2017, pp. 17–37. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/26295954. Accessed 14 June 2021.
  9. ^ a b Atkins, Stephen E. "Bin Laden, Osama (1957–)." In The 9/11 Encyclopedia, 34-40. Praeger Security International. Vol. 1. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2008. Gale eBooks (accessed April 2, 2020).
  10. ^ a b c d e The Oxford companion to American politics. Coates, David, 1946-. New York: Oxford University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-19-976432-7. OCLC 819762142.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  11. ^ "Al Qaeda Financing Documents Turn Up in Bosnia Raid". Fox News. February 19, 2003. Archived from the original on April 22, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
  12. ^ a b "Al Qaeda: Facts About the Terrorist Network and Its History of Attacks". HISTORY. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  13. ^ a b c "National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States". govinfo.library.unt.edu. Archived from the original on May 15, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
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  15. ^ Greenblatt, Alan (February 24, 2011). "Twenty Years Later, First Iraq War Still Resonates". NPR. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
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  18. ^ Wald, Matthew L. (October 3, 2001). "A NATION CHALLENGED: WARNINGS; Earlier Hijackings Offered Signals That Were Missed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  19. ^ Springer, Paul J. "Osama bin Laden’s Declaration of War upon the United States." 9/11 and the War on Terror: A Documentary and Reference Guide, Greenwood, 2016, pp. 27-33. Documentary and Reference Guides. Gale eBooks, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX7121300016/GVRL?u=umuser&sid=GVRL&xid=c6ab7bde . Accessed 11 Mar. 2020.
  20. ^ "Hijacking Survivors Recount Terror". s3.amazonaws.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  21. ^ Hirschkorn, Phil (January 19, 2001). "Embassy Bombing Defendant Says He Warned of Yemen Attack". CNN. Archived from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  22. ^ "Newsday.com - A Perfect Soldier". June 3, 2002. Archived from the original on June 3, 2002. Retrieved August 20, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  23. ^ Johnston, This Article Was Reported By Douglas Frantz, Don Van Natta Jr, David; Bernstein, Richard; Bernstein, Was Written By Mr (September 10, 2002). "THREATS AND RESPONSES: PIECES OF A PUZZLE; On Plotters' Path to U.S., A Stop at bin Laden Camp". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Erlanger, Steven (September 15, 2001). "AFTER THE ATTACKS: THE INVESTIGATION; An Unobtrusive Man's Odyssey: Polite Student to Suicide Hijacker". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  25. ^ Germany, SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg (August 29, 2011). "On the Trail of Said Bahaji: 9/11 Conspirator Reported to Be Living in Pakistan - SPIEGEL ONLINE - International". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Simpson, John Crewdson and Cam. "Real clues to plot have been elusive". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  27. ^ Burrough, Ned Zeman, David Wise, David Rose, and Bryan. "The Path to 9/11". The Hive. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ "Real Cities.com | September 9, 2002 | Terrorists' Sep 11 plot a many-tentacled creature". October 19, 2002. Archived from the original on October 19, 2002. Retrieved August 20, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  29. ^ a b Berlin, Special investigation by Toby Helm in. "German secret service 'failed to act on terrorist warnings'". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  30. ^ "Foreign Terrorist Organizations". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on February 27, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
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  32. ^ a b c Research, CNN Editorial (July 27, 2013). "September 11 Warning Signs Fast Facts". CNN. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  33. ^ Langewiesche, William. "The Crash of EgyptAir 990". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  34. ^ Springer, Paul J. "President’s Daily Brief from Central Intelligence Agency." 9/11 and the War on Terror: A Documentary and Reference Guide, Greenwood, 2016, pp. 77-79. Documentary and Reference Guides. Gale eBooks, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX7121300031/GVRL?u=umuser&sid=GVRL&xid=572c5959 . Accessed 11 Mar. 2020.
  35. ^ "1998 Memo Cited Suspected Hijack Plot by Bin Laden (washingtonpost.com)". www.washingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  36. ^ Risen, James; Lichtblau, Eric (February 24, 2004). "C.I.A. WAS GIVEN DATA ON HIJACKER LONG BEFORE 9/11". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  37. ^ a b Butler, Desmond (January 18, 2003). "THREATS AND RESPONSES: INTELLIGENCE; Germans Were Tracking Sept. 11 Conspirators as Early as 1998, Documents Disclose". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 29, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  38. ^ "Our Man in the Mosque". s3.amazonaws.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  39. ^ "9/11 and Terrorist Travel: Staff Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2004.
  40. ^ "Airman Records for Alleged 9/11 Hijacker Hani Hanjour | Flight Instructor | Substance Abuse". Scribd. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  41. ^ "FAA contractors approved flight licenses for Sept. 11 suspect". Government Executive. Archived from the original on December 29, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  42. ^ "Report: 9/11 Hijacker Bypassed FAA". ABC News. January 7, 2006. Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  43. ^ "FAA Was Alerted To Sept. 11 Hijacker". Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  44. ^ Borger, Julian (November 24, 2002). "Mystery men link Saudi intelligence to Sept 11 hijackers". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on August 21, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  45. ^ "The 9/11 Commission Report" (TXT). October 20, 2004. Archived from the original on October 20, 2004. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  46. ^ "KR Washington Bureau | January 27, 2004 | 9 hijackers were considered security risks, Sep 11 panel reveals". February 13, 2004. Archived from the original on February 13, 2004. Retrieved August 20, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  47. ^ Gerth, Jeff (May 15, 2003). "AFTEREFFECTS: INTELLIGENCE; C.I.A. Chief Won't Name Officials Who Failed to Add Hijackers to Watch List". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 31, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  48. ^ (2019) https://www.govtech.com/em/safety/timeline-of-how-the-tragic-events-unfolded-on-sept-11-2001.html. Retrieved September 10, 2019
  49. ^ "Timeline Flight 93: September 11, 2001" (PDF). National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
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