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Strangways Springs

Strangways Springs, Australia is located just off the Oodnadatta track, 39 kilometers south of William Creek. It is on the traditional lands of the Arabana people who call it Pangki Warrunha.

Strangways Springs
South Australia
Strangways Springs is located in South Australia
Strangways Springs
Strangways Springs
Coordinates29°09′14.4″S 136°34′20.5″E / 29.154000°S 136.572361°E / -29.154000; 136.572361

Strangways Springs is a significant mound springs complex, consisting of nearly two kilometer square area, full of hundreds of mound springs and soaks, surrounded by gibber plains. It is one of a series of similar formations that extend along the western edge of Kati Thanda (Lake Eyre) from Marree to Dalhousie Springs including Freeling Springs, and the Blanche Cup and the Bubbler in the Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park, among others.[1]

In the 19th century, Strangways Springs was a pastoral property, one of eleven repeater station on Australia's Overland Telegraph Line and a stop on the Great Northern Railway. It was a critical part of the nation's communication system.

Pangki Warrunha

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Pangki Warrunha is on the traditional lands of the Arabana people. It was created by Arabana ancestral figures Kurkari (the ancestral green snake) and Yurkunganku (the ancestral red belly black snake) when they made camp for the night in the dreamtime.[2][3] The name means 'white ribs'' which aptly describes the sedimentary deposits around many of its mound springs.

Archaeological excavations have found signs of human occupation to the immediate west of Pangki Warrunha dating back to 560–700 years before present.[4] Well documented trade routes for red ochre from near Parachilna, grind stones from Sunny Creek on Anna Creek Station and pitchuri connect Pangki Warrunha to other sites in South Australia and the Northern Territory.[5][6][7] Even after colonial contact, and significant disruptions to traditional patterns, the Arabana found ways to engage with these trade routes. According to historian Michael Duke, the Arabana employed cameleers to transport red ochre from the traditional mines in the south to their country, and later used the railways to move ochre.[8]

European exploration, 1850s

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In 1858, an expedition by Benjamin Herschel Babbage and Peter Edgerton Warburton was sent to determine if there was suitable pastoral land north of Lake Torrens . Warburton reached Pangki Warrunha on 28 December 1858 and named the area for Strangways Springs in honor of H.B.T. Strangways, who was, at the time, a member of South Australia House of Assembly and would later become one of the colony's premiers. Warburton wrote that the surrounding area as "fit for pastoral purposes"'.[9]

Pastoral property, 1859-

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As a result of the work of Babbage and Warburton, and the maps they drew, European settlement extended into the far north of South Australia, with Strangways Springs and the surrounding area established as a sheep station in 1859.[10][11] A stone homestead was built on the mound springs, and a large wool scour was established, along with stone-walled sheep pens. The property changed hands several times in the nineteenth century and was impacted the droughts in the 1860s and 1890s.The homestead was relocated to Anna Creek in 1876 but there were still significant pastoral activities in and around Strangways Springs including the presence of an overseer, stockmen, and stock.

Throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s, the Arabana established camps near Strangways Springs, which served as a ration depot and also offered employment. They maintained a strong presence in the area and their relationships with the local pastoralists appear to be less violent than those elsewhere.[12][13] A newspaper account in 1891 about life at Strangways Springs features photographs and short biographies of several Arabana stockmen who worked on the property—Kalli Kalli, Bill Rowdy and Tilbrook.[14][15] Government officials estimated 50-150 Arabana were working and living around Strangways in the early 1900s.[16]

Today Strangways Springs and the surrounding area is part of Anna Creek Station—one of the largest cattle stations in the world.

The Telegraph Repeater Station (1872-1896) & the railway (1885-1979)

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in 1870, Benjamin Herschel Babbage identified Strangways Springs (along with Beltana and the Peake) as a possible site for a telegraph station on the Overland Telegraph Line. The original homestead was requisitioned and additional buildings and infrastructure were added, including a very large, stone tank which provided rain water for the telegraph batteries and the residents. The presence of a telegraph station meant that Strangways Spring became a more permanent settlement and the population grew considerably.

 
Strangways Springs, late 1800s. Courtesy of the State Library of South Australia, B1486

Before the arrival of the railway in the late 1880s, camel trains delivered goods to Strangways Springs from Marree, and there is archaeological evidence of a camel depot at the Springs.[17]

The Great Northern Railway (the Ghan) extending from Marree to Strangways Springs was completed late in 1886.[10][18][19] The railway station was just to the south and east of the Springs. This brought an influx of hundreds of workers, and there was briefly a hotel, an eating house, and a police station. The first trains arrived in March 1887 with a weekly service from Adelaide.[20]

In October 1896, the Telegraph station was decommissioned, and its functions were moved nearby to William Creek. The buildings were abandoned and fell into significant disrepair. In 1979, the railway line was relocated closer to the Stuart Highway.

Pangki Warrunha today

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Today, Pangki Warrunha/Strangways Springs can be accessed via the Oodnadatta Track. It was added to the South Australian Heritage register in 1986. The site is maintained by a volunteer organisation, the Friends of the Mound Springs, who partner with the Arabana traditional owners and South Australian park and wildlife authorities.[21] The Friends of Mound Springs have tasked themselves with the signage and upkeep of the site.[22]

Today, Pangki Warrunha is part of the Arabana Aboriginal Corporation land and remains an important part of the cultural geography for the Arabana.[23]

Further reading

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References

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  1. ^ Greenslade, John; Leo, Joseph; Anne, Reeves, eds. (1985). South Australian Mound Springs. Adelaide: Nature Conversation Society in South Australia.
  2. ^ Paterson, Alistair (2008). The Lost Legions: Culture Contact in Colonial Australia. Maryland: Altamira Press. pp. iix, 66.
  3. ^ Hercus, Louise; Sutton, Peter, eds. (1986). This is what happened: historical narratives by Aborigines. Canberra Australia: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
  4. ^ Florek, Stan M. (1993-01-01). Archaeology of the mound spring campsites near Lake Eyre in South Australia (Thesis thesis). University of Sydney. Pp: 76, 117-188
  5. ^ Harris, Colin (2002). "Culture and geography: South Australia's mound springs as trade and communication routes". Historic Environment. 16 (2): 8–11.
  6. ^ McBryde, Isabel. "Exchange in south eastern Australia: an ethnohistorical perspective". Aboriginal History. 8 (1/ 2): 132–153.
  7. ^ McBrdye, Isabel (1987). "Goods from another country: exchange networks and the people of the Lake Eyre Basin". In Mulvaney, DJ (ed.). Australians to 1788. NSW: Fairfax, Syme and Weldon Associates. pp. 253–273.
  8. ^ Duke, Michael (2019). Arabana and the Ghan. Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd. pp. 47–48.
  9. ^ Warburton, P.E; Babbage, B.H (1858). Northern explorations ; Reports from Messrs Babbage and Warburton and police-trooper Burtt, on exploration into the north and north-western interior of South Australia ; reports from Messrs Babbage and Warburton and police-trooper Burtt, on exploration into the north and north-western interior of South Australia. Parliamentary paper (South Australia. Parliament) ; no. 151. Adelaide: South Australia. p. 14.
  10. ^ a b Austral Archaeology Pty Ltd (2001). OODNADATTA TRACK HERITAGE SURVEY. Part of the Far North & Far West Region (Region 13) (PDF). Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australian Government. pp. 13–16, 20–22.
  11. ^ Gee, Phillip (2000). A History of Pastoralism in the Lake Eyre South Drainage Basin. Adelaide. Royal Geographical Society of South Australia. pp. 18–19, 39, 81, 94–96, 122.
  12. ^ Hercus, Louise (1994). A Grammar of the Arabana-Wangkangurru Language, Lake Eyre Basin, South Australia (PDF) (Series C - 128 ed.). PACIFIC LINGUISTICS. pp. 20–23. ISBN 0-85883-425-1.
  13. ^ Paterson, Alistair (2003). "The texture of agency: an example of culture-contact in central Australia" (PDF). Archaeology in Oceania. 38 (2): 52–65. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.2003.tb00529.x.
  14. ^ "STRANGWAYS SPRINGS STATION". Pictorial Australian. 1891-02-01. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  15. ^ "SKETCHES IN THE INTERIOR–MESSRS. WARREN & HOGARTH'S STRANG WAYS SPRINGS STATION". Pictorial Australian. 1891-02-01. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  16. ^ Shaw, Bruce (1995). Our Heart Is the Land: Aboriginal Reminiscences from the Western Lake Eyre Basin. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. p. 14.
  17. ^ Parkes, Rebecca (2009). "Traces of the cameleers: Landscape archaeology and landscape perception" (PDF). Australasian Historical Archaeology. 27: 92.
  18. ^ Fuller, Basil (1975). The Ghan: the story of the Alice Springs Railway. Adelaide: Rigby. pp. 109–147.
  19. ^ "THE STRANGWAYS SPRINGS RAILWAY". South Australian Weekly Chronicle. 1886-09-25. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  20. ^ "THE PREMIER'S VISIT TO THE NORTH". Evening Journal. 1888-04-26. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  21. ^ Harris, Colin (2020). "Five Decades of Watching Mound Springs in South Australia" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. 126: 213–224. doi:10.5962/p.357847.
  22. ^ "Friends of Mound Springs". Friends of Mound Springs. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  23. ^ Dodd v State of South Australia [2012] FCA 519, https://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2012/2012fca0519
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