In Greek mythology, Rhodos/Rhodus (Ancient Greek: Ῥόδος, romanized: Rhódos) or Rhode (Ancient Greek: Ῥόδη, romanized: Rhódē), was the goddess and personification of the island of Rhodes and a wife of the sun god Helios.[1]
| Rhodos | |
|---|---|
Goddess of Rhodes | |
| Abode | Rhodes |
| Symbol | rose |
| Genealogy | |
| Parents |
|
| Siblings | Triton and Benthesikyme (full siblings by Amphitrite) Several paternal half-siblings Several maternal half-siblings (by Aphrodite) |
| Consort | Helios |
| Children | Actis, Candalus, Cercaphus, Electryone, Macareus, Ochimus, Tenages and Triopas |
Family
editVarious parents were given for Rhodos. Pindar makes her a daughter of Aphrodite with no father mentioned,[2] although scholia on Pindar add Poseidon as the father;[3] for Herodorus of Heraclea she was the daughter of Aphrodite and Poseidon,[4] while according to Diodorus Siculus she was the daughter of Poseidon and Halia, one of the Telchines, the original rulers of Rhodes.[5] According to Apollodorus (referring to her as "Rhode") she was a daughter of Poseidon and Amphitrite, and full sister to Triton.[6] However, for Epimenides, her father was Oceanus,[7] while according to a scholion on Odyssey 17.208 (calling her "Rhode"), her father was the river-god Asopus, thus making her a Naiad.[8] Perhaps misreading Pindar, Asclepiades ("presumably the mythographer" Asclepiades of Tragilus) gives her father as Helios.[9]
Rhode together with Helios or Poseidon were the ancestors of Ialysus, Cameirus and Lindus, eponyms of the cities of Rhodes.[10][AI-generated source?]
Mythology
editThe poet Pindar tells the story, that when the gods drew lots for the places of the earth, Helios being absent received nothing. He complained to Zeus about it, who offered to make the division again. Helios refused, for he had seen a new island about to rise from the sea. So Helios, with Zeus' consent, claimed a new island (Rhodes), which had not yet risen from the sea. And after it rose from the sea he lay with her and produced seven sons.[11] According to another source, it was Helios himself who caused the water overflowing the island to disappear, and after that he named this island "Rhodes" after Rhodos.[12]
By Helios, Rhodos was the mother of the Heliadae, who succeeded the Telchines as rulers of Rhodes. According to Pindar, Rhodos had, by Helios, seven sons.[13] Pindar does not name the sons, but according to Diodorus Siculus, the Heliadae were Ochimus, Cercaphus, Actis, Macar (i.e. Macareus), Candalus, Triopas, and Tenages.[14] Diodorus Siculus also says that Helios and Rhodos had one daughter, Electryone. A scholion to Pindar gives the same list of sons, with Macareus (for Macar) and naming the last Heliadae as Phaethon, "the younger, whom the Rhodians call Tenages".[15] The older Phaethon referred to here probably being the famous Phaethon (whose story is told by Ovid) who drove Helios' chariot.[16] The scholion on Odyssey 17.208 (perhaps drawing on either of the lost tragedies Heliades (Daughters of Helios) by Aeschylus, and Phaethon, by Euripides), also makes Rhodos the mother, by Helios, of this famous Phaethon, as well as three daughters: Lampetie, Aigle, and Phaethousa.[17] (In the Odyssey, Lampetie and Phaethousa, the shepherds of Helios' cattle and sheep on Thrinacia, are instead the daughters of Helios by Neaera.)[18]
When Aphrodite cursed Helios and made him fall in love with a mortal princess named Leucothoe, he is said to have forgotten about Rhodos, among other lovers.[19]
Culture
editWhile Rhodian coins were known for displaying the magnificent head of Helios, some of them showed the head of Rhodos; additionally, the rose (Greek rhodon) became the island's symbol.[20] During the Hellenistic period, she was worshipped in Rhodes as the island's tutelary goddess.[21]
Notes
edit- ^ Fowler 2013, pp. 14, 591–592; Hard, pp. 43, 105; Grimal, p. 404 "Rhode", pp. 404–405 "Rhodus"; Smith, "Rhode" , "Rhodos"; Pindar, Olympian 7.71–74; Diodorus Siculus, 5.56.3
- ^ Pindar, Olympian Odes 7.14
- ^ Scholia on Pindar, Olympian Odes 7.25
- ^ Herodorus, fr. 62 Fowler (Fowler 2000, p. 253), apud schol. Pindar Olympian 7.24–5; Fowler 2013, p. 591.
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, 5.55.4
- ^ Apollodorus, 1.4.5 (with Frazer's note 3); Fowler 2013, p. 14.
- ^ Epimenides, fr. 11 Fowler (Fowler 2000, p. 98); Fowler 2013, p. 14
- ^ Apollodorus, 3.14.3 n. 2 with commentary of Frazer; Fowler 2013, p. 591
- ^ Fowler 2013, p. 14
- ^ Tzetzes ad Lycophron, 923 (Gk text)
- ^ Pindar, Olympian Ode 7.54–74. According to Gantz, p. 31, this "tale survives only in Pindar (and may well be a local tradition or poetic invention)".
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, 5.56.3
- ^ Pindar, Olympian Ode 7.71–74
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, 5.56.5
- ^ Scholion to Pindar, Olympian 7.132a (Fowler 2001, p. 205), which quotes Hellanicus of Lesbos as calling their mother "Rhode" rather than "Rhodos". Fowler 2013, p. 591 in his list of the sons of Rhodos and Helios given by the scholion to Pindar, omits (apparently inadvertently) Ochimos, though he does mention him later (p. 592) as one of the brothers (along with Cercaphus) as not having participated in the murder of Tenages.
- ^ Fowler 2013, p. 592, says that "It is probably safe to assume ... but not quite certain". For Ovid's account see Metamorphoses 1.750–2.324
- ^ Gantz, p. 32; Frazer, note 2 to Apollodorus, 3.14.3; Fowler 2013, p. 591. The scholion cites "the tragedians" as his source; for an account of these two lost plays, and their being possible sources for the scholion, see Gantz, pp. 31–32.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 12.131–133; Gantz, pp. 30, 34
- ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.192–270
- ^ Larson, p. 207
- ^ Eiben, Susanne (2006). "Rhode". In Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth; et al. (eds.). Rhode. Brill's New Pauly. Brill Reference Online. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1022570. Retrieved April 27, 2023.
References
edit- Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Diodorus Siculus, Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History. Translated by C. H. Oldfather. Twelve volumes. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. 5.55.
- Fowler, R. L. (2000), Early Greek Mythography: Volume 1: Text and Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0198147404.
- Fowler, R. L. (2013), Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0198147411.
- Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2).
- Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1.
- Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, ISBN 9780415186360.
- Homer; The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Larson, Jennifer, Greek Nymphs: Myth, Cult, Lore, Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-19-512294-1.
- Ovid, Metamorphoses, Brookes More. Boston. Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Pindar, Odes, Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873).
- Tzetzes, Chiliades, editor Gottlieb Kiessling, F.C.G. Vogel, 1826. (English translation, Books II–IV, by Gary Berkowitz. Internet Archive).