Racecadotril, also known as acetorphan, is an antidiarrheal medication which acts as a peripheral enkephalinase inhibitor.[3] Unlike other opioid medications used to treat diarrhea, which reduce intestinal motility, racecadotril has an antisecretory effect — it reduces the secretion of water and electrolytes into the intestine.[3] It is available in France (where it was first introduced in ~1990) and other European countries (including Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, Poland, Finland, Russia and the Czech Republic) as well as most of South America and some South East Asian countries (including China, India and Thailand), but not in the United States. It is sold under the tradename Hidrasec, among others.[4] Thiorphan is the active metabolite of racecadotril, which exerts the bulk of its inhibitory actions on enkephalinases.[5]
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| Clinical data | |
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| Trade names | Hidrasec, Tiorfan, Zedott, others |
| Other names | Benzyl 2-[3-(acetylthio)-2-benzylpropanamido]acetate |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
| Routes of administration | By mouth |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Protein binding | 90% (active metabolite thiorphan)[2] |
| Metabolism | Liver-mediated[2] |
| Onset of action | 30 min |
| Elimination half-life | 3 hours[2] |
| Excretion | Urine (81.4%), feces (8%)[2] |
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| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.214.352 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C21H23NO4S |
| Molar mass | 385.48 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
| Chirality | Racemic mixture |
| Melting point | 89 °C (192 °F) |
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Medical uses
editRacecadotril is used for the treatment of acute diarrhea in children and adults and has better tolerability than loperamide, as it causes less constipation and flatulence.[6][7] Several guidelines have recommended racecadotril use in addition to oral rehydration treatment in children with acute diarrhea.[8]
Contraindications
editRacecadotril has no contraindications apart from known hypersensitivity to the substance.[9][10]
There is insufficient data for the therapy of chronic diarrhea, for patients with renal or hepatic failure, and for children under three months. Additional contraindications for the children's formulation are hereditary fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption and saccharase deficiency, as it contains sugar.[7][9]
Side effects
editThe most common adverse effect is headache, which occurs in 1–2% of patients.[7] Rashes occur in fewer than 1% of patients. Other described skin reactions include itching, urticaria, angioedema, erythema multiforme, and erythema nodosum.[9][10]
Overdose
editNo cases of overdose are known. Adults have tolerated 20-fold therapeutic doses without ill effects.[10]
Interactions
editNo interactions in humans have been described. Combining racecadotril with an ACE inhibitor can theoretically increase the risk for angioedema.[9][10]
Racecadotril and its main metabolites neither inhibit nor induce the liver enzymes CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4. They also do not induce UGT enzymes.[10] This means that racecadotril has a low potential for pharmacokinetic interactions.
Pharmacology
editMechanism of action
editEnkephalins are peptides produced by the body that act on opioid receptors with preference for the δ subtype.[11] Activation of δ receptors inhibits the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, decreasing intracellular levels of the messenger molecule cAMP.[7]
The active metabolite of racecadotril, thiorphan, inhibits enkephalinase enzymes in the intestinal epithelium with an IC50 of 6.1 nM, protecting enkephalins from being broken down by these enzymes. (Racecadotril itself is much less potent at 4500 nM.)[7][8] This reduces diarrhea related hypersecretion in the small intestine without influencing basal secretion. Racecadotril also has no influence on the time substances, bacteria or virus particles stay in the intestine.[10]
Pharmacokinetics
edittop left: precursor to the active metabolite
top right: active metabolite
bottom row: inactive metabolites
Racecadotril is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and reaches Cmax within 60 minutes. Food delays Cmax by 60 to 90 minutes but does not affect the overall bioavailability. Racecadotril is rapidly and effectively metabolized to the moderately active S-acetylthiorphan the main active metabolite thiorphan, of which 90% are bound to blood plasma proteins. In therapeutic doses, racecadotril does not pass the blood–brain barrier. Inhibition of enkephalinases starts 30 minutes after administration, reaches its maximum (75–90% inhibition with a therapeutic dose) two hours after administration, and lasts for eight hours. The elimination half-life, measured from enkephalinase inhibition, is three hours.[7][8][9]
Thiorphan is further metabolized to inactive metabolites such as the methyl thioether and the methyl sulfoxide. Both active and inactive metabolites are excreted, mostly via the kidney (81.4%), and to a lesser extent via the feces (8%).[10]
Society and culture
editBrand names
editIn France, Portugal and Spain it is sold as Tiorfan and in Italy as Tiorfix. In India it is available as Redotril and Enuff.[4] In the Philippines it is sold as Hidrasec.
See also
edit- Ecadotril, the (S)-enantiomer of racecadotril
- D/DL-Phenylalanine
- RB-101
References
edit- ^ "Active substance: racecadotril" (PDF). List of nationally authorised medicinal products. European Medicines Agency. 26 November 2020.
- ^ a b c d "SPC-DOC_PL 39418-0003.PDF" (PDF). Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Bioprojet Europe Ltd. 26 December 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2014.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b Matheson AJ, Noble S (April 2000). "Racecadotril". Drugs. 59 (4): 829–35, discussion 836–7. doi:10.2165/00003495-200059040-00010. PMID 10804038.
- ^ a b Brayfield A, ed. (13 December 2013). "Racecadotril". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
- ^ Spillantini MG, Geppetti P, Fanciullacci M, Michelacci S, Lecomte JM, Sicuteri F (June 1986). "In vivo 'enkephalinase' inhibition by acetorphan in human plasma and CSF". European Journal of Pharmacology. 125 (1): 147–150. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(86)90094-4. PMID 3015640.
- ^ Fischbach W, Andresen V, Eberlin M, Mueck T, Layer P (2016). "A Comprehensive Comparison of the Efficacy and Tolerability of Racecadotril with Other Treatments of Acute Diarrhea in Adults". Frontiers in Medicine. 3: 44. doi:10.3389/fmed.2016.00044. PMC 5064048. PMID 27790616.
- ^ a b c d e f Dinnendahl V, Fricke U, eds. (1982). Arzneistoff-Profile (in German). Eschborn, Germany: Govi Pharmazeutischer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7741-9846-3.
- ^ a b c Eberlin M, Mück T, Michel MC (2012). "A comprehensive review of the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical effects of the neutral endopeptidase inhibitor racecadotril". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 3: 93. doi:10.3389/fphar.2012.00093. PMC 3362754. PMID 22661949.
- ^ a b c d e Mediq.ch: racecadotril. Accessed 2019-12-30.
- ^ a b c d e f g Haberfeld H, ed. (2019). Austria-Codex (in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Hidrasec 100 mg-Hartkapseln.
- ^ Cumming P, Marton J, Lilius TO, Olberg DE, Rominger A (November 2019). "A Survey of Molecular Imaging of Opioid Receptors". Molecules. 24 (22): 4190. doi:10.3390/molecules24224190. PMC 6891617. PMID 31752279.
External links
editMedia related to Racecadotril at Wikimedia Commons
- "Racecadotril". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.