Phenol red (also known as phenolsulfonphthalein or PSP) is a pH indicator frequently used in cell biology laboratories.
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3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.005.100 |
PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C19H14O5S | |
| Molar mass | 354.38 g·mol−1 |
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| V04CH03 (WHO) | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Chemical structure and properties
editPhenol red exists as a red crystal that is stable in air. Its solubility is 0.77 grams per liter (g/L) in water and 2.9 g/L in ethanol.[1] It is a weak acid with pKa = 8.00 at 20 °C (68 °F).
A solution of phenol red is used as a pH indicator, often in cell culture. Its color exhibits a gradual transition from yellow (λmax = 443 nm[2]) to red (λmax = 570 nm[3]) over the pH range 6.8 to 8.2. Above pH 8.2, phenol red turns a bright pink (fuchsia) color.[4][5]
| Phenol red (pH indicator) | ||
| below pH 6.8 | above pH 8.2 | |
| 6.8 | ⇌ | 8.2 |
In crystalline form, and in solution under very acidic conditions (low pH), the compound exists as a zwitterion as in the structure shown above, with the sulfate group negatively charged, and the ketone group carrying an additional proton. This form is sometimes symbolically written as H+
2PS−
and is orange-red. If the pH is increased (pKa = 1.2), the proton from the ketone group is lost, resulting in the yellow, negatively charged ion denoted as HPS−. At still higher pH (pKa = 7.7), the phenol's hydroxy group loses its proton, resulting in the red ion denoted as PS2−.[6]
In several sources, the structure of phenol red is shown with the sulfur atom being part of a cyclic group, similar to the structure of phenolphthalein.[1][7] However, this cyclic structure could not be confirmed by X-ray crystallography.[8]
Several indicators share a similar structure to phenol red, including bromothymol blue, thymol blue, bromocresol purple, thymolphthalein, and phenolphthalein. (A table of other common chemical indicators is available in the article on pH indicators.)
Uses
editPhenolsulfonphthalein test
editPhenol red was used by Leonard Rowntree and John Geraghty in the phenolsulfonphthalein test to estimate the overall blood flow through the kidney in 1911.[9] It was the first test of kidney function and was used for almost a century but is now obsolete.
The test is based on the fact that phenol red is excreted almost entirely in the urine. Phenol red solution is administered intravenously; the urine produced is collected. By measuring the amount of phenol red excreted colorimetrically, kidney function can be determined.[10]
Indicator for cell cultures
editMost living tissues prosper at a near-neutral pH—that is, a pH close to 7. The pH of blood ranges from 7.35 to 7.45, for instance. When cells are grown in tissue culture, the medium in which they grow is held close to this physiological pH. A small amount of phenol red added to this growth medium will have a pink-red color under normal conditions. Typically, 15 mg/L are used for cell culture.
In the event of problems, waste products produced by dying cells or overgrowth of contaminants will cause a change in pH, leading to a change in indicator color. For example, a culture of relatively slowly dividing mammalian cells can be quickly overgrown by bacterial contamination. This usually results in an acidification of the medium, turning it yellow. Many biologists find this a convenient way to rapidly check on the health of tissue cultures. In addition, the waste products produced by the mammalian cells themselves will slowly decrease the pH, gradually turning the solution orange and then yellow. This color change is an indication that even in the absence of contamination, the medium needs to be replaced (generally, this should be done before the medium has turned completely orange).
Since the color of phenol red can interfere with some spectrophotometric and fluorescent assays, many types of tissue culture media are also available without phenol red.
Estrogen mimic
editPhenol red is a weak estrogen mimic, and in cell cultures can enhance the growth of cells that express the estrogen receptor.[11] It has been used to induce ovarian epithelial cells from post-menopausal women to differentiate into cells with properties of oocytes (eggs), with potential implications for both fertility treatment and stem cell research.[12]
Use in swimming pool test kits
editPhenol red, sometimes labelled with a different name, such as "Guardex Solution #2", is used as a pH indicator in home swimming pool test kits.[13]
Chlorine can result in the bleaching of the dye in the absence of thiosulfate to inhibit the oxidizing chlorine. High levels of bromine can convert phenol red to bromophenol red (dibromophenolsulfonephthalein, whose lowered pKa results in an indicator with a range shifted in the acidic direction – water at pH 6.8 will appear to test at 7.5). Even higher levels of bromine (>20 ppm) can result in the secondary conversion of bromophenol red to bromophenol blue with an even lower pKa, erroneously giving the impression that the water has an extremely high pH despite being dangerously low.[14]
References
edit- ^ a b Merck Index, 11th ed., 7213 Phenolsulfonphtalein
- ^ Saha, U.; Mukherjea, K. K. (2015). "Development of a multifunctional biomimicking L-cysteine based oxovanadium(IV) complex: synthesis, DFT calculations, bromo-peroxidation and nuclease activity". RSC Advances. 5 (114): 94462–94473. Bibcode:2015RSCAd...594462S. doi:10.1039/C5RA19585C.
- ^ Mills, A.; Skinner, G. A. (2011). "A novel 'fizziness' indicator". The Analyst. 136 (5): 894–896. Bibcode:2011Ana...136..894M. doi:10.1039/c0an00610f. PMID 21210046.
- ^ Merck Index, 13th ed., 7329 Phenolsulfonphthalein
- ^ Beilstein 5-19-03-00457
- ^ Tamura, Z.; Maeda M. (1997). "Differences between phthaleins and sulfonphthaleins". Yakugaku Zasshi (in Japanese). 117 (10–11): 764–770. doi:10.1248/yakushi1947.117.10-11_764. PMID 9414589.
- ^ "Phenolsulfonphthalein". PubChem. NIH.
- ^ Yamaguchi, K.; Tamura, Z.; Maeda, M. (1997). "Molecular Structure of the Zwitterionic Form of Phenolsulfonphthalein". Analytical Sciences. 13 (3): 521–522. doi:10.2116/analsci.13.521.
- ^ GERAGHTY, J. T.; ROWNTREE, L. G. (2 September 1911). "The Phenolsulphonephthalein Test for Estimating Renal Function". Journal of the American Medical Association. LVII (10): 811. doi:10.1001/jama.1911.04260090033014.
- ^ "Phenolsulfonphthalein Test". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Berthois, Y.; Katzenellenbogen, J. A.; Katzenellenbogen, B. S. (1986). "Phenol red in tissue culture media is a weak estrogen: Implications concerning the study of estrogen-responsive cells in culture". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 83 (8): 2496–2500. Bibcode:1986PNAS...83.2496B. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.8.2496. PMC 323325. PMID 3458212.
- ^ Bukovsky, A.; Svetlikova, M.; Caudle, M. R. (2005). "Oogenesis in Cultures Derived from Adult Human Ovaries" (PDF). Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 3 (5): 17. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-3-17. PMC 1131924. PMID 15871747.
- ^ Guardex Solution 2 – Phenol Red Material Safety Data Sheet
- ^ Effect of Bromine on Phenol Red in pH Tests