The Masovian dialect group (Polish: dialekt mazowiecki), also Mazovian, is a dialect group of the Polish language spoken in Mazovia and historically related regions, in northeastern Poland.[1] It is the most distinct of the Polish dialects and the most expansive.[1]
| Masovian dialect group | |
|---|---|
| dialekty mazowieckie | |
| Native to | Poland |
| Region | Mazovian Voivodeship, Podlaskie Voivodeship, Lublin Voivodeship, Warmia-Mazuria Voivodeship |
| Latin (Polish alphabet) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
| Linguasphere | 53-AAA-cc (varieties: 53-AAA-cca to 53-AAA-ccu) |
Mazovian dialects may exhibit such features as mazurzenie, sandhi (intervocalic voicing of obstruents on word boundaries), and asynchronous palatal pronunciation of labial consonants (so-called softening). Characteristics include:
- Depalatalization of velars before /ɛ/ and palatalization of velars before historical /ɛ̃/; e.g. standard Polish rękę, nogę ('arm', 'leg', in the accusative case) is rendered [ˈrɛŋkʲɛ], [ˈnɔɡʲɛ] respectively instead of [ˈrɛŋkɛ], [ˈnɔɡɛ];
- /li/ sequences realized [lɪ] instead of [lʲi];
- merger of the retroflex series sz, ż, cz, dż into the alveolar s, z, c, dz;
- /ɨ/ > /i/ before certain consonants;
- the Old Polish dual number marker -wa continues to be attached to verbs;
- Standard Polish /ɔ̃/ and /ɛ̃/ merged with /u/ and /a/ respectively, in most situations;
- certain instances of a > e;
- [mʲ] > [ɲ]
Masovian dialects also contain certain vocabulary that is distinct from the standard Polish language and shares common characteristics with the Kashubian language.[2]
List of dialects
editDescended from the language of the Mazovians,[3][4] the dialects are:[5]
Features of the region
editFeatures that can be found in various intensities and distributions in the region include:[6]
- Labiovelarization of *telt > tëłt > tołt > tłot *pelti > płoc (Compare Polish pleć) (perhaps with the exception of słoʒona, sledziona)
- *TorT > TroT
- *ľ̥ > l̥ except in Pľ̥T́PK (po wargowych, a przed palatalnymi, wargowymi, i tylkojęzykowymi)
- remaining *ľ̥ in Pľ̥T́PK > ‘el: ḿelli, hard *l̥ > oł (Stolpsko), Pľ̥T (after a labial, before a hard postalveolar > ṔołT: v́ołna
- hardening of consonants before *ŕ̥t> ar: tfardi except źarno and śarno
- interword devoicing of consonants before voiceless consonants, liquids, or vowels: sat rośnie, sat urós, ukratem, zav́eśmi (zawieźmy)
- w > v/f trój, kfiat, *χw > χv > χf > f fała (chwała)
- mazurzenie: š ž č ǯ > s z c ʒ: scekać (szczekać, or a merger of the retroflexes and palatal sibilants into postalveolar: szcziekać, sziano
- Old Polish ḷ > ł > u̯, especially in West Masovia
- Hardening of Old Polish ľ > l even before i: lis
- Decomposition of soft labials: ṕ, b́, f́, v́, ḿ > pš/pχ́, bž/bɣ́, vź, fś, mń: kurpχ́/karpś, pafχ́/ołófš́, mniasto, also śfat (świat), niedźwiedź (earlier mniedźwiedź)
- Simplification of resulting clusters containing labials: ołóš́, źara (wiara), niasto
- śř, źř > śr, źr, środa, źrėbåk
- penultimate stress
- Loss aje> ā, grai̯e > grā
- preference for pochylone ȯ (kłȯtka, skȯlni)
- ir > ėr, sėrce
- *y > i, sin, dim, dwa ribi (compare decomposition of bilabials)
- Fronting of Old Polish short ă, even softening velars, pråvdä, ḱäńå täg vołå, sometimes merging with e
- a > ä > e in some Old Polish texts
- i̯a- > i̯ä- > i̯e-: i̯epko
- ra- > rä- > re-: reno
- -ar- > -är- > -er-: umer, derń (compare also umárł)
- frequent and common *ěT > ä > e: osierze (ofiara)
- ăN > äN > śäno
- á > a: dobra trawä
- loss of the phonemically short nasal in short syllables into a front, middle noasal between a and e, indifferent to the width of the opening of ą̈: zą̈bi, sometimes going to ą (ćąsko) or ę (ćęsko), or sometimes denazalisation in unstressed codas or before sibilants (i̯azik, i̯ėnzik)
- lost of the phonemically long nasal vowel ą̄ > ǫ and in regions touching Małopolska > ų, with frequent denasalization as above (kśůska)
- -išče > -isko
- spread of -isty, -asty
- replacement of -’ev in soft stems with -’ov in the 16th century, and occasional hypercorrection to adding -’ev after hard stems: synev́i
- establishment of od(-) (<*otъ) before vowels and liquids, od okna, odnaleźć in the 15th century
- loss via analogy of mobile e: do Suvȧłk
- spread of -ywać
- replacement of neuter nouns ending in -ę with -ak: ćelȧk
- replacement of -eć infinitives with -ić/-yć: lezyć
- replacement of the superlative nȧ- with nai̯-
- establishment of voiced z(-) before vowels and liquids: zleźć, z ńim
- replacement of the locative plural -’eχ with -aχ in the middle of the 16th century
- mixing of the dative endings -ov́i with -u > -ov́u: bratoźu, χłopakoɣ́u, wołoju
- replacement of the genitive singular soft-stem ending -’e (<*-ě₃) with -i: z źä(m)ńi
- replacement of the nominative/accusative neuter ending -ē < *-ьje with -ĕ with declensions from *-jo-: zboze
- replacement of the genitive/locative adjective/pronoun plural ending -iχ with -ėχ
- sporadic use of adjective/pronoun endings for some nouns
- replacement of neuter/feminine dv́e with dva: dva krovi, dva okna
- replacement of the ending -i for numerals from 5-10 with -u: z dvu, seśću, or ṕę̇ćuχ
- replacement of ā < *ěja in preterite forms with the reflex of *ě by analogy: mńāł, mńăłă, mńeli
- loss of -ui̯e, -ovać (-ivać) in some verbs: kupać, zlatać
- loss of the dual with the dual form -ta replacing the second person plural: ńeśeta, ńeśta with -će being used for formal forms: ńeśeće
- in some subdialects spread of the first person dual -va in the present: ńeśeva
- in some subdialects replacement of the first person imperative -m with -my: ńeśmi or more often with -va: ńeźva, and occasional contamination of the two with -ma: neśma
- in the first person compound past (nosił(a) + jeśḿ) > -eśḿ > -(e)m: nosiłem/uśatem
- first person past: ńeśli(je)sm > neśliśmy, and also replacement with the dual: bẏliźva or -śma: nośiliśma
- merger of masculine personal with masculine animal endings by spread of -y and -e
- regional replacement of -li with -ły: spałi (for m.pr and m.an)
- regional replacement of -ły with -li: spali (for m.pr and m.an)
References
edit- ^ a b "Gwary polskie – Dialekt mazowiecki". gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 2011-04-14. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ "Slavic languages – Encyclopædia Britannica". britannica.com. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz (1968). Gwara warszawska dawniej i dziś (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. p. 516.
- ^ Halina Karas, Gwary Polskie, Dialects and gwary in Poland Archived 2011-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Karaś, Halina (2010). "Dialekt mazowiecki". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
- ^ Karol Dejna (1973). Dialekty polskie. pp. 242–248.
Bibliography
edit- Barbara Bartnicka (red.): Polszczyzna Mazowsza i Podlasia. Łomża-Warszawa 1993.
- Anna Basara: Studia nad wokalizmem w gwarach Mazowsza. Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków 1965.
- Anna Cegieła: Polski Słownik terminologii i gwary teatralnej. Wrocław 1992.
- Jadwiga Chludzińska-Świątecka: Ze studiów nad słowotwórstwem gwar mazowieckich. Poradnik Językowy, z. 6, 1961, s. 253–258.
- Karol Dejna: Dialekty polskie. Ossolineum 1993.
- Barbara Falińska (red.): Gwary Mazowsza, Podlasia i Suwalszczyzny.ɴ I. Filipów, pow. Suwałki, Białystok, 2004.
- Województwo płockie. Uniwersytet Łódzki, Łódź-Płock 1984.