The Ludza dialect or Lutsi (Ludzī kīļ) is a dialect of South Estonian that was spoken in Latvia by the Ludza Estonians near the town of Ludza in Latvia. Ludza is the most similar to the Seto dialect of South Estonian.[1] The Ludza dialect has historically been on a decline and is now extinct. It was estimated that around 800 people spoke Ludza in 1894, and by 1936 this number had decreased to only around 30 to 40 people. The last native speaker of the Ludza dialect was Nikolājs Nikonovs, who was from the village of Lielie Tjapši. He died in 2006, but some people still have limited knowledge of the dialect.[1] The last knowledgeable language user with passive knowledge, Antonīna Nikonova, died later in 2014.[2]
| Ludza | |
|---|---|
| Lutsi | |
| Ludzī kīļ | |
| Native to | Latvia |
| Region | Latgale |
| Ethnicity | Ludza Estonians |
| Extinct | 2006 with the death of Nikolājs Nikonovs or 2014 with the death of Antonīna Nikonova, some people with slight knowledge remain |
| Revival | Primer in Ludza published in 2020 |
| Latin script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | luts1235 |
 The Ludza area is the enclave at the bottom of the map. | |
History
editThe origin of the Ludza people is a mystery, and there are many theories about it. Lutsis themselves had many stories about their origins, one of the stories is about fleeing from Sweden. In 1893 Oskar Kallas found Ludzi speakers in 53 villages around Mērdzene, Pilda, Nirza and Brigi. There were attempts to get Ludza to be taught in schools, and at creating a standard written form. However these efforts were stopped by Ulmanis. Paulopriit Voolaine, who attempted to create Ludza education was banned from entering Latvia. During the Soviet occupation, Voolaine visited the Lutsis again. Lutsi dialect persisted the longest in Lielie Tjapši.[3]
Current situation
editThe Ludza people are still mostly aware of their heritage and some can make sentences in Ludza and know a few words. The Ludza people have in recent times connected with Livonians and in 2019 a Ludza song was performed at a Livonian culture event.[4] In the year 2020 a book was published for studying the Ludza dialect called "Lutsi kiele lementar" by Uldis Balodis.[5][6] Lutsis who live in the area around Mērdzene generally have no knowledge of the Ludza dialect but areas south of the town of Ludza near Pilda have more knowledge of the language.[7]
Phonology
edit| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Post-alveolar/Palatal | Velar | Laryngeal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||
| Stop | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| Affricate | t͡s | ||||
| Fricative | (f) v | s | (ʃ) (ʒ) | (x) | h |
| Liquid | r | j | |||
| Lateral | ɫ |
- All consonants except the glottal stop can be palatalized.
- Native obstruents are voiced intervocalically.
- /ɫ/ is pronounced as a plain lateral before front vowels.
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |
| High | i | y | ɤ~ɯ | u |
| Mid | e | ø | o | |
| Low | æ | ɑ | ||
- /i/ is the only neutral vowel; however, /e/ can appear in non-initial syllables in back harmonic words.
- /e/ is more retracted in back harmonic words.
- The non-low back unrounded vowels are in free variation.
There is a ternary length distinction in disyllables. In short disyllables the second syllable is longer than the first, in long disyllables both are of equal length and in overlong disyllables the first syllable is longer than the second.[8]
| Short (Nominative/Genitive) |
Long (Partitive) |
Overlong (Illative) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| "deep" | sy.væˑ | syv.væˑ | syvˑ.væ |
| "name" | ni.miˑ | nim.meˑ | nimˑ.me |
| "ice" | je.ɡæˑ (nom.) | jek.kæˑ | jekˑ.kæ |
Alphabet
edita, ā, ä, ǟ, b, b̦, d, d̦, e, ē, f, g, ģ, h, h̦, i, ī, j, k, ķ, l, ļ, m, m̦, n, ņ, o, ō, ö, ȫ, p, p̦, q, r, ŗ, s, ș, š, t, ț, u, ū, ü, ǖ, v, v̦, y, ȳ, z, z̦, ž[9]
Examples of Ludza
edit- leib = bread
- vyezi = butter
- kașș = cat
- pinī = dog
- kanā = hen
- majā = house
- tsika = pig
- käzī = hand/arm
- küpǟr = hat
- pǟ = head
- jalg = leg/foot
- tütrik = girl
- sypr = friend
Kuningas lähäț voiska poiga oțșma = The king sent the army to look for the boy
Kost sa neoq kalaq vytiq? = From where did you get those fish?
Sǟd jo imǟ poiga sytta = Still the mother is sending the son to war.
Tulkke mäele = Come up the mountain
Annaq mulle kaq maitsaq = Give it to me to taste, too
Kșondz katenetyiskümneni tunnini maka-aiq = The priest doesn't sleep until twelve o'clock
References
edit- ^ a b "Ludzī kīļ : The Lutsi Language". lutsimaa.lv. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
- ^ ULDIS, BALODIS (2019). "Expeditions among the Lutsi Estonians and the design of Language Learning Materials". University of Latvia Livonian Institute.
- ^ ""Maq Sinnu Sali": The South Estonian Dialect Spoken in Deepest Latvia". 14 November 2016.
- ^ "The Lutsis on Livonian Culture Day". livones.net. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
- ^ "lutsin kieli – Setojen ystävät". setomaa.fi. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
- ^ "LU Lībiešu institūts izdevis "Ludzas igauņu ābeci" (Lutsi kiele lementar) - LV portāls". lvportals.lv. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
- ^ ""Maq Sinnu Sali": the South Estonian Dialect Spoken in Deepest Latvia". Deep Baltic. 14 November 2016. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
- ^ a b c Balodis, Uldis (January 2015). "(PDF) Writing down Lutsi: Creating an orthography for a South Estonian variety of Latgale | Uldis Balodis". Valoda: Nozīme Un Forma 6 / Language: Meaning and Form 6. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
- ^ "Ludsi aabits om valmis saanu". umaleht.ee (in Võro). Retrieved 2023-10-22.
- ^ "Topical Wordlist". lutsimaa.lv. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
- ^ "Nouns and Verbs". lutsimaa.lv. Retrieved 2020-12-26.