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List of deadly fungus species

Although many people have a fear of mushroom poisoning by "toadstools", only a small number of the many macroscopic fruiting bodies commonly known as mushrooms and toadstools have proven fatal to humans.

This list is not exhaustive and does not contain many fungi that, although not deadly, are still harmful. For a less-detailed list of fungi that include non-deadly poisonous species, see List of poisonous fungi.

Fungi with significant risk of death if consumed

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Scientific name Common name Active Agent Toxicity Habitat Similar edible species Picture
Amanita arocheae
Tulloss, Ovrebo & Halling
Latin American death cap amanitins liver Woodland (oak)
Mexico
Volvariella volvacea, Amanita vaginata, Amanita fulva  
Amanita bisporigera
G. F. Atk.
Eastern destroying angel amanitins liver Woodland (pine and oak)
Eastern North America
Agaricus silvicola, Volvariella volvacea  
Amanita exitialis
Zhu L. Yang & T.H. Li
Guangzhou destroying angel amanitins[1][2] liver Deciduous woodland
Guangdong province,
China; India
Amanita fuliginea
Hongo
East Asian brown death cap amanitins liver Woodland
China
 
Amanita magnivelaris
Peck
Great felt skirt destroying angel amanitins[3] liver Americas  
Amanita ocreata
Peck
Western destroying angel amanitins liver Woodland (oak)
Pacific Northwest
North America
 
Amanita phalloides
(Vaill. ex Fr.) Link
death cap amanitins liver Woodland (various)
Europe, North Africa, North America, Australia (SE), New Zealand
Volvariella volvacea,
Russula virescens
Amanita lanei
Tricholoma equestre, Agaricus campestris
 
Amanita smithiana
Bas
smith's lepidella 2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid liver & kidney Woodland
Japan and Pacific Northwest
 
Amanita sphaerobulbosa
Hongo
Asian abrupt-bulbed Lepidella 2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid liver & kidney Mixed woodlands, eastern Asia  
Amanita subpallidorosea
Qing Cai, Zhu L. Yang & Y.Y. Cui
amanitins liver Woodland
China
Amanita subjunquillea
S. Imai
East Asian death cap amanitins liver Woodland
East and Southeast Asia, Japan, India
 
Amanita verna
(Bull.: Fr.) Lam.
Fool's mushroom amanitins liver Woodland (various)
Europe
Agaricus arvensis
Agaricus campestris
Lycoperdon spp.
 
Amanita virosa
(Fr.) Bertillon
European destroying angel amanitins liver Woodland (various)
Europe
Agaricus arvensis
Agaricus campestris
Lycoperdon spp.
 
Calonarius splendens
Rob. Henry
splendid webcap, yellow clubbed foot orellanine kidney  
Conocybe rugosa
(Peck) Singer
more commonly known as Conocybe filaris
amanitins liver grassland, lawns, rich soil and compost
North America, Europe and Asia
Psilocybe spp.  
Claviceps purpurea Ergot ergot alkaloids multiple grass  
Clitocybe dealbata
(Sowerby) Gillet
ivory funnel muscarine CNS grassland
Europe, North America
Marasmius oreades

Clitopilus prunulus

 
Clitocybe rivulosa
(Pers.) P. Kumm.
false champignon muscarine CNS grassland
Europe, North America
Marasmius oreades

Clitopilus prunulus

 
Cortinarius orellanus
Fries
Fool's webcap orellanine kidney Coniferous woodland
Northern Europe
 
Cortinarius rubellus
Cooke
deadly webcap orellanine kidney Coniferous woodland
Northern Europe
 
Cortinarius eartoxicus
Gasparini
deadly webcap orellanine kidney Tasman Peninsula, Tasmania
Galerina marginata
(Batsch) Kühner
autumn skullcap amanitins liver worldwide Kuehneromyces mutabilis
 
Galerina sulciceps
(Batsch) Kühner
toadstool amanitins liver Indonesia  
Gyromitra esculenta
(Pers. ex Pers.) Fr.
false morel gyromitrin and monomethylhydrazine multiple (depletes PLP stores) Coniferous woodlands in the Northern hemisphere Morchella spp.  
Inosperma erubescens
(A. Blytt) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
red-staining inocybe
(prev. I. patouillardii)
muscarine CNS Deciduous woodland (beech)
Europe
Calocybe gambosa,
Agaricus spp.,
Cortinarius caperatus[4]
 
Lepiota brunneoincarnata
Chodat & C. Martín
deadly dapperling amanitins liver Coniferous woodland
Europe
Tricholoma terreum, Marasmius oreades  
Lepiota brunneolilacea
Bon & Boiffard
star dapperling amanitins liver Sand dunes of Western Europe
Lepiota castanea
Quél
chestnut dapperling amanitins liver Coniferous woodland
Europe
 
Lepiota helveola
Bres.
amanitins liver Coniferous woodlands of Europe  
Lepiota subincarnata
deadly parasol amanitins liver Asia, Europe, and North America  
Trichoderma cornu-damae poison fire coral satratoxin-H (a ribosome inactivating small molecule) bone marrow, brain and skin Japan, South Korea, Papua New Guinea, Australia Ganoderma  
Paxillus involutus
(Batsch ex Fr.) Fr.
brown roll-rim unknown, possibly glycoprotein antigen extreme autoimmune reaction with hemolysis Europe and North America  
Trogia venenata
Zhu L.Yang, Y.C.Li & L.P.Tang
Little White (2S,4R)‐2‐amino‐4‐hydroxyhex‐5‐ynoic acid [5] Causes cardiac arrhythmia and hypoglycemia (Yunnan Sudden Death Syndrome) Yunnan, China white Pleurotus

Fungi where isolated deaths have been reported

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Scientific name Common name Active Agent Toxicity Habitat Similar edible species Picture
Amanita muscaria Fly agaric Muscimol CNS Northern hemisphere, coniferous and deciduous woodland Lycoperdon spp.

Calvatia spp.

Amanita caesarea

 
Rubroboletus pulcherrimus
Fr.
Red-pored bolete unknown severe gastrointestinal Woodland
Western North America
Boletus edulis
Neoboletus luridiformis
 
Entoloma sinuatum
(Bull.) P. Kumm.
Livid pinkgill unknown severe gastrointestinal Deciduous woodland
North America, Europe
Clitopilus prunulus
Calocybe gambosa
Entoloma abortivum
 
Hypholoma fasciculare
(Huds.:Fr.) P. Kumm.
sulfur tuft Fasciculol F and E severe gastrointestinal Woodland
Western North America
Armillaria mellea
Hypholoma capnoides
 
Lactarius torminosus
(Schaeff.) Gray
woolly milk-cap unknown severe gastrointestinal Woodland
Northern Europe
Lactarius deliciosus
 
Omphalotus illudens
(Schwein.) Bresinsky & Besl
jack-o'lantern mushroom Illudins M and S, Muscarine severe cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea North America Cantharellus californicus  
Omphalotus japonicus
(Kawam.) Kirchm. & O.K.Mill. (2002)
jack-o'lantern mushroom Illudins M and S, Muscarine severe cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea Japan Pleurotus ostreatus
Lentinula edodes
Panellus serotinus
 
Pleurocybella porrigens Angel Wings Pleurocybellaziridine[6] neurotoxic Woodland (various)
North America, Europe and Asia
Pleurotus pulmonarius  
Russula subnigricans
Hongo
Nisekurohatsu cycloprop-2-ene carboxylic acid rhabdomyolysis worldwide
Tricholoma equestre
(L.) P. Kumm.
yellow knight, man-on-horseback possibly cycloprop-2-ene carboxylic acid? rhabdomyolysis worldwide  

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ Yang Z, Li T (2001). "Notes on three white Amanitae of section Phalloideae (Amanitaceae) from China". Mycotaxon. 78: 439–48. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  2. ^ Hu J, Chen ZH, Zhang ZG, Zhang P (2003). "Analysis of the main amatoxins and phallotoxins in Amanita exitialis, a new species in China". Weishengwu Xuebao. 43 (5): 642–46. ISSN 0001-6209. PMID 16281563.
  3. ^ Logemann H, Argueta J, Guzmán G, Montoya Bello L, Bandala Munoz VM, De Leon Chocooj R (1987). "A deadly poisoning by mushrooms in Guatemala". Revista Mexicana de Micologia (in Spanish). 3: 211–16. ISSN 0187-3180.
  4. ^ Zeitlmayr L. (1976). Wild Mushrooms:An Illustrated Handbook. Hertfordshire: Garden City Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-584-10324-7.
  5. ^ Zhou, Z. Y.; Shi, G. Q.; Fontaine, R.; Wei, K.; Feng, T.; Wang, F.; Wang, G. Q.; Qu, Y.; Li, Z. H.; Dong, Z. J.; Zhu, H. J.; Yang, Z. L.; Zeng, G.; Liu, J. K. (2012). "Evidence for the Natural Toxins from the Mushroom Trogia venenata as a Cause of Sudden Unexpected Death in Yunnan Province, China". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 51 (10): 2368–2370. doi:10.1002/anie.201106502. PMID 22287497.
  6. ^ Wakimoto T, Asakawa T, Akahoshi S, Suzuki T, Nagai K, Kawagishi H, Kan T (2011). "Proof of the existence of an unstable amino acid: pleurocybellaziridine in Pleurocybella porrigens". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 50 (5): 1168–1170. doi:10.1002/anie.201004646. PMID 21268219.