Kēśirāja, also spelled Keshiraja, was a 13th-century Kannada grammarian, poet and writer. He is particularly known for authoring Shabdamanidarpana, an authoritative work on Kannada grammar. According to Dravidian scholar Sheldon Pollock, because of this work he is considered the "greatest theorist of Kannada grammar".[1] He was also a scholar in Sanskrit as well and a court poet (Aasthaana kavi) in the Hoysala Court.
Kesiraja | |
|---|---|
| Born | 13th century CE |
| Died | 13th or 14th century CE |
| Occupation(s) | Kannada grammarian, poet and writer |
| Works | Shabdamanidarpana |
| Father | Mallikarjuna |
Early life
editKesiraja was born in a literary family, comprising several well-known Kannada writers. His father, Mallikarjuna (C. 1245 CE), was a Kannada poet. His maternal uncle was the epic writer Janna.[2] Kesiraja's maternal grandfather was another noted poet, Śankara (Sumanōbana), who was a priest of the Yadava capital and poet laureate to Hoysala King Narasimha I. In some of his works, Kesiraja has referred to himself as Kesava.[3]
| Noted Kannada poets and writers in Hoysala Empire (1100-1343 CE) | |
| Nagachandra | 1105 |
| Kanti | 1108 |
| Rajaditya | 12th. c |
| Harihara | 1160–1200 |
| Udayaditya | 1150 |
| Vritta Vilasa | 1160 |
| Kereya Padmarasa | 1165 |
| Nemichandra | 1170 |
| Sumanobana | 1175 |
| Rudrabhatta | 1180 |
| Aggala | 1189 |
| Palkuriki Somanatha | 1195 |
| Sujanottamsa(Boppana) | 1180 |
| Kavi Kama | 12th c. |
| Devakavi | 1200 |
| Raghavanka | 1200–1225 |
| Bhanduvarma | 1200 |
| Balachandra Kavi | 1204 |
| Parsva Pandita | 1205 |
| Maghanandycharya | 1209 |
| Janna | 1209–1230 |
| Puligere Somanatha | 13th c. |
| Hastimalla | 13th c. |
| Chandrama | 13th c. |
| Somaraja | 1222 |
| Gunavarma II | 1235 |
| Polalvadandanatha | 1224 |
| Andayya | 1217–1235 |
| Sisumayana | 1232 |
| Mallikarjuna | 1245 |
| Naraharitirtha | 1281 |
| Kumara Padmarasa | 13th c. |
| Mahabala Kavi | 1254 |
| Kesiraja | 1260 |
| Kumudendu | 1275 |
| Nachiraja | 1300 |
| Ratta Kavi | 1300 |
| Nagaraja | 1331 |
| Noted Kannada poets and writers in the Seuna Yadava Kingdom | |
| Kamalabhava | 1180 |
| Achanna | 1198 |
| Amugideva | 1220 |
| Chaundarasa | 1300 |
Shabdamanidarpana
editShabdamanidarpana (Kannada: ಶಬ್ದಮಣಿದರ್ಪಣ), ("Jewel-mirror of Grammar") was authored by Kesiraja in 1260 CE. This work remains a comprehensive, authoritative work on Kannada grammar.[4][5] The rules mentioned therein were penned in kanda metre and followed a vrutti style (illustrative commentary by the author himself).[5][6] Though Kesiraja followed the model of Sanskrit grammar of the Katantra school, and that of earlier writings on Kannada grammar, his work has an originality of its own.[7]
The text of Shabdamanidarpana begins with poetry ehalting earlier generations of writer who are cited by Kesiraja as authoritative examples:
The expert way (sumārgam) of Gajaga, Gunanandi, Manasija, Asaga, Candrabhatta, Gunavarma, Srivijaya, Honna (Ponna), Hampa (Pampa), Sujanōttamsa – these provide the illustrative instances (lakshya) in this work. In Shabdamanidarpana, about twenty poets and thirty different works are cited, and almost every rule is explained with quotations. This work points out the Kannada language development through the preceding three centuries.
— Kesiraja (translated)
An attempt at vocabulary building is provided in several parts of the work. There is a list of verbal roots and words containing ḷ and ḹ sounds. There is also a chapter called "PrayŌgasāra" where Kesiraja has quoted a number of rare words along with their meanings.[8]
Passion for grammar
editKesiraja had a passion for grammar, which is evident from his writings through his work Shabdamanidarpana.
Through grammar (correct) words originate; through the words of that grammar, meaning (originates); through meaning the beholding of truth; through the beholding of truth, the desired final beatitude; this (final beatitude) is the fruit for the learned.
— sūtra 10 of the Preface, Shabdamanidarpana – Kesiraja[9]
Literary works
editApart from his extant grammar Shabdamanidarpana, Kesiraja authored several other writings in Kannada, though they are deemed lost:[7]
- Prabodhachandra (ಪ್ರಬೋಧಚಂದ್ರ)
- Chorapalaka Charitam (ಚೋರಪಾಲಕ ಚರಿತ)
- Kiratam (or Kiratarjuniyam) (ಕಿರಾತ)
- Shubhadraharana (ಸುಭದ್ರಾ ಹರಣ)
- Sri Chitramale (ಶ್ರೀ ಚಿತ್ರಮಾಲೆ)
Notes
edit- ^ Pollock 2003, p. 364.
- ^ Rice 1982, p. 44–45.
- ^ "Chapter 6: Chalukyas of Badami" (PDF). Maharashtra State Gazetteer. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2011.
- ^ Kamat, Jyotsna. "History of the Kannada Literature -III". Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
- ^ a b Rice 1982, p. 111.
- ^ Sastri 2002, p. 359.
- ^ a b Encyclopaedia of Indian literature. Vol. 2. Sahitya Akademi. 1988. p. 1476. ISBN 81-260-1194-7.
- ^ Bal Govind Misra. Lexicography in India : Proceedings of the First National Conference on Dictionary Making in Indian Languages. p. 82.
- ^ Kittel 1903, p. 4.
References
edit- Kittel, Ferdinand (1903). A grammar of the Kannada language in English : comprising the three dialects of the language (ancient, mediæval and modern). Mangalore: Basel Mission Book and Tract Depository. ISBN 3-7648-0898-5.
- Pollock, Sheldon (2003). Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22821-9.
- Rice, Edward P. (1982) [1921]. Kannada Literature. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0063-0.
- Sastri, Nilakanta K.A. (2002) [1955]. A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-560686-8.