Judges 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Book of Judges in the Old Testament or the Hebrew Bible.[1] According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel,[2][3] but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans in the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformist Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE.[3][4] This chapter records the activities of Biblical judges Jephthah, Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon.[5] belonging to a section comprising Judges 6:1 to 16:31.[6]
| Judges 12 | |
|---|---|
 The pages containing the Book of Judges in Leningrad Codex (1008 CE). | |
| Book | Book of Judges |
| Hebrew Bible part | Nevi'im |
| Order in the Hebrew part | 2 |
| Category | Former Prophets |
| Christian Bible part | Old Testament (Heptateuch) |
| Order in the Christian part | 7 |
Text
editThis chapter was originally written in Biblical Hebrew. It is divided into 15 verses.
Textual witnesses
editSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[7]
Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).[8][a]
Analysis
editA linguistic study by Robert B. Chisholm reveals that the central part in the Book of Judges (Judges 3:7–16:31) can be divided into two panels based on the six refrains that state that the Israelites did evil in Yahweh's eyes:[10]
Panel One
- A 3:7 ויעשו בני ישראל את הרע בעיני יהוה
- And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD (KJV)[11]
- B 3:12 ויספו בני ישראל לעשות הרע בעיני יהוה
- And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD
- B 4:1 ויספו בני ישראל לעשות הרע בעיני יהוה
- And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD
Panel Two
- A 6:1 ויעשו בני ישראל הרע בעיני יהוה
- And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD
- B 10:6 ויספו בני ישראל לעשות הרע בעיני יהוה
- And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD
- B 13:1 ויספו בני ישראל לעשות הרע בעיני יהוה
- And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD
Furthermore from the linguistic evidence, the verbs used to describe the Lord's response to Israel's sin have chiastic patterns and can be grouped to fit the division above:[12]
Panel One
- 3:8 וימכרם, "and he sold them," from the root מָכַר, makar
- 3:12 ויחזק, "and he strengthened," from the root חָזַק, khazaq
- 4:2 וימכרם, "and he sold them," from the root מָכַר, makar
Panel Two
- 6:1 ויתנם, "and he gave them," from the root נָתַן, nathan
- 10:7 וימכרם, "and he sold them," from the root מָכַר, makar
- 13:1 ויתנם, "and he gave them," from the root נָתַן, nathan
This chapter contains the Jephthah's Narrative, which can be divided into 5 episodes, each with a distinct dialogue, as follows:[13][14]
| Episode | Verses | Dialogue | Verses |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. | 10:6–16 | Israel and Yahweh | 10–15 |
| B. The Ammonite threat | 10:17–11:11 | The elders and Jephthah | 5–11 |
| C. | 11:12–28 | Jephthah and the Ammonite king | 12–28 |
| B'. The Ammonite defeat | 11:29–40 | Jephthah and his daughter | 34–38 |
| A'. | 12:1–7 | Jephthah and the Ephraimites | 1–4a |
Jephthah and the Ephraimites (12:1–7)
editThis section contains the fifth (the final) episode in the Jephthah Narrative.[13][14] As with Gideon in Judges 8:1–3, the Ephraimites complained that they had not been asked to join in the battle (so they could also enjoy the spoils), but this time it ended in a civil war, which the Gileadites, unified by Jephthah, had upperhand.[5] The Gileadites used the pronunciation of the Hebrew word "Shibboleth" to distinguish the Ephraimites, so they could kill them.[15]
Ibzan (12:8–10)
editIbzan succeeded Jephthah as judge for seven years. He had thirty sons and thirty daughters, and when he died, he was buried in his native town, Bethlehem, which is not followed by "Ephratah" or by "Judah" so it could be the Bethlehem of Galilee in the territory of Zebulun (Joshua 19:15).[16]
Elon (12:11–12)
editThe tenth judge succeeded Ibzan, Elon, who was given very few statistics and with no historical exploits, other than he was from the tribe of Zebulun, succeeded Ibzan to judge Israel for ten years. When he died, he was buried in Aijalon in the territory of Zebulun.[17]
Abdon (12:13–15)
editAbdon succeeded Elon, the son of Hillel of Pirathon of the tribe of Ephraim, who had forty sons and thirty grandsons, and judged Israel for eight years, restoring order in the central area of Israel in the aftermath of the civil war involving Jephthah and the Gileadites.[18]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ The whole book of Judges is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[9]
References
edit- ^ Halley 1965, p. 173.
- ^ Talmud, Baba Bathra 14b-15a)
- ^ a b Gilad, Elon (Jun 25, 2015). "Who Really Wrote the Biblical Books of Kings and the Prophets?".
- ^ Niditch 2007, p. 177.
- ^ a b Niditch 2007, p. 185.
- ^ Chisholm 2009, pp. 251–252.
- ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
- ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
- ^
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Chisholm 2009, p. 251.
- ^ Judges 3:7 Hebrew Text Analysis. Biblehub
- ^ Chisholm 2009, p. 252.
- ^ a b Webb 2012, p. 302.
- ^ a b Younger 2002, p. 241.
- ^ Richard Hess; Daniel I. Block; Dale W. Manor (12 January 2016). Joshua, Judges, and Ruth. Zondervan. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-310-52759-6.
- ^ Hirsch, Emil G.; Seligsohn, M. "Ibzan". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906.
- ^ Jastrow, Morris, Jr.; Mendelsohn, Charles J.; Barton, George A. "Elon". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906.
- ^ McCurdy, J. Frederic. "Abdon". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906.
Sources
edit- Chisholm, Robert B. Jr. (2009). "The Chronology of the Book of Judges: A Linguistic Clue to Solving a Pesky Problem" (PDF). Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 52 (2): 247–55.
- Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-528881-0.
- Halley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-25720-4.
- Hayes, Christine (2015). Introduction to the Bible. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18827-1.
- Niditch, Susan (2007). "10. Judges". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 176–191. ISBN 978-0-19-927718-6. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
- Webb, Barry G. (2012). The Book of Judges. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-2628-2.
- Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
- Younger, K. Lawson (2002). Judges and Ruth. The NIV Application Commentary. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-20636-1.
External links
edit- Jewish translations:
- Shoftim - Judges - Chapter 12 (Judaica Press). Hebrew text and English translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
- Christian translations:
- Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
- Judges chapter 12. Bible Gateway