Haplogroup W is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
| Haplogroup W | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 23,900 ybp[1] |
| Possible place of origin | Western Asia |
| Ancestor | N2 |
| Descendants | W1, C194T, W3, W4, W5, W6, W7 |
| Defining mutations | 195 204 207 1243 3505 5460 8251 8994 11947 15884C 16292[2] |
Origin
editHaplogroup W is believed to have originated around 23,900 years ago in Western Asia.[1] It is descended from the haplogroup N2.
Distribution
editHaplogroup W is found in Europe, Western Asia, and South Asia.[3] It is widely distributed at low frequencies, with a high concentration in Northern Pakistan.[4] Haplogroup W is also found in the Maghreb among Algerians (1.08%-3.23%)[5] and in Siberia among Yakuts (6/423 = 1.42%[6]).
Additionally, the clade has been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Ptolemaic Kingdom.[7]
The W5 subclade has been found in a fossil associated with the Starčevo culture (Lánycsók site; 1/1 or 100%).[8]
Ancient DNA analysis found that the medieval individual Sungir 6 (730-850 cal BP) belonged to the W3a1 subclade.[9]
Subclades
editTree
editThis phylogenetic tree of haplogroup W subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[2] and subsequent published research.
- W
- W1 – Italy,[10] Poland,[11] Czech Republic, Slovenia, Finland, Spain, Qashqai people of Iran[12]
- W-C194T
- W3 - Turkey,[20] Azerbaijan,[20][21] India (Jammu and Kashmir,[20][22] Tamil Nadu[20])
- W3a
- W3a1 – Armenians,[23] Turkey[20] (Turkish,[20] Kurd[24]), France (Toulouse,[25] Sarthe[20]), Italy (Tuscany,[26] Sardinia,[27] Sicily,[28] Umbria,[29] Campania,[30] Trentino-Alto Adige[31]), Hungary,[20] Poland,[20][32] Ukraine,[20] Belarus,[20] Russia (Sunghir6 from 750 - 900 ybp Vladimir Oblast,[20] Sverdlovsk Oblast,[20] Omsk Oblast,[20] Ingushetia,[20] Volga Tatar,[20] Chechens[20]), Denmark,[20] Berbers from Morocco,[33] Pakistan (Pashtun,[20] Kho[20]), India,[20] Singapore,[20] United States[20]
- W3a1a
- W3a1a1 – Polish people, Ashkenazi Jews[34]
- W3a1a2 - Russia (Nizhny Novgorod Oblast,[20] Tatar from Buinsk[20])
- W3a1a3 - Poland (Podkarpackie[20]), United States[20]
- W3a1a+T9090C - Pakistan (Kho[20])
- W3a1a+A15325G - Italy (Napoli[20])
- W3a1b – Pakistan (Pashtuns,[20] Sindhi, Azad Kashmir[20]), India[20] (New Delhi,[35] Andhra Pradesh[20]),[36] Bangladesh (Bengali[20]), Thailand[20] (Mon,[citation needed] Thai[citation needed]), China (Shanghai[20]), United States[20] (Hispanic)
- W3a1-T199C
- W3a1c - England,[20] United States,[20] Slovakia,[20] Russia (Ryazan Oblast,[20] Tambov Oblast,[20] Bashkortostan[20]), Kazakhstan,[20] China (Daur[20][37])
- W3a1d – Hungarians,[38][39] Serbia,[40] Republika Srpska,[20] Latvia,[20] Poland,[20] Ukraine,[20] Russia (Ulyanovsk Oblast,[20] Yakuts[41][20]), New Zealand[20]
- W3a1a
- W3a2 – France (Seine-Maritime[20]), Poland,[20] India,[42][20] Uygurs from China[20]
- W3a1 – Armenians,[23] Turkey[20] (Turkish,[20] Kurd[24]), France (Toulouse,[25] Sarthe[20]), Italy (Tuscany,[26] Sardinia,[27] Sicily,[28] Umbria,[29] Campania,[30] Trentino-Alto Adige[31]), Hungary,[20] Poland,[20][32] Ukraine,[20] Belarus,[20] Russia (Sunghir6 from 750 - 900 ybp Vladimir Oblast,[20] Sverdlovsk Oblast,[20] Omsk Oblast,[20] Ingushetia,[20] Volga Tatar,[20] Chechens[20]), Denmark,[20] Berbers from Morocco,[33] Pakistan (Pashtun,[20] Kho[20]), India,[20] Singapore,[20] United States[20]
- W3b – Italy (Calabria[43]), Albania,[20] Serbia,[20] Romania (Bucharest[20]), Bulgarians,[20][44] Turkey,[20] Iraq[20] (Assyrian[45]), Iran,[20] Armenians,[46] Kurds, Tajiks (especially Wakhis and other Pamiris), Pakistan (Burusho, Kho, Makrani), Cambodia,[47] Uyghurs[20]
- W3b1 – Austrians, Ashkenazi Jews[48]
- W3a
- W4 - Denmark,[49] Poland,[50] Italy (Sardinia,[20] Umbria[51]), Pakistan (Sindhis[20]), India (Jammu and Kashmir[20][52]), Mongolia,[20][53] United Kingdom (ancient Orkney[54])
- W4a - England (St Mary Spital, pre-Black Death medieval London, ca. 725 years before present[55]), Ukraine (Russian speaker from Kharkiv Oblast[20]), India,[20] China (Xinjiang ca. 1412 - 1529 years before present[20])
- W4a1 – Finns,[56] Sweden (Dalarna County[20]), Poland (Mazowieckie[20]), Turkey,[20] England,[20] United States[20]
- W4b - Italy,[20] Mongolia[20]
- W4c - Italy,[20] Poland,[20] India[20]
- W4d - Albania,[20] Turkey (Kurds[20][57]), Iraq (Baghdad[20]), Iran (Lorestan[58]), Pakistan (Kho[59])
- W4a - England (St Mary Spital, pre-Black Death medieval London, ca. 725 years before present[55]), Ukraine (Russian speaker from Kharkiv Oblast[20]), India,[20] China (Xinjiang ca. 1412 - 1529 years before present[20])
- W5 - Denmark,[60][20] Poland,[61][20] Serbia,[62][20] Algeria[20] (Batna[63]), Morocco (Berber[64]), Iran (Persian[65]), United States[66][20]
- W5a - Germany,[20] Denmark[67][20]
- W5a1
- W5a1a – Flemish people, Norway (Rogaland[20]), Denmark,[20] Italy (Tuscany[20][68]), Canary Islands,[69] Brazil,[20] Irish people, Polish people,[70][20] Russia (Belgorod Oblast[20][71]), Canada,[20] United States[20]
- W5a1a1 - England,[20] Estonia,[20] Russia (Adyghe in Kabardino-Balkaria[20])
- W5a1a1a
- W5a1a1 - England,[20] Estonia,[20] Russia (Adyghe in Kabardino-Balkaria[20])
- W5a1a – Flemish people, Norway (Rogaland[20]), Denmark,[20] Italy (Tuscany[20][68]), Canary Islands,[69] Brazil,[20] Irish people, Polish people,[70][20] Russia (Belgorod Oblast[20][71]), Canada,[20] United States[20]
- W5a2 - United Kingdom,[20] Denmark,[20] Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia[20]), Poland[20]
- W5a2b
- W5a1
- W5b - Portugal (Azores,[20] Leiria[20])
- W5b1 - Denmark[20]
- W5b1a
- W5b1 - Denmark[20]
- W5a - Germany,[20] Denmark[67][20]
- W6 – Sindhis, Han Chinese from Xi’an city, Italy, Kuwait,[72] Persians[73] from Iran, Russia (North Ossetia,[74] Belgorod Oblast), Kazakhstan, Mongolia
- W7 – Armenians[36]
- W8 – Bedouin of Israel, Yemen, Iran
- W9
- W3 - Turkey,[20] Azerbaijan,[20][21] India (Jammu and Kashmir,[20][22] Tamil Nadu[20])
Famous members
edit- Biologist Rudolf Raff was a member of haplogroup W.[80]
- Journalist and investor Laurel Touby is a member of haplogroup W3a.[81]
- Businesswoman and television host Martha Stewart belongs to haplogroup W6.[82]
See also
editWikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup W (mtDNA).
|
Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mitochondrial Eve (L) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CZ | D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HV | JT | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | V | J | T | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
edit- ^ a b Soares, Pedro; Luca Ermini; Noel Thomson; Maru Mormina; Teresa Rito; Arne Röhl; Antonio Salas; Stephen Oppenheimer; Vincent Macaulay; Martin B. Richards (4 Jun 2009). "Supplemental Data Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 84 (6): 82–93. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001. PMC 2694979. PMID 19500773.
- ^ a b van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. S2CID 27566749.
- ^ Petraglia, Michael D.; Allchin, Bridget (2007). The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 237. ISBN 978-1-4020-5562-1.
- ^ Meit Metspalu et al., Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans. BMC Genetics, 2004
- ^ Asmahan Bekada; Lara R. Arauna; Tahria Deba; Francesc Calafell; Soraya Benhamamouch; David Comas (September 24, 2015). "Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0138453. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1038453B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138453. PMC 4581715. PMID 26402429.; S5 Table
- ^ Sardana A Fedorova, Maere Reidla, Ene Metspalu, et al., "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia." BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:127. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/127
- ^ Schuenemann, Verena J.; et al. (2017). "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods". Nature Communications. 8: 15694. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815694S. doi:10.1038/ncomms15694. PMC 5459999. PMID 28556824.
- ^ Mark Lipson; et al. (2017). "Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers". Nature. 551 (7680): 368–372. Bibcode:2017Natur.551..368L. doi:10.1038/nature24476. PMC 5973800. PMID 29144465. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
- ^ Sikora, Martin; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Sousa, Vitor C.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Ko, Amy; Rasmussen, Simon; Dupanloup, Isabelle; Nigst, Philip R.; Bosch, Marjolein D.; Renaud, Gabriel; Allentoft, Morten E.; Margaryan, Ashot; Vasilyev, Sergey V.; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta V.; Borutskaya, Svetlana B.; Deviese, Thibaut; Comeskey, Dan; Higham, Tom; Manica, Andrea; Foley, Robert; Meltzer, David J.; Nielsen, Rasmus; Excoffier, Laurent; Lahr, Marta Mirazon; Orlando, Ludovic; Willerslev, Eske (2017). "Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers". Science. 358 (6363): 659–662. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..659S. doi:10.1126/science.aao1807. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 28982795.
- ^ Homo sapiens isolate 92_Tor793_W1 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KF146272.1.
- ^ Homo sapiens isolate poz377 haplogroup W1 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MT588229.1.
- ^ Homo sapiens haplogroup W1* mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KC911537.1.
- ^ Homo sapiens isolate E8_fi_ath haplogroup W1a mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MN516604.1.
- ^ Homo sapiens isolate S90_fi_ath haplogroup W1b1 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MN516694.1.
- ^ Homo sapiens haplogroup W1c mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KC911592.1.
- ^ Behar, Doron M.; Metspalu, Ene; Kivisild, Toomas; Rosset, Saharon; Tzur, Shay; Hadid, Yarin; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Rosengarten, Dror; Pereira, Luisa; Amorim, Antonio; Kutuev, Ildus; Gurwitz, David; Bonne-Tamir, Batsheva; Villems, Richard; Skorecki, Karl (2008-04-30). "Counting the Founders: The Matrilineal Genetic Ancestry of the Jewish Diaspora". PLOS ONE. 3 (4): Table 2. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2062B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002062. PMC 2323359. PMID 18446216.
- ^ "W1d MTree". YFull.com. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
- ^ Brook, Kevin Alan (2022). The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews. Academic Studies Press. p. 121. doi:10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn. ISBN 978-1644699843. S2CID 254519342.
- ^ Homo sapiens isolate 1549629 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: JX153072.1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de Phylogeny of mtDNA haplogroup W according to YFull
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate AZB5 mitochondrion, complete genome". 4 April 2012.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate NG14 mitochondrion, complete genome". 30 June 2017.
- ^ Homo sapiens isolate Ararat_11 haplogroup W3a1 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MF362752.1.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate KUR94 mitochondrion, complete genome". 4 April 2012.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate 104_Tor787_W3a1 mitochondrion, complete genome". 24 August 2013.
- ^ Homo sapiens isolate 94_Tor782_W3a1 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KF146273.1.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate 100_Tor794_W3a1 mitochondrion, complete genome". 24 August 2013.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate csct_007509 mitochondrion, complete genome". 2 March 2017.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate PG2012_499 mitochondrion, complete genome". 20 July 2020.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate 101_Tor783_W3a1 mitochondrion, complete genome". 24 August 2013.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate 6130 mitochondrion, complete genome". 2 March 2017.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate A10-59 mitochondrion, complete genome". 11 December 2018.
- ^ Homo sapiens isolate 105_Tor769_W3a1 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KF146277.1.
- ^ Brook, Kevin Alan (2022). The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews. Academic Studies Press. p. 122. doi:10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn. ISBN 978-1644699843. S2CID 254519342.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate 106_Tor777_W3a1b mitochondrion, complete genome". 24 August 2013.
- ^ a b Olivieri, Anna; Pala, Maria; Gandini, Francesca; Kashani, Baharak Hooshiar; Perego, Ugo A.; Woodward, Scott R.; Grugni, Viola; Battaglia, Vincenza; Semino, Ornella; Achilli, Alessandro; Richards, Martin B.; Torroni, Antonio (31 July 2013). "Mitogenomes from Two Uncommon Haplogroups Mark Late Glacial/Postglacial Expansions from the Near East and Neolithic Dispersals within Europe". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e70492. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...870492O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070492. PMC 3729697. PMID 23936216.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate Daur mitochondrion sequence". 4 September 2022.
- ^ Homo sapiens haplogroup W3a1d mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KY849398.1.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate D27 haplogroup W3a1d1 mitochondrion, complete genome". 4 July 2018.
- ^ Homo sapiens isolate 257_Sb haplogroup W3a1d mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MK617275.1.
- ^ Duggan AT, Whitten M, Wiebe V, Crawford M, Butthof A, et al. (2013), "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers." PLoS ONE 8(12): e83570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570
- ^ Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder; Mitra, Bikash; Zhang, Cai-Ling; Debnath, Monojit; Li, Gui-Mei; Wang, Hua-Wei; Agrawal, Suraksha; Chaudhuri, Tapas Kumar; Zhang, Ya-Ping (June 2015). "West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India: an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system". Human Genetics. 134 (6): 637–647. doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1547-4. PMID 25832481. S2CID 253980915.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate 1671251 mitochondrion, complete genome". 18 September 2014.
- ^ Homo sapiens haplogroup W3b mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MG910309.1.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate Assyrian_C165_W3b mitochondrion, complete genome". 21 October 2019.
- ^ Homo sapiens isolate Artsakh_54 haplogroup W3b mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MF362844.1.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate C266_Banteay_Meanchey_W3b mitochondrion, complete genome". 30 December 2018.
- ^ Brook, Kevin Alan (2022). The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews. Academic Studies Press. p. 123. doi:10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn. ISBN 978-1644699843. S2CID 254519342.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate 75401 mitochondrion, complete genome". October 2013.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate K274 haplogroup W4* mitochondrion, complete genome". 2 September 2023.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate PG2012_433 mitochondrion, complete genome". 20 July 2020.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate NG118 mitochondrion, complete genome". 30 June 2017.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate S-917627 mitochondrion, complete genome". 27 January 2022.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate ORK228 mitochondrion, complete genome". 17 January 2022.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate LM97mt mitochondrion, partial genome". 21 April 2019.
- ^ Homo sapiens isolate S79_fi_ath haplogroup W4a1 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MN516681.1.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate KUR92 mitochondrion, complete genome". 4 April 2012.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate 147_Tor780_W4 mitochondrion, complete genome". 24 August 2013.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate CHF141 mitochondrion, complete genome". 9 November 2021.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate 107623 mitochondrion, complete genome". October 2013.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate D479 mitochondrion, complete genome". 11 December 2018.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate 27Sb mitochondrion, complete genome". 22 February 2022.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate 05-113 mitochondrion, complete genome". 6 June 2023.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate 177_Tor770_W5 mitochondrion, complete genome". 24 August 2013.
- ^ "Homo sapiens haplogroup W5 mitochondrion, complete genome". 20 November 2013.
- ^ "Homo sapiens haplogroup W5 mitochondrion, complete genome". 23 July 2022.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate 2486313 mitochondrion, complete genome". 18 September 2014.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate 168_Tor772_W5a1a mitochondrion, complete genome". 24 August 2013.
- ^ García-Olivares, Víctor; Rubio-Rodríguez, Luis A.; Muñoz-Barrera, Adrián; Díaz-de Usera, Ana; Jáspez, David; Iñigo-Campos, Antonio; Rodríguez Pérez, María Del Cristo; Cabrera de León, Antonio; Lorenzo-Salazar, José M.; González-Montelongo, Rafaela; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Flores, Carlos (20 January 2023). "Digging into the admixture strata of current-day Canary Islanders based on mitogenomes". iScience. 26 (1): 105907. Bibcode:2023iSci...26j5907G. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105907. PMC 9840145. PMID 36647378.
- ^ Homo sapiens haplogroup W5a1a mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KX518741.1.
- ^ "Homo sapiens isolate II_50_BG haplogroup W5a mitochondrion, complete genome". 2 April 2018.
- ^ Homo sapiens isolate 188_Tor779_W6 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KF146287.1.
- ^ Homo sapiens haplogroup W6 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KC911449.1.
- ^ Homo sapiens isolate NOS10 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: JQ245723.1.
- ^ Homo sapiens isolate 205_Tor786_W6b mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KF146290.1.
- ^ Homo sapiens haplotype W6c1a mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KX363871.1.
- ^ Homo sapiens haplotype W6c mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KF553923.1.
- ^ Homo sapiens isolate 32_Mu mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MK491385.1
- ^ Homo sapiens isolate 32_Mu mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: JQ245759.1
- ^ Raff, Rudolf A. (2012). Once We All Had Gills: Growing Up Evolutionist in an Evolving World. Indiana University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-253-00235-8.
- ^ Nadine Epstein (September–October 2012). "The Moment Magazine Great DNA Experiment". Moment Magazine. p. 45. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
- ^ Finding Your Roots. Season 1. Episode 8. 2012-05-06. PBS.
External links
edit- General
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
- The India Genealogical DNA Project
- Haplogroup W
- Spread of Haplogroup W, from National Geographic
- mtDNA Haplogroup W Project
- YFull MTree's Haplogroup W
- MITOMAP's Haplogroup W
- FamilyTreeDNA's mtDNA Haplotree: Haplogroup W