The Duchers (Russian: дючеры or дучеры) was the Russian name of the people populating the shores of the middle course of the Amur River, approximately from the mouth of the Zeya down to the mouth of the Ussuri, and possibly even somewhat further downstream.[1] Their ethnic identity is not known with certainty, but it is usually assumed that they were a Tungusic people, related to the Jurchens and/or the Nanais.
The name of this ethnic group is sometimes also written in English as "Jucher".[2]
Life of the Duchers
editThe total number of Duchers (including other related Manchu groups, but not the Daurs or Evenks) of the Amur Valley at the time of the appearance of the Russian explorers in the region ca. 1650 has been estimated by modern scholars at 14,000.[2]
According to the Russian explorers of the time, the Duchers, as well as the related groups, the Goguls, and their north-western neighbors, the Daurs, were agriculturalists. They grew rye, wheat, barley, millet, oats, peas, and hemp, as well as a number of vegetables. The Duchers had horses and cattle; pigs were a particularly important source of meat. They did some hunting and fishing as well.[1]
According to the 17th-century Cossacks' reports, the Duchers lived in fortified villages (Russian: городок) with 60 and more houses in each.[3][4]
The predecessor of the Qing fortress Aigun (which was originally located on the left - now Russian - bank of the Amur, opposite to its later location) was a Ducher town, currently known to the archaeologists as the Grodekovo site (Гродековское городище), after the nearby village of Grodekovo.[1] It is located south of the city of Blagoveshchensk and the fall of the Zeya into the Amur. Yerofey Khabarov reported the existence of this town (which he called Aytyun (Айтюн)) to the Yakutsk voivode D. Frantsbekov in 1652.[1] According to the archaeologists, this fortress was first built around the end of the first or beginning of the second millennium CE.[1]
The "tribute" of furs, grain, and livestock, collected (or looted, as the case may be) by the Cossacks from the Daurs and the Duchers was the main economic benefit derived by the Russians from their expansion in the region in the early 1650s, and, in order to deny it to them, the Qing government starting in 1654 resettled the Ducher farmers from the Amur valley to the Sungari and Hurka Rivers further south. The Daurs were resettled (to the Nenjiang River Valley) as well.[2] When Onufriy Stepanov visited the lower Sungari in 1656, he found the Ducher villages deserted.[5]
Ethnic identity
editThe ethnic identification of the Duchers and even the meaning of their name (and whether it was also a self-name) remain controversial.[6][7]
Archaeologically, the Ducher culture can be identified since the second half of the 13th century (i.e., soon after the destruction of the Jurchen Jin Empire by the Mongols), being a successor of the earlier culture of the Amur Jurchens.[1]
According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, today's Nanai, Ulch, and other Tungusic people of the middle and lower Amur valley have incorporated descendants of the Duchers.[8] The Russian scholar B.P. Polevoy goes even further, identifying the Duchers (at least, the ones from the Sungari / Ussuri mouth area) with the Nanais.[9]
Another, and probably more common, view, expressed e.g. by the Russian archaeologist D.P. Bolotin or Tungusologist A.A. Burykin is that the Duchers were part of the Jurchens.[10][7] This would imply that after being resettled to the Sungari and the Hurka they simply merged into the Manchu people.
The etymology of the word "Duchers" (which, besides дючеры and дучеры, had a number of other spelling variants in the 17th-century Russian manuscripts: чючар, джучар, жучер, дючан[3]) is controversial as well.[7] Some researches hold it obvious that it is related to Jurchens' self-name, jušen.[3][11] Another view, expressed by A.A. Burykin, is that Russian "дючер" (Dyucher) may have come from Manchu zuche, zuchen, meaning "guards along the river".[7]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Амурская область: История НАРОДЫ АМУРСКОЙ ЗЕМЛИ Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (Amur Oblast - the History. The peoples of the Amur Land) (in Russian)
- ^ a b c Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–105. ISBN 0-521-47771-9.
- ^ a b c А.М.Пастухов (A.M. Pastukhov) К вопросу о характере укреплений поселков приамурских племен середины XVII века и значении нанайского термина «гасян» Archived 2011-10-01 at the Wayback Machine (Regarding the fortification techniques used in the settlements of the Amur Valley tribes in the mid-17th century, and the meaning of the Nanai word "гасян" (gasyan)) (in Russian)
- ^ The Cossack reports describe houses as yurt (юрта), but it appears from the text of other reports from the same era and region that the yurt may have refer to a variety of housing styles, and not only to the "yurt" in the modern sense.
- ^ E.G. Ravenstein, The Russians on the Amur. London, 1861. Full text can be found on Google Books. Pages 31-32.
- ^ A.M. Pastukhov, "Regarding the fortification techniques ..." Quote: "Ученые до сих пор не пришли к единому мнению касательно языковой принадлежности этих племен [солоно-дауры (с подгруппой гогули) и дючеры]" / "Researchers still don't have a consensus regarding the linguistic affiliation of these tribes [the Solon language-Daurs (with their Goguli subgroups) and the Duchers]"
- ^ a b c d Бурыкин А. А. (Alexey Alexeyevich Burykin), Заметки об этнониме «чжурчжэни» и наименовании «чжурчжэньский язык». Archived 2002-04-20 at the Wayback Machine (Remarks about the ethnonym "Jurchens" and the term "Jurchen language") (in Russian) Quotes: "наименование «дючеры» русских документов XVII века не имеет однозначного истолкования" / "the term 'Duchers' from the 17th-century Russian documents has multiple interpretations". "Под наименованием «дючеры» могут подразумеваться с равной степенью вероятности три разных этноса или этнических группы: 1. собственно чжурчжэни, ... зурчэн ...; 2. эвенки-жители бассейна реки Зеи ....; 3. некая этническая группа, которая предположительно могла войти в состав нанайцев." / "The term 'Ducher' may have referred equally likely to three different ethnic groups: 1. the Jurchens proper (zurchen) ...; 2. The Evenki residents of the Zeya River basin ...; 3. Some ethnic group which hypothetically could have been incorporated into the Nanais.
- ^ Дючеры (Duchers) the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
- ^ Б.П. Полевой (B.P. Polevoi) О ПОДЛИННОМ МЕСТОПОЛОЖЕНИИ КОСОГОРСКОГО ОСТРОГА 50-Х гг. XVII ВЕКА (About the true location of the Kosogorsky Ostrog of the 1650s) (in Russian)
- ^ Д.П. Болотин (D.P. Bolotin), Б.С. Сапунов (B.S. Sapunov), "Древняя культура Приамурья" (The ancient cultures of the Amur region)
- ^ Burykin mentions the zurchen > dyucher etymology as well, as one of three possible options, but considers it unlikely.